Epoxy resin-based polymer composites are widely recognized for their outstanding mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, making them valuable across various high-performance applications. However, challenges in the production process—such as achieving homogeneous filler dispersion, enhancing interfacial adhesion, and optimizing curing parameters—pose significant hurdles. Additionally, the environmental impact associated with composite production has become a critical concern. To address these issues, innovative strategies have emerged, including the integration of advanced fillers, enhancements in curing processes, and the adoption of eco-friendly alternatives. This review synthesizes recent advancements in these areas, highlighting improvements in composite performance and reductions in environmental footprint. While these developments mark significant progress, further research is essential to refine these approaches and establish sustainable production methods that harmonize performance demands with environmental responsibility.

This study is about the easy and efficient determination of methylene blue (MB), a toxic and carcinogenic cationic dye in wastewater, with Nb2O5 modified carbon paste electrode (NMCPE) using cyclic voltammetry. Firstly, high purity Nb2O5 particles were extracted from the raw ore after a number of procedures. NMCPE was fabricated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 6.8 for MB analysis. A maximum current response of 50 mu A was recorded during the electro-oxidation of MB using 8 mg NMCPE. The effects of scan rate, pH, and MB concentration were investigated on the anodic current response using cyclic voltammetry. The calculated active surface area for bare and NMCPE is found to be 0.04768 and 0.3311 cm(2) respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the NMCPE were determined to be 0.093 mu M and 0.311 mu M respectively. The effect of potential interfering species was evaluated like metal ions, dyes, and bioactive molecules and found that, these interferents do not affect the Ipa of MB and the percentage deviation of MB's Ipa is +/- 5%. This confirms that, the fabricated NMCPE depicted an extra ordinary selectivity and stability at the same time. This study reports, for the first time, the use of ore-extracted Nb2O5 nanoparticles as a carbon paste electrode modifier for methylene blue detection, offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach.

This study is about the easy and efficient determination of methylene blue (MB), a toxic and carcinogenic cationic dye in wastewater, with Nb 2 O 5 modified carbon paste electrode (NMCPE) using cyclic voltammetry. Firstly, high purity Nb 2 O 5 particles were extracted from the raw ore after a number of procedures. NMCPE was fabricated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 6.8 for MB analysis. A maximum current response of 50 μA was recorded during the electro-oxidation of MB using 8 mg NMCPE. The effects of scan rate, pH, and MB concentration were investigated on the anodic current response using cyclic voltammetry. The calculated active surface area for bare and NMCPE is found to be 0.04768 and 0.3311 cm 2 respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the NMCPE were determined to be 0.093 μM and 0.311 μM respectively. The effect of potential interfering species was evaluated like metal ions, dyes, and bioactive molecules and found that, these interferents do not affect the Ipa of MB and the percentage deviation of MB’s Ipa is ±5%. This confirms that, the fabricated NMCPE depicted an extra ordinary selectivity and stability at the same time. This study reports, for the first time, the use of ore-extracted Nb 2 O 5 nanoparticles as a carbon paste electrode modifier for methylene blue detection, offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach.

This study investigates the co‐pyrolytic behavior of waste tires (WT) and Platanus orientalis leaves (SL) as hybrid feedstocks for thermochemical valorization. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted under nitrogen atmosphere using thermogravimetric analysis across a temperature range of ambient to 745 °C, with heating rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 K min −1 . Five blend ratios (100% WT, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 100% SL by mass) were assessed to evaluate thermal degradation profiles and kinetic characteristics. A Box–Behnken experimental design within the response surface methodology (RSM) framework was employed to optimize the effects of temperature, heating rate, and blend ratio on pyrolysis performance. The statistical model showed a high predictive capability with R 2 >0.995. Kinetic parameters were calculated using Coats–Redfern, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Kissinger methods, with activation energies for the major decomposition stage (Stage 3C) ranging from 114.3 to 125.2 kJ mol −1 . A significant negative correlation was found between activation energy and SL content ( r = −0.82), while WT content showed a positive correlation ( r = 0.87), indicating that biomass reduces the energy barrier for thermal degradation. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the breakdown of functional groups such as OH, CO, and aromatic CC after pyrolysis, indicating extensive structural transformation. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed morphological changes from fibrous structures in SL to carbonized, fractured surfaces in the char. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis indicated a high carbon content (91.2%), supporting the suitability of the product for energy applications. Overall, the study demonstrates the synergistic potential of WT and SL in co‐pyrolysis, improving thermal behavior, reducing activation energy, and yielding carbon‐rich products. These findings support the development of integrated waste‐to‐energy strategies aligned with circular economy principles.

