Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is a relevant but still poorly constrained component of atmospheric aerosols at both regional and global scales. This study provides the first multi-site assessment of WSON and urea in aerosols across the Iberian Peninsula, aiming to investigate their spatial and temporal variability and to identify and characterize their main sources. PM10 (and PM2.5 at one site) were collected between 2020 and 2021 at three peri-urban holm-oak forests influenced by contrasting land uses: Carrascal (Navarra), Can Balasc (Barcelona) and Tres Cantos (Madrid). A comprehensive chemical characterization was performed, and source contributions were assessed through a multisite Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis supported by meteorological data and air-mass back-trajectories. WSON concentrations ranged from 0.00 to 0.53 mu g m-3 and accounted, on average, for 26-28% of the watersoluble total nitrogen at all sites, predominantly occurring in the fine fraction. Urea concentrations (0-30 ng m- 3) contributed 10-13% of WSON and displayed a dual behavior: frequent fine-mode regional contributions and distinct coarse-mode peaks linked to agricultural fertilization at Carrascal (Navarra). PMF identified seven factors, with regional organic N-processing aerosols representing the main source of WSON and a major contributor to urea. Local agricultural activities, urban/industrial emissions and African dust also modulated temporal variability. Marked differences between 2020 and 2021 further reflected the influence of changes in anthropogenic activity associated with COVID-19 restrictions. Overall, our findings show that WSON and urea form a substantial and regionally transported component of atmospheric nitrogen over the Iberian Peninsula, enhancing the potential for widespread nitrogen deposition in Mediterranean ecosystems. These results highlight the need to integrate organic nitrogen into air-quality assessments, deposition modelling, and emission-reduction strategies.

Long-range atmospheric processes facilitate global microbial dispersal, with a pivotal role in Earth's ecosystem functioning and global health. Aerobiological studies have traditionally focused on low troposphere aerosols, leading to the assumption that airborne communities are primarily controlled by neighbouring ecosystems. We show a temporal sampling of aerosols from the free troposphere extending a period of almost three decades, coupled with the study of both high troposphere air masses provenances and genetic data of topsoils from North Africa and from a global public bacterial database. The results unveil a long-lasting influence of airborne North African desert microorganisms in Southern Europe. Although sea spray dominates global aerosol emissions, the predominance of desert microorganisms was widespread even in rain traced back to the Atlantic Ocean. The frequency of dust outbreaks, altitude reached, and long residence times are postulated as critical factors that significantly shape the long-range and persistence of aerial assemblages, with air mass provenance playing a secondary role. This study advances the current understanding of atmospheric microorganisms, underscoring their close and long-lasting relationship with terrestrial ecosystems. Further research is needed to fully understand intercontinental aerial connections with deserts and drylands elsewhere, and the influence of desert immigrants on worldwide ecosystems.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential element in a complex biogeochemical cycle connecting atmosphere, vegetation, soil and water systems. Human activities have disrupted this natural cycle, increasing atmospheric N deposition and threatening ecosystems like Holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) forests. Atmospheric N inputs, canopy interactions and ecosystem losses have been assessed in 3 Holm oak forests in Spain. N air pollutants, wet and dry N deposition, meteorology, soil conditions and plant physiological activity were monitored in 2020-2021. A seasonal fertilisation experiment with labelled N was carried out to asses foliar uptake. Also, genetic and isotopic methods examined canopy N transformations and phyllosphere microorganisms, while soil losses were evaluated through groundwater nitrate and greenhouse gas emissions. NH 3 concentrations have increased compared to 10 years ago, exceeding the protection limits for lichens and bryophytes. HNO 3 levels also increased, while NO 2 and particulate N showed reductions. Dry deposition was estimated using an empirical inferential approach incorporating soil moisture to assess its modulating role. Organic N was included in wet deposition estimates. Total N deposition ranged 8.4–23.3 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with 70–80% occurring as dry N, exceeding the protection thresholds at two of three sites. One of the 3 sites increased total N deposition in the last 10 years. Deposition varied seasonally with Mediterranean climate and soil moisture. Holm oaks absorbed ammonium and nitrate, preferring ammonium, primarily through the cuticle. Uptake was lowest in summer due to the reduced humidity. The canopy alternated as an N source or sink depending on seasonal variations and inputs. Nitrifying and N-fixing microorganisms were present on leaves and in rainwater, with much of the summer throughfall nitrate being of biological origin. Soil nitrate loss occurred during low biological activity periods, and N₂O emissions ranged -0.45 to 0.4 mg N-N₂O m⁻²·day⁻¹ without a clear seasonal trend.

