The present study was conducted to design, develop and evaluate a wireless-based automated drip irrigation system for improving the productivity of tomato crop. Various independent and dependent parameters were considered in design of automated drip irrigation system. The field trial included soil analysis, experimental layout, evaluation of drip system and crop under different irrigation treatments. The highest yield was recorded in wireless irrigation system with treated fruit processing wastewater during both the years of study. In wireless irrigation system, crop irrigated with pressure compensating dripper (PC) has an average yield of 377.97 q ha-¹which is higher as compared to non-pressure compensating dripper (NPC) (364.65 q ha-1). Under the treatments involving the use of fruit processing wastewater in the tomato crop, the percentage of protein, moisture content, carbohydrates, lycopene and sugar increased as compared to those under groundwater irrigation. Treatments comprising of fruit processing wastewater recorded higher dry matter accumulation (6.67 %) and more amounts of lycopene (4.50 mg/100 g) as compared to ground water treated plots. The study revealed that the automated drip irrigation system is an efficient irrigation approach, as it reduces water, labour, energy, time and fertiliser use.

Wheat productivity and profitability are strongly influenced by appropriate crop establishment techniques and efficient irrigation scheduling under conditions of increasing water scarcity and delayed sowing. The current study examined the impact of irrigation scheduling under various crop establishment techniques on wheat yield characteristics, yield, and economics during the Rabi season 2022–2023 at the Agronomy Research Farm of Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour Bhagalpur (Bihar). Three crop establishment techniques; conventional tillage wheat sowing (T1), zero tillage wheat sowing (T2) and wheat sown on furrow irrigated raised bed (T3) in the main plot were used in the split plot design experiment and three IW/CPE ratio-based irrigation scheduling levels are used in subplots as 4 cm irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE (I1), 5 cm irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE (I2), and 6 cm irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE (I3) which was repeated three times.The findings demonstrated that the various crop establishing techniques have a major impact on yield attributes of wheat like the number of effective tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, and 1000-grain weight however the length of the spike was not affected significantly among various crop establishment methods. Significantly higher grain yield, straw yield, and biological yield were achieved under the conventional tillage method of crop establishment which resulted in higher gross return and the net return obtained under this method of crop establishment, however, the maximum value of benefit-cost ratio was recorded under zero tillage. The irrigation depth of 5 cm irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio produced considerably more effective tillers, grain yield, straw yield, gross return, and net return than treatment I1 and was shown to be statistically at par with I3 among various irrigation scheduling levels.

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 at the Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. To study the effect of sowing methods, irrigation scheduling, and agrochemicals application on growth and yield parameters of wheat. The experiment consist of three crop establishment methods i.e Line sowing, Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB), and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI), three irrigation levels i.e 1.0 IW/CPE ratio, 0.75 IW/CPE ratio and 5 Irrigation each at (CRI, Tillering, late jointing, flowering and milking) in main plot and three agrochemical treatments i.e Hydrogel @ 10 kg ha-1, Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm and Hydrogel 10 kg ha-1 + Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm. Results reveals that higher plant height was recorded with line sowing with 1.0 IW/CPE ratio 1.0 and hydrogel 10 kg ha-1 + salicylic acid 200 ppm. Higher flag leaf area was recorded under SWI sowing whereas, maximum total tillers was recorded under line sowing with higher level of irrigation and agrochemical application. Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed sowing method produced the highest grain yield (48.29 and 50.34 q ha-1) followed by Line sowing method whereas Line sowing method recorded highest Straw yield and System of wheat Intensification recorded the highest harvest index (40.61 and 42.00%). Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 1.0 recorded significantly higher enhanced growth and yield parameters compared to 0.75 IW/CPE ratio. The combined application of hydrogel (10 kg ha⁻¹) and salicylic acid (200 ppm) resulted in superior crop performance. The findings suggest that FIRB sowing combined with optimal irrigation and agrochemical application is most effective under late-sown conditions.