In this study, modified safflower oil (MSO) is synthesized using safflower oil as bio-based epoxy resin raw material and its curing behavior is investigated. The main objective is to assess the influence of MSO incorporation on the curing kinetics and tensile properties of epoxy composites while aiming to optimize the processing conditions. For this purpose, 10 mass

The sports industry increasingly demands materials that can deliver elite mechanical performance while reducing environmental burdens across product life cycles. In this systematic review, we synthesize interdisciplinary evidence on the use of biocomposite materials particularly natural fiber-reinforced polymer systems in sports equipment and related applications. The reviewed literature indicates that biocomposites can provide competitive specific strength at reduced density, alongside functional benefits such as improved vibration damping, safer (more ductile) fracture behavior, and enhanced user comfort in equipment subjected to repeated impacts and dynamic loading. From a manufacturing standpoint, multiple pathways are reported for translating biocomposites into sports products, including prepreg/autoclave routes for high-performance structures, filament winding for tubular parts, and thermoforming, compression molding, and injection molding for high-throughput components. Sustainability outcomes are commonly framed through circular-economy logic, emphasizing renewability, lower processing abrasiveness, reduced energy demand relative to conventional fiber composites, and improved end-of-life options (e.g., mechanical recycling and reuse as fillers), especially when combined with bio-based matrices such as PLA. Despite these advantages, persistent barriers moisture uptake, natural-fiber variability, interfacial adhesion limitations, and durability under combined UV–humidity cycling continue to constrain broader adoption. Overall, the evidence supports biocomposites as not merely “green substitutes,” but as engineering materials capable of delivering performance-relevant functions in sports equipment when supported by hybrid designs, surface treatments, protective coatings, and standardized testing protocols.

BACKGROUND:This study investigates the effects of three different drying methods - sun drying, shade drying and oven drying at 55 °C. Some physical, structural and chemical properties of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. fruit before and after drying are evaluated. Freshly harvested jujube fruits from the Elazığ (Turkey) region are subjected to each drying method, and changes in surface hardness, moisture content and internal structure are analyzed. Shore A hardness measurements indicate a significant increase in fruit firmness over time, with oven-dried samples showing the highest values, followed by sun-dried samples. RESULTS:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals marked chemical transformations during drying, including reductions in OH stretching bands and shifts in CO and CH regions, reflecting moisture loss and modifications in sugars and polysaccharides. Weight loss calculations determine that approximately 60-65 wt% of initial mass is lost to reach a final moisture content of around 16-18 wt%. These structural and chemical changes influence the fruit's texture, rehydration ability and consumer acceptability. Drying kinetic modeling using two-term models for both oven and sun/shade drying demonstrates excellent fit (R2 = 0.9995), with oven drying showing a higher effective diffusion coefficient (Deff = 4.57 × 10-10 m2 s-1) than sun/shade drying (Deff = 7.96 × 10-11 m2 s-1), indicating more efficient moisture transport. CONCLUSION:Response surface methodology is employed to optimize drying conditions and evaluate mass loss over time. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

In this study, Salix babylonica leaf waste was used as a natural ion exchanger and converted into value-added products through activated carbon production. The cell walls of this lignocellulosic biomass contain amine groups, carboxyl groups, and phenolic OH groups, supporting its use as a natural cation exchanger. The carbon-rich biomass is also a potential raw material for activated carbon synthesis. Based on the literature, activated carbon was synthesized using slow pyrolysis at 800 degrees C with ZnCl2 as a chemical activating agent, yielding a material with a surface area of 984 m2 g-1. Methylene blue (MB) removal studies were carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacities of both materials. The effects of process parameters were investigated by fitting the Taguchi L25 orthogonal array. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses were used to characterize the waste and synthesized activated carbon. As a result of the experiments, 98.88% MB removal was achieved with S. babylonica leaf waste powder (S-WP), and 100% MB removal was achieved with activated carbon (S-AC) synthesized from this waste.