Long-range atmospheric processes facilitate global dispersal of microorganisms, with significant implications for Earth’s ecosystems functioning and global health. While traditional aerobiological studies have focused on low troposphere aerosols, assuming airborne communities are primarily influenced by neighbouring ecosystems, our study challenges this perspective. We analysed nearly three decades of aerosol particles present in rainwater samples collected at a mountain site located in South Europe (Iberian Peninsula, NE Spain). Coupling this data with analyses of high troposphere air mass provenances and genetic data of topsoils from North Africa and from a global public bacterial database, we revel a persistent influence of desert microorganisms from North Africa in Southern European sky. Remarkably, desert-derived microorganisms dominate even in rain originating from the Atlantic Ocean, despite sea spray being the largest source of global aerosols. The frequency of dust outbreaks, altitude reached, and long residence times of fine-sized particulates are postulated as critical factors that significantly shape the long-range and persistence of aerial assemblages, while air mass provenance playing a secondary role. Our findings highlight the profound and long-lasting impact of desert aerosols on terrestrial ecosystems, calling for further exploration of intercontinental aerial connections with deserts and drylands elsewhere, and the ecological implications of desert immigrants on worldwide ecosystems.

We present here, and make freely available, two long‐term datasets on the hydrology and hydrochemistry of two small catchments totally or partially covered by holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) forests. Data have been collected over four decades of research on the ecology of Mediterranean evergreen forests. The datasets contain data on water fluxes in precipitation and runoff, and on the ion concentrations and fluxes in precipitation, throughfall and streamwater. Among other applications, these data have been used to obtain catchment budgets of water and elements, to document decadal changes in atmospheric deposition and streamwater chemistry, to assess the role of Saharo‐Sahelian dust on forest nutrient cycling, and to model habitat suitability for an endangered amphibian under future climates. To encourage their further use by the scientific community, in this paper we summarize the data context and methods, and give a nutshell of obtained results. We provide the links to these datasets on the Zenodo platform.

Previous studies have evaluated how changes in atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs and climate affect stream N concentrations and fluxes, but none have synthesized data from sites around the globe. We identified variables controlling stream inorganic N concentrations and fluxes, and how they have changed, by synthesizing 20 time series ranging from 5 to 51 years of data collected from forest and grassland dominated watersheds across Europe, North America, and East Asia and across four climate types (tropical, temperate, Mediterranean, and boreal) using the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network. We hypothesized that sites with greater atmospheric N deposition have greater stream N export rates, but that climate has taken a stronger role as atmospheric deposition declines in many regions of the globe. We found declining trends in bulk ammonium and nitrate deposition, especially in the longest time-series, with ammonium contributing relatively more to atmospheric N deposition over time. Among sites, there were statistically significant positive relationships between (1) annual rates of precipitation and stream ammonium and nitrate fluxes and (2) annual rates of atmospheric N inputs and stream nitrate concentrations and fluxes. There were no significant relationships between air temperature and stream N export. Our long-term data shows that although N deposition is declining over time, atmospheric N inputs and precipitation remain important predictors for inorganic N exported from forested and grassland watersheds. Overall, we also demonstrate that long-term monitoring provides understanding of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling that would not be possible with short-term studies alone.

