The dorsal surface of the tongue serves as a significant reservoir for harbouring oral bacteria. The mechanical act of tongue cleaning helps in remarkable reduction of this bacterial load. The present survey aims to assess the prevalence and acceptance of tongue cleaning amongst the rural and suburban population. This survey also tries to identify the different factors influencing the habit of tongue cleaning. A questionnaire-based method was employed to determine the tongue cleaning habits amongst individuals residing in suburban and rural regions.

This is an exhaustive narrative review on nutritional importance regarding periodontium health. Macronutrients have a significant impact on oral health. Highly refined carbohydrate intake has been linked to dental cavities and periodontal diseases. In contrast, complex carbohydrates in whole grains and vegetables promote periodontal health. Proteins are essential for host defences and the synthesis of connective tissues, making them crucial for periodontal well-being. Vegetable proteins positively affect periodontal health. Dietary fats promote inflammation and increase the risk of periodontal disease. Omega-3 fatty acids are well-known for their anti-inflammatory properties and minimizing periodontal inflammation. Vitamins and minerals are essential in maintaining periodontal health. Vitamins A, D, and K are necessary for oral epithelial integrity, bone growth, and tissue maintenance. Ca2+ and Mg2+ deficiencies have been associated with severe periodontal diseases. Antioxidants like vitamin C can mitigate periodontal inflammation. Most dental practitioners acknowledge that a person’s nutritional status attenuates periodontal disorders. The severity of inflammation in the gums is indirectly impacted by the inherent resistance of the periodontal tissues to infection at a systemic level. Dental professionals should address local irritants through different procedures, promote daily plaque control at home, and offer nutritional counselling on improving overall periodontal health.

Introduction: Identification of humans during a lifetime, as well as acknowledgment even after death, is an inalienable right and forms the core of human dignity. A pivotal step in the identification of human remains is sex determination, as age and stature discernment depends on it. Determination of sex from unknown skeletal remains is extremely challenging, especially when fragmented bony remains are available. Among the various morphological landmarks of the mandible, the mental foramen is considered to be one of the most stable that can be used in sex authentication. Hence, it was used to identify a sexual dimorphism in a mixed Indian population in the present study. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were selected from the archival database and analysed for the present study using morphometric features of the mental foramen i.e., the measurement of: The distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (SLM), The distance from the inferior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (ILM) and the distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mental foramen (VD). Results: Females showed a caudal positioning of mental foramen toward the base of the mandible as compared to males. A statistically significant difference was noted in the dimensions of SLM, ILM and VD, with all the three distances being larger in males when compared to females. Logistic regression analysis showed an overall significance of P < 0.0001 and a prediction score of 89%. Conclusion: Mental foramen morphometrics on CBCT enables sex determination in the Indian population with a predictive score of 89%.

Introduction: Knowledge of oral health is a prerequisite for psychological and physical health. The two most prevalent oral diseases, dental caries and periodontal diseases, are largely preventable through professional and self-care activities. With a boom in over-the-counter self-care products available for better oral health, it is imperative to know the awareness with regard to them, among the general population. The objective of this study was to survey the awareness regarding the use of interdental aids and chemical plaque control among the general population. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire comprising 17 close-ended questions was handed down to the 473 patients at the outpatient department of DY Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, to gather information regarding their awareness and technique of using interdental aids and chemical plaque control. The collected data were statistically analyzed using the SAS software. Results: According to the analysis done using the SAS software, 58% lacked awareness of inter dental aids whereas 14% were not aware of mouth rinses. At the same time, 98% had no knowledge about water irrigation devices or the side effects of mouth rinses. Conclusion: The study indicated that as compared to oral rinses, the awareness among the masses regarding the use of interdental aids and their helpfulness in prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases is lacking. There is a need for a dentist to take the front seat in patient education in terms of mechanical and chemical plaque control adjuncts.

Background: This study aimed to equate implants placed using a traditional flap elevation technique with implants placed using a flapless process regarding bone healing and success in clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects were included in this research work. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in group A underwent implant placement with the flap elevation technique. Similarly, group B patients underwent implant placement without flap reflection. Parameters such as plaque index, wound healing index, crestal bone loss, and radiograph were considered to estimate the effectiveness of the two techniques. Results: Plaque indexes were improved in both groups. The modified gingival index also improved in all the phases of healing. The flapless method showed a better crestal bone. Conclusion: It can be concluded that this study showed that with the right augmentation techniques, implants could be successfully performed immediate extraction sockets, both with and without elevation of the mucoperiosteal flap.