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 at the Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya. To study the effect of sowing methods, irrigation scheduling, and agrochemicals application on wheat under latesown conditions. The experiment included three sowing methods, i.e Line sowing, Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed (FIRB), and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI), Three irrigation levels, i.e 1.0 IW/CPE ratio, 0.75 IW/CPE ratio and 5 Irrigation each at (CRI, Tillering, late jointing, flowering and milking), and Three agrochemical treatments, i.e Hydrogel @ 10 kg ha-1, Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm and Hydrogel 10 kg ha-1 + Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm. Results show that the highest Dry matter Accumulation was recorded under FIRB(Furrow Irrigated Raised bed method) fallowed by the Line sowing and Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 1.0 recorded significantly higher Dry matter accumulation. Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed sowing method produced the highest grain yield (45.29 and 50.34 qha{¹) followed by Line sowing method whereas Line sowing method recorded highest Straw yield and System of wheat Intensification recorded the highest harvest index (40.61 and 42.0%). Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 1.0 recorded significantly higher enhanced growth and yield parameters compared to 0.75. The combined application of hydrogel (10 kg ha- ¹) and salicylic acid (200 ppm) resulted in superior crop performance. The findings suggest that FIRB sowing combined with optimal irrigation and agrochemical application is most effective under late-sown conditions.

This investigation was executed during rabi season of 2023-24 and 2024-25 at Agronomy Research Farm, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology. The experiment was sown in split plot design with three replications. Main plots includesthree tillage practices viz., T1 , Conventional tillage (Field was ploughed 3-times with cultivator followed by rotavator and crop residues were retained on the soil surface without incorporation); T2 , Minimum tillage (Field was prepared with one rotavator and previous crop residue and weeds if any incorporated in the soil and T3 , Zero tillage (Field was not disturbed and 3 t/ha wheat residues were kept) in main plots and 4 methods of precise nutrients application methods viz. N1 , 50% RDF (1/3rd Point placement as basal, 30 DAS and 50 DAS); N2 , 75% RDF (1/3rd Band placement as basal, 30 DAS and 50 DAS); N3 ,100% RDF (1/3rd Band placement as basal, 30 DAS and 50 DAS) and N4 , 100% RDF (1/3rd basal + 2 Top dress broadcasting). with spacing of 60 x 20 cm. Among the tillage treatments, minimum tillage recorded the highest grain yield (6.06 and 6.13 t ha- ¹), which was significantly superior to conventional tillage (5.18 and 5.24 t ha- ¹), but remained statistically at par with zero tillage (5.76 and 5.82 t ha- ¹).

Aims: To evaluate the effects of sett soaking treatments and integrated nutrient management (INM) on germination, growth, yield, quality, and economic returns of single-node planted sugarcane. Study Design: Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Crop Research Farm, Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), during the spring season of 2021–22. Methodology: The experiment comprised four sett soaking treatments: no soaking (S1), overnight soaking in water (S2), overnight soaking in 50 ppm ethrel solution (S3), and overnight soaking in 100 ppm ethrel solution (S4). Five nutrient management treatments were evaluated: RDF alone (N1), RDF + vermicompost (VC) at 5 t/ha (N2), RDF + VC at 10 t/ha (N3), RDF + VC at 5 t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter (N4), and RDF + VC at 10 t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter (N5). Soil characteristics were loamy with sandy texture, calcareous, pH 8.2, and 0.43% organic carbon. Data on germination, tillering, millable cane count, dry matter accumulation, cane yield, sugar yield, and economics were recorded and analyzed. Results: Overnight sett soaking in 50 ppm ethrel (S3) significantly improved germination (79.1%), tiller count (85.4×10³/ha), millable canes (63.9×10³/ha), dry matter accumulation (293.2 q/ha), cane yield (78.0 t/ha), and sugar yield (10.23 t/ha). S3 also registered the highest gross returns (₹261,233/ha), net returns (₹133,978/ha), and a B:C ratio of 1.12. Among nutrient treatments, RDF + VC at 10 t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter (N5) recorded the highest shoot population and yield attributes, whereas RDF alone (N1) produced the highest B:C ratio (1.5) due to lower input costs. RDF + VC at 5 t/ha + PSB + Azotobacter (N4) may become more profitable if vermicompost is produced on-farm, reducing expenditure. Conclusion: Sett soaking in 50 ppm ethrel and integrated nutrient management significantly enhance yield and quality of single-node planted sugarcane. While ethrel soaking and enriched INM improve productivity, the economic viability depends on input costs, with N1 and N4 being more favorable under resource-efficient conditions.