ABSTRACT Advanced composite materials have become the leading material platform for high‐performance sports equipment, enabling superior strength‐to‐weight performance, stiffness tailoring, and enhanced functional integration compared with conventional materials. This review summarizes state‐of‐the‐art developments across multiple sporting disciplines, focusing on recent innovations in fiber reinforcements, matrix chemistries, hybrid architectures, and advanced manufacturing routes. Key material advances include nano‐enhanced carbon fibers, spread‐tow fabric concepts that improve laminate uniformity and surface quality, and the growing use of natural‐fiber composites to support sustainability goals while maintaining adequate mechanical efficiency for targeted components. On the manufacturing side, automated fiber placement, additive manufacturing of continuous‐fiber composites, and resin transfer molding (RTM) variants are examined as enabling technologies for precision lay‐up control, geometric complexity, repeatability, and scalable production. Application‐driven progress in cycling, racket sports, golf, water sports, and winter sports is discussed through the perspective of performance enhancement, weight minimization, durability, and regulatory constraints. Emerging research directions—bio‐inspired structural concepts, smart composites with embedded sensing, and circular‐economy strategies—are critically assessed in relation to environmental impact and end‐of‐life challenges. The review also highlights the accelerating role of computational design and optimization tools, including topology optimization, multiscale modeling, and machine learning, in shortening development cycles and guiding material/process selection. Performance validation is addressed by integrating mechanical characterization, sport‐specific testing protocols, and nondestructive evaluation approaches to ensure reliability and safety. This synthesis outlines current capabilities, identifies key research gaps, and provides future recommendations toward sustainable, adaptive, and biomimetic composite systems for next‐generation sports equipment.

This study presents a sustainable "waste-to-resource" approach by converting sugar beet pulp into a high-performance sulfonated biochar (CSBP) through a streamlined chemical carbonization route. By utilizing concentrated sulfuric acid, simultaneous carbonization and surface functionalization were achieved under mild conditions, eliminating the need for high-temperature pyrolysis. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization revealed a highly porous carbonaceous framework enriched with sulfonic acid groups, yielding a fine-grained adsorbent (<20 mu m) with high thermal stability and a carbon content of approximately 85 wt%. Batch adsorption experiments were systematically performed to evaluate the effects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption process exhibited high removal efficiency (>90%) at the natural pH of the dye solution, eliminating the need for pH adjustment. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption behavior followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating that chemisorption governs the rate-controlling step, with an activation energy of 9.01 kJ/mol. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, confirming monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 2.70 mmol/g at 55 degrees C. Thermodynamic parameters (Delta H degrees = +9.301 kJ/mol and negative Delta G degrees values) indicated that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption mechanism was attributed to the synergistic contribution of electrostatic interactions, pi-pi stacking, surface complexation involving sulfonic and oxygen-containing functional groups, and pore-filling effects. Overall, this study demonstrates that sulfuric acid-carbonized sugar beet pulp is a highly effective and environmentally benign adsorbent for cationic dye removal.

Biomaterials have undergone a remarkable transformation from passive structural components to bioactive therapeutic platforms capable of regulating complex biological processes and orchestrating host immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles, recent advances, and future perspectives of immunomodulatory biomaterials, emphasizing their expanding role in regenerative medicine and therapeutic applications. Initially, the major classes of biomaterials, including metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite systems, are systematically examined with respect to their physicochemical characteristics, biological functions, advantages, limitations, and clinical relevance. The review further explores the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying biomaterial-host interactions, including protein adsorption, cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, immune activation, foreign body responses, biofilm formation, and tissue integration. Particular emphasis is placed on the emerging concept of immunoengineering, highlighting how biomaterial properties such as surface chemistry, topography, stiffness, degradation behavior, and biofunctionalization can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses through macrophage polarization, dendritic cell activation, and T-cell modulation. Recent developments in smart and stimuli-responsive biomaterials, nanotechnology, surface engineering, extracellular matrix-inspired systems, and bioactive molecule delivery are critically discussed for their ability to create pro-regenerative immune microenvironments and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, current and emerging applications in tissue engineering, wound healing, controlled drug delivery, cancer immunotherapy, vaccine development, and personalized medicine are reviewed to demonstrate the broad translational potential of next-generation biomaterials. Finally, key challenges associated with long-term biocompatibility, immune variability, biodegradation, infection control, regulatory standardization, manufacturing scalability, and clinical translation are critically evaluated. By integrating advances in materials science, immunology, nanotechnology, and bioengineering, this review highlights immunomodulatory biomaterials as intelligent therapeutic platforms that actively direct immune responses and offers future perspectives for the rational design of personalized and clinically translatable biomaterial systems.

