Neurogenetics is a thriving young science greatly contributing to the generally accepted concept of the brain development in health and disease. Thereby; scientists are not only able to highlight new key points in traditional ideas about the origin of diseases; but also to completely rethink their view on the problem of pathology development. In particular; new data on neurogenetics of perinatal affections of the central nervous system (CNS) has appeared. Genetic factors in varying degrees affect perinatal hypoxic-ischemic CNS affections. Prematurity determination stays the most studied among them. Nevertheless; there is increasing evidence of significant epigenetic regulations of neuro-expression caused by hypoxia; malnutrition of a pregnant woman; stress; smoking; alcohol; drugs that either directly pathologically affect the developing brain; or form a brain phenotype sensitive to a perinatal CNS affection. New data obliges to change the approaches to prevention of perinatal CNS affections.

Modern data on efficiency and safety of a recombinant human lactoferrin (hLf) and prospects of its use in pediatric practice are presented in the review of literary data. The unique anti-infectious properties of biologically active protein of the hLf, its high antimicrobic, antiviral, antifungal and anti-parasitic activity are noted. Ability to stimulate natural immunity, to interact with other antimicrobic peptides, in particular, with lysozyme and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor is analysed. In this regard it is indicated prospects of application of the hLf in treatment of prematurely born and hypotrophic children, patients with chronic nutritional deficiency for the purpose of prevention of infectious diseases and correction of inflammatory changes in the organism of a child, including acute respiratory virus and enteric infections in children. It is expedient to apply hLf in surgical practice for reduction of a degree of manifestation of the acute pro-inflammatory response, and also for prevention of infectious complications, especially after abdominal operations, in complex treatment of children with a severe generalized infection and multi-organ failure, for prevention of intrahospital nosocomial infections in children hospitals. Key words: children, prematurely born, nutritional deficiency, infections, lactoferrin, recombinant human lactoferrin.

Background : Vitamin D insufficiency is a widespread phenomenon, having an adverse effect on human health. This problem is also actual in Russia, which most part of the territory is located above the 42nd latitude and is at risk for vitamin D insufficiency. Objective : Our aim was to evaluate the vitamin D sufficiency of the child population of a junior age group and the adequacy of a drug treatment/prevention of vitamin D insufficiency in various regions of the Russian Federation. Methods : Children of the first 3 years of life, who received in-patient treatment in medical institutions of Russia, were examined. When they were involved in the study, they took a blood test to determine a plasma 25(OH)D concentration. The study period: November, 2013 – October, 2014. Results : 1,230 children aged from 1 month to 3 years were examined. Vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D concentration in the blood plasma 21–29 ng/ml) is found in 300 (24.4%), deficiency (25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/ml) — in 513 (41.7%) children. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency did not depend on a geographical location and level of insolation of regions, where the surveyed lived. Conclusion : In the studied selection more than 2/3 of children of a junior age group have a vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. In this regard, it is expedient to revise the current guidelines taking into account modern approaches to the prevention and treatment of a vitamin D insufficiency, to make the appropriate changes and to implement them in a clinical practice.

There re presented data on the frequency of formation of rickets in premature infants which is significantly elevated when compared to the level in full-terms tht is caused by morphological and functional immaturity of organs and system, features of adaptation as well as antenatal and perinatal pathology. The protocols of treatment of rickets is described and issues of preventive and curative doses of vitamin D in premature infants according to their individual peculiarities are discussed.

The paper shows the specific features of organization and performance of a systemic medical examination of infants during the first year of life. The principles in allocating children into homogeneous health groups are not shown to lose their importance and at present the identification of main health groups serves as the basis for individual observation, health improvement, and treatment. The specific content of a follow-up at the present stage requires that changes be made into the medical examination scheme that has been used since the last century. To improve the health of infants, to reduce their morbidity and disability rates, it is necessary to reinforce a state pediatric service in every possible way.

High incidence of different types of allergy in children forces us to study the atopy formation peculiarities and methods of its effective prophylaxis. The objective: to study the peculiarities of formation of alimentary allergy in infants. Methods: the study included newborns. Authors studied the family history of allergic diseases. The process of allergy development in system «mother–fetus–child» and influence of several risk factors were detected. Results: authors showed the role of hereditary factor, excessive use of food with high sensitizing potential, artificial feeding with mixtures containing cow milk proteins, and deviations in formation of normal intestinal micro biocenosis in atopy formation in children. Conclusion: authors proposed the method of revelation children with high risk of alimentary allergy. Obtained data proves the necessity of stage-by-stage combined measures for the prophylaxis of allergic pathology in ontogenesis. Key words: newborns, atopy, alimentary allergy, IgE. (Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2011; 10 (4): 10–15)

The article is devoted to the neonats adequate pharmacotherapy, including use of medications off-label. The authors emphasize the characteristics of a newborn child organism (as a full-term and preterm) that define the distinct processes of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the older children. This paper discusses the problem of the optimal route of administration choice, provides basic information about medications used in the most common pathological conditions in newborns. Key words: drug therapy, drugs, newborns, premature infants. ( Pediatric pharmacology. — 2011; 8 (6): 50–56).

The article is dedicated to the problem of rational nourishment of nursing mothers. It contains approximate daily set of nutrients and recommended norms of main nutrients and energy intake during lactation. This article also underlines the necessity of enriching women's diet during lactation with essential functional nutritional factors and thus the possibility of use of enriched products for pregnant and nursing women. Also there's information about contents of Russian specialized formula «Annamaria Prima for nursing mothers», its functional properties, as well as our own clinical observations of mothers, who were receiving this formula.

The article presents main principles of premature infants’ nutrition taking into account immature gastrointestinal system. The approaches are differentiated accordingly to gestational age and body weight. Parenteral and enteral nutrition of children with very low and extremely low body weight in early and late post-natal period is highlighted. Needs of patients in main nutritive ingredients are grounded; physiological role of several nutrients in premature infants (minerals, vitamins, essential fatty acids, nucleotides, etc.) is presented. Ready liquid nutritive mixtures are optimal for nutrition of premature patients. Two-stage system of nutrition (special mixtures for hospital management and following months of life) in extremely premature infants is described in details.