The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Form, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya during kharif season 2023 and 2024. The experiment consisted of different biofertilizers (B1 - PGPR (Seed treatment @20g kg-1 Seed), B2 -PSB (Seed treatment @20g kg-1 Seed), and B3 - PGPR + PSB (Seed treatment each @20 g kg-1 Seed) and variable sources of nutrients (N0 - Control, N1 - 100% RDF (Inorganic Fertilizer), N2 -75% RDF + Vermicompost @1 tonne ha-1, N3 -75% RDF + Enriched FYM @ 2 tonne ha-1, and N4 - 50% RDF + Vermicompost @1 tonne ha-1 + Enriched FYM @ 2 tonne ha-1. Biofertilizer with of organic soil nutrition to improve soil physical, chemical, nutrient status and biological properties of soil. Results (pooled two year), B3 - PSB (Seed treatment @20g kg-1 Seed) with application of N4 -50%RDF + Vermicompost @1 tonne ha-1 + Enriched FYM @ 2 tonne ha-1 were observed (Pooled two years value) achieve grain yield (1,365.71 and 1,492.68kg ha-1), stover yield (2,690.94 and 2,921.82), biological yield (4,414.50 and 4,056.64 kg ha-1) and harvest index (33.80 and 33.61%) and nutrients uptake viz. nitrogen uptake by grain at 50.11 & 55.93 kg ha-1, stover at 50.39 & 45.26 kg ha-1 and total N uptake at 95.36 & 106.32 kg ha-1, phosphorous uptake by grain at 4.14 and 4.85 kg ha-1, stover at 3.74 & 4.38 kg ha-1, and total P uptake at 7.87 and 9.23 kg ha-1 and potassium uptake by grain at 15.50 & 17.47 kg ha-1, stover at 42.99 & 48.08 kg ha-1 and total K uptake at 58.49 & 65.55kg ha-1 pooled two years values, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted at Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh during rabi season of 2020–21, to determine the most effective herbicide and herbicide combinations for controlling the Phalaris minor and other weeds in wheat. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) comprising six chemical weed management treatments T1, prosulfocarb 80 EC @ 1600 ml/ha (PE); T2, prosulfocarb 80 EC @ 2000 ml/ha (PE); T3, prosulfocarb 80 EC @ 3000 ml/ha (PE); T4, sulfosulfuron @ 25 g/ha (PoE); T5, clodinofop + metsulfuron @ 60 + 4g/ha (PoE); T6, sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron @ 30 + 2 g/ha (PoE) as post-emergence herbicide and herbicide combinations and three non-chemical treatments as T7, weed free up to 60 DAS; T8, weedy check and T9, 2 hand-weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS). The results showed that weed free up to 60 DAS, recorded significantly the lowest population of Phalaris minor and other weeds as compared other treatments at 60, 90 DAS and harvesting stage. Weed free up to 60 DAS recorded lowest amount of weed dry weight (8.5g/m³) significantly lowerother weed control treatments. Among the herbicides, spray of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (30 + 2 g/ha) recorded significantly lower dry-matter (25.8g/m³) compared to herbicide applied in combinations or as alone. Combined application of herbicides was found more effective in improving growth character and yield parameters as compared to sole application of herbicides. However, weed free up to 60 DAS produced highest yield but unavailability of labours at right times and its high wages makes it uneconomical.