INTRODUCTION:Many diseases associated with hyperkinetic movement disorders manifest in women of childbearing age. It is important to understand the risks of these diseases during pregnancy, and the potential risks of treatment for the fetus.OBJECTIVES:This study aims to define the clinical characteristics and the factors affecting the lives of women of childbearing age with dystonia, chorea, Tourette syndrome, tremor, and restless legs syndrome, and to establish guidelines for management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in these patients.RESULTS:This consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the content by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology.CONCLUSIONS:We must evaluate the risks and benefits of treatment in all women with hyperkinetic movement disorders, whether pre-existing or with onset during pregnancy, and aim to reduce effective doses as much as possible or to administer drugs only when necessary. In hereditary diseases, families should be offered genetic counselling. It is important to recognise movement disorders triggered during pregnancy, such as certain types of chorea and restless legs syndrome.

IntroductionThe main challenge of Parkinson’s disease in women of childbearing age is managing symptoms and drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The increase in the age at which women are having children makes it likely that these pregnancies will become more common in future.ObjectivesThis study aims to define the clinical characteristics of women of childbearing age with Parkinson’s disease and the factors affecting their lives, and to establish a series of guidelines for managing pregnancy in these patients.ResultsThis consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the available evidence by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology.ConclusionsParkinson’s disease affects all aspects of sexual and reproductive health in women of childbearing age. Pregnancy should be well planned to minimise teratogenic risk. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted in the management of these patients in order to take all relevant considerations into account.

Resumen: Introducción: Muchas enfermedades que cursan con trastornos del movimiento hipercinético comienzan o afectan a mujeres en edad fértil. Es importante conocer los riesgos que tienen las mujeres con estas enfermedades durante el embarazo, así como los posibles efectos de los tratamientos sobre el feto. Objetivos: Definir las características clínicas y los factores que condicionan la vida de la mujer en edad fértil con distonía, corea, síndrome de Tourette, temblor y síndrome de piernas inquietas. Definir una guía de actuación y manejo del embarazo y lactancia en las pacientes con esta enfermedad. Desarrollo: Este documento de consenso se ha realizado mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva y discusión de los contenidos llevadas a cabo por un Grupo de Expertos en Trastornos del Movimiento de la Sociedad Española de Neurología (SEN). Conclusiones: En todas las mujeres que padecen o comienzan con trastornos del movimiento hipercinéticos se debe valorar el riesgo-beneficio de los tratamientos, reducir al máximo la dosis eficaz o administrarlo de forma puntual en los casos en que sea posible. En aquellas enfermedades de causa hereditaria es importante un consejo genético para las familias. Es importante reconocer los trastornos del movimiento desencadenados durante el embarazo como determinadas coreas y síndrome de piernas inquietas. Abstract: Introduction: Many diseases associated with hyperkinetic movement disorders manifest in women of childbearing age. It is important to understand the risks of these diseases during pregnancy, and the potential risks of treatment for the fetus. Objectives: This study aims to define the clinical characteristics and the factors affecting the lives of women of childbearing age with dystonia, chorea, Tourette syndrome, tremor, and restless legs syndrome, and to establish guidelines for management of pregnancy and breastfeeding in these patients. Results: This consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the content by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology. Conclusions: We must evaluate the risks and benefits of treatment in all women with hyperkinetic movement disorders, whether pre-existing or with onset during pregnancy, and aim to reduce effective doses as much as possible or to administer drugs only when necessary. In hereditary diseases, families should be offered genetic counselling. It is important to recognise movement disorders triggered during pregnancy, such as certain types of chorea and restless legs syndrome.

catalaLa majoria de papallones no fan grans desplacaments, movent-se des que neixen fins que moren en distancies normalment inferiors a uns pocs kilometres. Pero algunes papallones poden fer llargs trajectes migratoris, desplacant-se milers de kilometres d’alli on han nascut. Una de ben coneguda es la papallona monarca (Danaus plexippus) que fa una espectacular migracio des d’America del Nord fins a Mexic, on es concentren milions d’individus en petits fragments de boscos de pi a la Sierra Madre per passar-hi l’hivern. Pero en el treball d’aquestes Monografies ens ocuparem del cicle migratori de la papallona dels cards (Vanessa cardui), una papallona que frequentment podem veure al Montseny durant la primavera i la tardor. Com veurem, aquesta especie fa grans desplacaments migratoris, fins i tot superiors als de la papallona monarca EnglishButterflies don’t usually travel great distances: from birth to death they typically move around a radius lower than a few miles, but some butterflies can make long migratory journeys, traveling thousands of kilometers away from where they were born. One of the them is the well-known monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) which makes a spectacular migration from North America to Mexico, where upon arrival, millions of individuals concentrate in small plots of the Sierra Madre pine forests to spend the winter there. We will focus on the migratory cycle of the painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui), a butterfly that we can often see in spring and autumn in Montseny. As we will see, these species travels big distances even greater than those of the monarch butterfly.