BACKGROUND:This study investigates the antibacterial potential of pyrolysis-derived extracts from rosehip fruit (RF), orange peel (OP), corn silk (CS), spurge root (ER) and mullein leaf (ML) against antibiotic-resistant pathogens using two different culture media. Bioactive compounds were obtained via a PID-controlled pyrolysis system, and antibacterial activity was evaluated to clarify both extract efficacy and medium-dependent effects on bacterial growth and diffusion. RESULTS:Antibacterial activities were assessed using the agar well diffusion method, with ampicillin as a positive control, against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. A key novelty of this work is the comparative evaluation of extract performance on nutrient agar (NA) and Müller-Hinton agar (MHA). Among all samples, the ML extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity across all tested strains, producing inhibition zones of 18.85 mm against E. coli and 17.15 mm against E. faecalis on NA, compared with 13.05 mm and 13.60 mm on MHA, respectively. CS and ER extracts showed moderate antibacterial effects, with consistently higher inhibition zones on NA than on MHA. Ampicillin generated substantially larger inhibition zones on NA (33.35 mm for E. coli and 34.45 mm for P. aeruginosa) compared with MHA (13.80 and 27.70 mm, respectively), confirming the strong influence of culture medium composition on measurable antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION:These results indicate that both plant extracts and ampicillin exhibit higher antibacterial activity on NA than on MHA. The pronounced efficacy of the ML extract highlights pyrolysis-derived plant fractions as promising natural antimicrobials and emphasizes the critical importance of culture medium selection. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

The integration of phase change materials (PCMs) with biomass-derived biochar offers a sustainable and energy-efficient approach for developing composites with enhanced thermal functionality. In this study, a leakage-resistant composite was prepared by impregnating olive waste pulp (OWP)-based biochar (BC) with 45 wt% lauryl alcohol (LOH). The OWP-BC/LOH composite was incorporated into concrete by partially replacing sand at 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % to produce advanced materials for building energy conservation. Extensive tests covering morphological, physical, mechanical, thermal stability, thermal energy storage (TES), and solar thermoregulation were conducted. The compressive strengths of TES-integrated concretes were 45.31 MPa, 37.94 MPa, and 28.48 MPa for 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % replacements, respectively. While lower than the control, these values remain acceptable considering the improved thermal regulation. At 20 % replacement, apparent porosity, water absorption, and dry unit weight were measured as 23.3 %, 14.91 %, and 1869.11 kg/m3, respectively. FTIR analysis confirmed strong interactions between OWP-BC and LOH. DSC results revealed a melting point of 20.18 degrees C with a latent heat capacity of 111.9 J/g, maintaining stability after 600 heating-cooling cycles. TGA analysis indicated that the working temperature range was well below the onset of thermal degradation, ensuring long-term durability. Thermal conductivity decreased by 13 %, reaching 0.93 W/m & sdot;K. Furthermore, solar thermoregulation tests showed that 20 % OWP-BC/LOH concrete provided effective daytime cooling and nighttime heating. The use of OWP-BC/LOH composites could potentially reduce annual building energy consumption up to 27 kWh m-2 y-1 and lower CO2 emissions by