Rice-fallow areas, widespread in rainfed rice-growing regions of South Asia, remain uncultivated during the post-rainy (winter) season due to multiple challenges, including inadequate irrigation infrastructure, cultivation of long-duration rice varieties, and soil moisture imbalances. South Asia has approximately 22.3 million hectares of rice-fallow land, with India contributing the largest share (88.3%). Eastern Indian states, which account for 82% of India’s rice-fallow area, presents significant opportunities for cropping intensification. However, several constraints—such as biotic (pest and disease), abiotic stresses (temperature extremes, drought, etc.), rapid soil moisture depletion, and disturbances from free-grazing livestock-hinder efforts to cultivate a second crop, perpetuating poverty among the small and marginal farmers. Introducing stress-tolerant rabi crops, particularly pulses (chickpea, lentil, lathyrus, field pea) and oilseeds (mustard, toria, safflower, linseed), offers a promising solution to enhance system productivity and improve the farmers’ livelihoods. Policymakers have recently increased the public investment in rice-fallows intensification, yet fragmented and ad-hoc initiatives often fail to deliver sustainable outcomes due to complex and multidimensional challenges involved. This study critically examines the key issues affecting rice-fallow lands and provides strategic recommendations to convert these underutilized areas into the productive cropping systems during winter and spring. Additionally, it reviews Central and State Government programs related to rice-fallow management, emphasizing the need for research to align with ongoing policy initiatives for maximum impact. The findings of this study offers a valuable insights for the policymakers, planners, and stakeholders, highlighting the potential of pulses and oilseeds to enhance the food security, reduce poverty, and promote sustainable, climate-resilient agricultural production systems in the region.

IntroductionRice straw burning is a major environmental concern in India, contributing to severe air pollution and climate change. Sustainable alternatives for its utilization are essential to mitigate these issues. One promising approach is repurposing rice straw as a growing medium for microgreens, addressing both agricultural waste management and the need for sustainable substrates. This study evaluates the feasibility of using pretreated rice straw as a substrate for microgreen cultivation and compares its performance with conventional substrates like cocopeat and vermiculite.MethodsRice straw was pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at varying concentrations (1%–7%) to improve its physicochemical properties. Changes in ash content, water holding capacity (WHC), and suitability as a growing medium were assessed. Microgreens of amaranth, cabbage, and cauliflower were cultivated on pretreated rice straw, cocopeat, and vermiculite. Growth parameters, including plant length and fresh weight, were recorded. Additionally, the micronutrient content (Fe, Zn, Mn) of plants grown in different substrates was analyzed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify key factors influencing plant growth and nutrient uptake.ResultsNaOH pretreatment significantly improved the quality of rice straw, reducing ash content from 20.05% (untreated) to 7.10%–11.10% and increasing WHC to 673%, which was comparable to cocopeat (891%) and superior to vermiculite (389%). Among the microgreens tested, cabbage achieved the highest plant length (6.2 cm) and fresh weight (59.83 mg plant−1) when grown on rice straw. While vermiculite supported higher levels of essential micronutrients, including Fe, Zn, and Mn, rice straw demonstrated remarkable performance in plant growth and biomass production. PCA revealed that rice straw was positively associated with plant weight and length, whereas vermiculite correlated with micronutrient accumulation.DiscussionThe findings highlight the potential of pretreated rice straw as an effective alternative to conventional growing media. Despite vermiculite providing higher micronutrient availability, rice straw supported robust plant growth, making it a viable substrate for microgreen cultivation. Further fortification of rice straw could enhance its nutrient-holding capacity, making it even more comparable to existing commercial substrates. This study demonstrates that utilizing rice straw as a growing medium offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective solution for sustainable agriculture while reducing environmental pollution caused by straw burning.

In Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains, traditional rice-wheat cropping system, reliant on wet puddling for rice and conventional tillage for wheat, has led to the soil degradation and stagnant yields, highlighting the need for sustainable practices. A field experiment (2018-2021) evaluated the impacts of tillage and residue management on productivity, energy efficiency, and soil health across three cropping systems: rice-wheat (RW), rice-maize (RM), and rice-chickpea (RC). Three tillage practices-conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and reduced tillage with 30 % residue retention (RTR30) were arranged in a randomized block design. The results showed that partial conservation agriculture (pCA) practices significantly enhanced the system productivity, with RM under RT achieving the highest yield (12.2 Mg ha(-1)). Reduced tillage consistently the minimized energy use, while pulses-based systems had the highest energy ratio (3.97). On average, total earthworm counts were 0.92 and 6.5 times higher during the rainy and post-rainy seasons in pCA treatments in comparison to CT. Earthworm species diversity was more in pCA-based production systems (RT/RTR30) than in CT. In rice-wheat cropping system, maximum bacterial and actinomycetes counts were observed in CT/FP followed by pCA production system. Maize-based systems under CT had the highest global warming potential, while the pulse-based systems had the lowest. The RM cropping system under RTR30 demonstrated the greatest increase in the soil organic carbon. In conclusion, adopting pCA management practices and incorporating the pulses can improve crop productivity, soil health, and sustainability, offering a promising path for enhancing food and nutritional security in rice-based production systems.