Resumen: Introducción: El manejo de la enfermedad de Parkinson en la mujer en edad fértil nos plantea como principal reto el manejo de la enfermedad y los fármacos durante el embarazo y lactancia. El aumento de la edad gestacional de la mujer hace más probable que la incidencia de embarazos pueda incrementarse. Objetivo: Definir las características clínicas y los factores que condicionan la vida de la mujer en edad fértil con enfermedad de Parkinson y definir una guía de actuación y manejo del embarazo en estas pacientes. Resultados: Este documento de consenso se ha realizado mediante una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva y discusión de los contenidos realizados por un grupo de expertos en trastornos del movimiento de la Sociedad Española de Neurología. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de Parkinson afecta a todos los aspectos relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva de la mujer en edad fértil. Se debe planificar el embarazo en las mujeres con enfermedad de Parkinson para minimizar los riesgos teratogénicos sobre el feto. Se recomienda un abordaje multidisciplinar de estas pacientes para tener en cuenta todos los aspectos implicados. Abstract: Introduction: The main challenge of Parkinson's disease in women of childbearing age is managing symptoms and drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The increase in the age at which women are having children makes it likely that these pregnancies will become more common in future. Objectives: This study aims to define the clinical characteristics of women of childbearing age with Parkinson's disease and the factors affecting their lives, and to establish a series of guidelines for managing pregnancy in these patients. Results: This consensus document was developed through an exhaustive literature search and a discussion of the available evidence by a group of movement disorder experts from the Spanish Society of Neurology. Conclusions: Parkinson's disease affects all aspects of sexual and reproductive health in women of childbearing age. Pregnancy should be well planned to minimise teratogenic risk. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted in the management of these patients in order to take all relevant considerations into account.

Microbial activity plays a central role in nitrogen (N) cycling, with effects on forest productivity. Although N biotransformations, such as nitrification, are known to occur in the soil, here we investigate whether nitrifiers are present in tree canopies and actively process atmospheric N. This study was conducted in a Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) forest in Spain during the transition from hot dry summer to cool wet winter. We quantified NH4+ —N and NO3- —N fluxes for rainfall (RF) and throughfall (TF) and used δ15N, δ18O and Δ17O to elucidate sources of NO3- . Finally, we characterized microbial communities and abundance of nitrifiers on foliage, RF and TF water through metabarcoding and quantitative polymerase chain reaction respectively. NO3—N fluxes at the site were larger in TF than RF, suggesting a contribution from dry deposition, as also supported by δ15N and δ18O. However, Δ17O indicated that about 20% of NO3- in TF derived from canopies nitrification in August, after a severe drought, with a lower proportion in September (≈8%). This seasonal partitioning between biologically and atmospherically derived NO3- coincided with a decreasing trend of the abundance of archaeal nitrifiers. Tree canopies and TF had more diverse microbial communities than RF. Yet, RF showed higher variability in microbial composition, likely associated with the origin of air masses. Synthesis. Atmospheric N deposition is significantly altered after passing through tree canopies. While nitrification has been proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for these changes, very few studies directly investigate its occurrence. Here, we showed that nitrification by epiphytic leaf microbes contributed to increasing NO3 in TF and that nitrifiers' activity was reduced going from the dry and hot summer to the cool winter. Overall, these results highlight the power of coupling microbial community analysis, functional gene amplification and stable isotope approaches to examine ecosystem‐scale processes.