The growing adoption of circular economy (CE) principles and industrial symbiosis (IS) has attracted increasing attention across a wide range of engineering disciplines, including chemical, materials, mechanical, and polymer engineering. While existing studies have explored CE and IS from technical and sector-specific perspectives, the systematic integration of life cycle thinking and extended producer responsibility (EPR) into industrial business models remains fragmented in the literature. This study presents a structured review of academic research at the intersection of CE, IS, life cycle approaches, and EPR, with a particular focus on end-of-life (EOL) responsibility and circular value chain formation. Rather than proposing fully operational frameworks, the paper synthesizes conceptual and empirical studies to identify key enabling mechanisms, transition pathways, and persistent challenges in implementing IS-based circular practices across and within industrial sectors. The review highlights how life cycle approaches and producer responsibility can jointly support resource recovery, waste reduction, and long-term collaboration among industrial actors. By clarifying conceptual linkages and governance implications, the study contributes to a more coherent understanding of how CE principles can be operationalized in engineering contexts and provides orientation for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to support the transition from linear to circular industrial systems.

This study proposes a novel bio-derived, sustainable, and shape stabilized composite phase change material (PCM) and evaluates its performance within cement mortars. The PCM composite was produced by impregnating an organic PCM into activated carbon (AC) obtained from pomegranate peel waste (PPW). The micro and mesoporous structure of the AC was used as physical host for the PCM. To evaluate the performance of PCM composite, characterization tests and analyses were performed to verify structural stability, chemical compatibility, and thermal reliability. The optimum PCM loading was found to be 45 wt% to achieve high latent heat storage capacity, negligible or no leakage, and robust cycling stability. Subsequently, mortar specimens incorporating the biochar shape-stabilized PCM (AC-PCM) composite were prepared and tested for compressive strength, porosity, water absorption, thermal conductivity, and thermoregulation under realistic conditions. The PCM composite has a melting temperature of 26.32 degrees C and an enthalpy of 116.8 J/g that confirms its applicability for low-temperature thermal storage in build environments. Mortars with 20 vol% composite achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 33.44 MPa. While this represents a 43.5% decrease compared to the control mix, the mechanical performance remained within acceptable limits. Open field thermoregulation tests revealed that the PCM-enhanced mortar reduced peak indoor temperatures by 8.9 degrees C. Hence, the Bio-AC-PCM incorporated mortar offers an eco-friendly and mechanically viable approach to climate-resilient and energy-efficient construction materials.

Flue Gas Desulfurization System (FGD) is a treatment system that has been made mandatory in thermal power plants for sulfur retention in recent years. FGD systems have been made mandatory in coal-based energy generating systems, especially in order to reduce the increasing greenhouse gas effect and to prevent the release of coal-derived sulfur oxides into nature. The hot waste steam from the boiler is sent to the FGD columns and milk of lime is fed to absorb the sulfur oxides. After treatment, thermal power plant gas treatment waste (PW) with a high content of gypsum is produced. In this study, the removal of chromium from aqueous solutions by PW was investigated. Cr(VI) adsorption studies were optimized using Taguchi analysis. In this context, L25 Taguchi orthogonal array was applied using 5 factors and 5 levels to optimize experimental parameters such as pH, dosage, contact time, concentration, temperature which affect adsorption. Elemental analysis, BET, TGA, XRD, XRD, FT-IR analyses were applied to determine the physicochemical properties of the waste. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also studied to investigate the Cr(VI) removal and mechanism of the material. The optimum experimental conditions were determined as initial pH 2.13, concentration 20 mg/L, dosage 22.5 g/L, time 12 h and temperature 32.5 °C by Taguchi method. Under these conditions, 100

Traditional antibiotic removal techniques—such as coagulation, membrane filtration, ozonation, and biodegradation—are often inadequate for large-scale applications due to limiting factors including high operational costs, complex system design, and the formation of toxic by-products. In addition, the low selectivity levels of these techniques and the need for additional post-treatment make it difficult to achieve effective and sustainable water treatment goals. The phosphoric acid-activated chitosan-derived carbon adsorbent proposed in this study demonstrated superior adsorption capacities for both amoxicillin and doxycycline, owing to its high surface area and abundant functional groups, aligning with sustainability principles. Thus, it stands out as an economical and environmentally friendly alternative that directly solves the shortcomings of previous methods. High-performance activated carbon was synthesized via phosphoric acid activation of chitosan for the removal of amoxicillin (AMX) and doxycycline (DOC) antibiotics from aqueous solutions. The adsorption efficiency was systematically evaluated in batch experiments at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C, initial antibiotic concentrations of 50–400 mg/L, and pH levels spanning from 3 to 13. The phosphoric acid activation process significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of the resultant activated carbon, enhancing its structural and textural characteristics. The activated carbon exhibited a substantial surface area of 998.02 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.485 cm3/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.55 nm, structure favorable for adsorption. Furthermore, kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order model, indicating that physisorption was the dominant mechanism. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, highlighting monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The maximum adsorption capacities for AMX and DOC were determined to be 227.18 mg/g and 299.07 mg/g, respectively, at 50 °C, demonstrating the high affinity of the adsorbent for these pharmaceutical contaminants. These findings indicate that chitosan-derived activated carbon is a cost-effective, sustainable material with strong potential for removing antibiotic contaminants from wastewater.