The field experiment was carried out during two successive Rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.).The treatment combinations of 4 crop residue management, viz. conventional tillage without residue, conventional tillage with residue (3 t/ha rice residue), zero tillage without residue, zero tillage with residue (3 t/ha rice residue) and 5 weed management practices, viz. Triallate 50% EC @ 1250 g a.i. ha-1, Triallate 50% EC @ 2500 g a.i. ha-1, Clodinafop propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron methyl 1% (60 g + 4 g a.i. ha-1), hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) and weedy check in wheat were tested with 3 replications in split-plot design, keeping crop residue management in main plots and weed management practices in subplots. Among the different crop residue management, zero tillage with residue was found most effective in maximizing nutrient content and nutrient uptake followed by conventional tillage with residue. Conventional tillage without residue showed lowest values of on nutrient content and uptake by crop. While in case of weed management practices hand weeding at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) had a significant impact on maximizing nutrient content and nutrient uptake followed by post-emergence application of Clodinafop propargyl 15% + Metsulfuron methyl 1% (60 g + 4 g a.i. ha-1).

In the present study, population structure and genetic diversity were studied among 100 faba bean germplasm lines along with three checks using 29 SSR (microsatellite) markers and morphological traits. ET218734, ET226572, and ET218734 genotypes exhibited maximum seed yield and high mean performance for various yield-attributing traits. The D2 statistics analysis grouped genotypes into five clusters. SSR marker analysis revealed, on average, 2 alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 3 among the studied genotypes. Polymorphic information content (PIC) for these markers ranged from 0.063 to 0.492 with an average of 0.37. Population structure analysis classified the studied genotypes into three major clusters. The Molecular Diversity Distance was found to be greatest among Cluster III and Cluster I (0.289), while the lowest was among Cluster II and Cluster I (0.148). The allele frequency divergence (expected heterozygosity) was found highest on Cluster II (0.164), and the lowest was on Cluster III (0.096).

The research was conducted to study on value chain analysis of kidney beans in the Api-Himal region of the Darchula district to gain information from kidney beans producers and traders. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect the primary data from 50 households, and 15 from traders by using the purposive sampling technique. Out of 641 ropani, 255 ropani were used for Beans production. 255 ropani of land needed 1,020 kg of seeds, and productivity was 1.29 mt. /ha. It was found that 72.92% of the members were engaged in agriculture. The study showed that 1 kg of seed cost 120 Rs. The average yield was 202 kg. The average farm-gate price was Rs 141 per kg, and the market was Rs 160 per kg. The mean b/c ratio was 1.3. The land use and productivity of beans is in an increasing trend in recent years. Various problems in the production and trading system gave low returns. There was a large gap between farm gate price, and market price because of many middleman channels and higher transportation costs.

Lysimetric and eddy covariance techniques are commonly used to directly estimate actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa). However, these technologies are costly, laborious, and require skills which make in situ ET estimation difficult, particularly in developing countries. With this in mind, an attempt was made to determine ETa and stagewise crop coefficient (Kc) values of transplanted puddled rice using a modified non-weighing paddy lysimeter. The results were compared to indirect methods, viz., FAO Penman–Monteith and pan evaporation. Daily ETa ranged from 1.9 to 8.2 mmday−1, with a mean of 4.02 ± 1.35 mmday−1, and their comparison showed that the FAO Penman–Monteith equation performed well for the coefficient of determination (R2 of 0.63), root mean squared error (RMSE = 0.80), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE = 13.6 %), and was highly correlated with ETa throughout the crop season. However, the pan evaporation approach was underestimated (R2 of 0.24; RMSE = 0.98; MAPE = 22.13%) due to a consistent pan coefficient value (0.71), vegetation role and measurement errors. In addition, actual Kc values were obtained as 1.13 ± 0.13, 1.27 ± 0.2, 1.23 ± 0.16, and 0.93 ± 0.18 for the initial, crop development, mid-season, and end-season stages, respectively. These estimated crop coefficient values were higher than FAO Kc values. Statistical analysis results revealed that the overall stagewise-derived average Kc values were in line with FAO values, but different from the derived pan Kc values, although found insignificant at a 5% significance level. In addition, water productivity and agro-meteorological indices were derived to evaluate the cultivar performance in this experiment. Therefore, such a methodology may be used in the absence of weighing lysimeter-derived Kc values. The derived regional Kc values can be applied to improve irrigation scheduling under similar agro-climatic conditions.

The irrigation water-pricing (IWP) system may prove to be an effective tool for meeting the increased demand for water. It includes the totality of costs that water users incur for irrigation purposes, based on principal, i.e., fixed, volumetric and crop-based. Factors like crop type, area irrigated, number of irrigations and total volume of water used by water users are considered for initiating the decision-making process of IWP in many countries of the world. There is no uniform set of principles for fixing water rates; a multiplicity of factors are followed, such as the capacity of irrigators to pay, recovery of water cost, crop water requirement, sources of water supply and its assurance. Linear programming, the Full-cost and Bayesian Network model, Residual value method, Principal Agent model and spot market pricing model have been used to estimate the impact of an IWP policy on water users. In the Indian context, a rationalized IWP mechanism alone will not suffice if the revenue collection mechanism is not streamlined and strengthened throughout the country. In order to develop a full-fledged volumetric IWP system in India, considerable changes need to be made in irrigation water supply infrastructure and operational plans need to be developed, which will provide a good balance between efficiency and equity objectives.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Datia, Madhya Pradesh conducted 365 demonstrations on wheatvarieties GW-366 and RVW-4106 during 2017-18 to 2020-21 at farmers’ field in Datiadistrict to find out the worth of the improved technology. The parameters like technologicalimpact, economical impact and extension gap were analyzed and the feasibility ofdemonstrated technologies at grass root levels was assessed. The results of four years ofstudies revealed that the yield under demonstration plots was 4684 kg/ha as compared to3875 kg/ha in traditional farmer practices plots. This additional yield of 809 kg/ha and theincrease in average wheat productivity by 21.43 per cent may contribute to the presentwheat requirement on national basis. The average technology gap, extension gap andtechnology index were found to be 376.50 kg/ha, 807.75 kg/ha and 7.40 per cent respectively.An additional investment of Rs. 1470 per ha coupled with scientific monitoring ofdemonstrations and non-monetary factors resulted in an additional net return of Rs. 13531per ha. Fluctuation in the sale price of wheat during different years influenced the economicreturns per unit area. On four years overall average basis incremental benefit cost ratiowas found as 3.41. The results indicate the positive effects of FLDs over the existingpractices.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different Nitrogen levels on the yield performance of four rice hybrid in two consecutive Monsoon Season of 2020 and 2021. The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya (U.P.). The experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with three replication which comprised of 4 levels of nitrogen viz. 0% RDN, 50% RDN, 75% RDN and 100% RDN and 4 hybrid varieties viz. Arize-6444 Gold, Ankur-7576, 27P31 and Shahi-Dawat. Results revealed that significantly higher yield contributing characters and yield was obtained at 100% of RDN (150 kg N ha-1) which is at par with 75 % RDN (112 kg N ha-1) and significantly superior over 0% of RDN and 50% of RDN (75kg N ha-1). The growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded significantly higher with Ankur-7576 variety except length of panicle (cm) and test weight (g). Ankur-7576 gave good response in low doses of nitrogenous fertilizer and showed good efficiency in utilization of available and applied nitrogen to the crop and best suitable for obtaining higher yield of hybrid rice.

The main aim of present study was to find out the productivity and income levels of Potato (Kufsi Sinduri) on randomly selected in different farm size groups in randomly selected village Govindpur and Kusmahi Khurd of Ghazipur district of U.P., India. It was found that yield and net income was increased in all size groups in both villages, but village Kusmahi Khurd farmers perform well. The result shows that all the package of practices was properly used. For the better yield and good quality of crop in future farmers of the both villages have aware about their application of all the Agro-Economical package of practices and crop management.