Obtaining biological material by drying and grinding Tenebrio molitor insects is original research in the field of innovative materials science. This study investigates the impact of T. molitor biofiller on the thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of epoxy-based biocomposites. The results revealed that increasing the content of the biofiller (from 0 to 4 wt.%) significantly reduced the bulk density (from 1134 to 1096 kg/m3), the Shore D hardness (from 77.6 to 73.1) and the thermal conductivity (from 0.112 to 0.090 W/mK), while enhancing the thermal insulation properties. A non-linear regression model confirmed the progressive reduction in density, with an optimal biofiller ratio of 2 wt.% minimizing trade-offs in thermal stability (activation energy: 178.37 kJ/mol). Dielectric constant measurements (4.09-3.78) showed improved insulating properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other microscopic analyses confirmed homogeneous filler distribution and preserved structural integrity at optimal loadings. These findings highlight the potential of the biofiller-reinforced composites for use in lightweight, sustainable applications in the construction, electronics, and automotive industries, in line with the goal of innovating eco-friendly materials.

Copper (Cu(II)) contamination in aquatic systems is a pressing environmental issue due to its high toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Developing adsorbent materials with high capacity, structural stability, and tunable surface chemistry is essential for efficient water purification. In this study, hierarchical metal–organic network (MON) particles were synthesized via a coordination-driven polycondensation of polyphenols and formaldehyde, resulting in robust, fiber-like structures with well-defined micro- ( 1.6 nm) and mesopores ( 13.9 nm) and a high surface area of 212.58 m2/g. The hierarchical pore architecture enhances mass transfer and adsorption kinetics, enabling a maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacity of 417.21 mg/g at 301.15 K, following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic, indicating strong chemisorption interactions through oxygen-containing functional groups. These results demonstrate that coordination-driven self-assembly represents an effective strategy for designing high-performance adsorbents with controlled pore structures and superior metal-binding capabilities. Beyond Cu(II) removal, this approach holds significant potential for developing next-generation materials for advanced water treatment, environmental remediation, and sustainable resource recovery.

Spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts, produced in the petroleum refining process, are usually classified in hazardous solid waste. Recovery of valuable metals from spent HDS catalyst not only reduce substantially environmental risk but is an important way to alleviate global resource shortages for high-valuable metals. This study reviews numerous references regarding to recovery valuable metals from spent HDS catalyst in last decades, and divided current methods into three processes: pretreatment, oxidation-leaching, and separation-purification processes. Roasting and solvent washing usually emerge as primary methods in the pretreatment process, and effectively eliminate the surface oily substances and sulfur. Sodium salt roasting-leaching are considered as higher efficient among all leaching methods. The application of organic acid in the leaching can separate valuable metals selectively and simplify subsequent purification steps. In separation-purification processes, solvent extraction is still a standout method to isolate challenging metals such as Mo, W and V. However, the burgeoning field of ion imprinting technology exhibits the promising potential. Additionally, Random Forest and XGBoost model are used to analyze reported methods to recovery Mo and Ni and predict the key factor to regulate recovery efficiency. The results show that Mo recovery process is depended on the spent HDS characteristics and solid-liquid ratio in leaching process, while Ni recovery processes is depended on the roasting time and roasting temperature. Finally, serval specific industrial cases on recycling valuable metals from spent HDS were given, and found that sodium salt roasting-water leaching process was still frequent used in practical application due to its characteristics of high efficiency and low cost.