INTRODUCTION:There is a growing focus on researching the management of children with COVID-19 admitted to hospital, especially among developing countries with new variants alongside concerns with the overuse of antibiotics. Patient care can be improved with guidelines, but concerns with the continued imprudent prescribing of antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarials.OBJECTIVE:Consequently, a need to document the current management of children with COVID-19 across India. Key outcome measures included the percentage of prescribed antimicrobials, adherence to current guidelines, and mortality.METHODOLOGY:A point prevalence study using specially developed report forms among 30 hospitals in India.RESULTS:The majority of admitted children were aged between 11 and 18 years (70%) and boys (65.8%). Reasons for admission included respiratory distress, breathing difficulties, and prolonged fever. 75.3% were prescribed antibiotics typically empirically (68.3% overall), with most on the Watch list (76.7%). There were no differences in antibiotic prescribing whether hospitals followed guidelines or not. There was also appreciable prescribing of antimalarials (21.4% of children), antivirals (15.2%), and antiparasitic medicines (27.2%) despite limited evidence. The majority of children (92.2%) made a full recovery.CONCLUSION:It was encouraging to see low hospitalization rates. However, concerns about high empiric use of antibiotics and high use of antimalarials, antivirals, and antiparasitic medicines exist. These can be addressed by instigating appropriate stewardship programs.

Introduction: To date, the focus on COVID-19 among children, especially in low- and middle-income countries, has been to address key issues including poor vaccination rates. However, the focus is changing with new variants and concerns regarding the development of hyperinflammatory syndromes. There have also been concerns with the overuse of antibiotics to treat patients with COVID-19, with the Indian Government developing guidelines, including those for children, to improve patient care. Consequently, a need to document the current management of children with COVID-19 in India and use the findings for future guidance. Materials and Methods: Pilot study assessing the management of children with COVID-19 among five hospitals in India using purposely developed case report forms, which had been piloted in Bangladesh. Results: Low numbers of children in hospital with COVID-19 (11.9% of in-patient beds). The majority were boys (58.3%) and between 11 and 18 years (55.5%). Reasons for admission were in line with previous studies and included respiratory distress/breathing difficulties. 69.4% of children with COVID-19 were prescribed antibiotics empirically, typically those on the Watch list, and administered parenterally, with only limited switching to oral therapy. A minority were prescribed antimalarials, antivirals and anti-parasitic medicines. There was appreciable prescribing of immune boosters and steroids. Conclusion: It was encouraging to see low hospitalisation rates. However, concerns with high empiric use of antibiotics and limited switching to oral formulations need to be addressed potentially, by instigating antimicrobial stewardship programmes. Similarly, other antimicrobials where these are not recommended.

Introduction: Barrier membranes are the devices used in guided tissue regeneration procedures to promote the repopulation of the wound space by periodontal ligament cells. Commercially available membranes have been used widely for periodontal regeneration. The aim of the present study is to compare and evaluate the physical properties of membranes used for periodontal regeneration. Materials and Methods: The tensile strength and surface topography using scanning electron microscope were analysed of three commercially available membranes: chorion membrane, Healiguide™ membrane and PerioCol®-GTR membrane were analysed. Results: The tensile strength of the PerioCol®-GTR membrane was the highest, while that of the Chorion membrane was the least. Variations in the surface topography were observed in all three membranes groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated variation in surface topography and tensile strength of the resorbable periodontal membranes, suggestive of differences in the time of resorption during regenerative periodontal procedures.

Recession is the displacement of soft-tissue margin apical to the cementoenamel junction. It becomes a matter of concern when it occurs in anterior esthetic area. Various treatment modalities have been carried out for the treatment of recession. The present case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a female patient reporting to the department with the chief complaint of receded gums. The patient presented with multiple recessions in mandibular anterior region. After radiographic and hematological investigation, it was decided to treat the case with bridge flap technique. The technique provided with good post-operative results and patient’s acceptance of the technique.

Introduction: The loss of alveolar bone is one of the important indicators of periodontitis. There is a widespread use of panoramic radiographs for the detection of bone loss due to periodontitis. The present study is aimed to evaluate the severity and prevalence of alveolar bone loss at mandibular first molar sites on randomly selected 250 orthopantomograms. Materials and Methods: The alveolar bone level was assessed by direct measurements from the cemento-enamel junction to the crest of alveolar bone at the mandibular first molar region at the mesial and distal surface with a Hu-Friedy University of North Carolina probe-15 Probe. Bone loss was assessed based on gender and age. Results: The results indicated that the bone loss was statistically higher in the mandibular molar region on the distal surface than the mesial surface. The bone loss notably increased with age. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study is in accordance with the finding that radiographic bone loss can be used as an important tool to identify patients susceptible to periodontitis.

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among the dental students including interns and postgraduate students towards Nicotine Replacement Therapy(NRT). This is a cross sectional survey done among 300 randomly chosen dental students from dental colleges in Navi Mumbai by distributing a self-prepared questionnaire about the awareness and use on NRT. Later, descriptive analysis was done on the data collected. Eighty four percent of the dental students were aware of NRT. Significant awareness was seen among the dental students, but only 28% of the dental students had the practice of always prescribing patients with NRT, 40% of the dental students prescribed NRT sometimes and the remaining 32% never prescribed NRT for tobacco cessation. The awareness on NRT and the practice of prescribing patients with NRT for tobacco cessation was not proportionate.

Gingival overgrowth presents itself in various forms and clinical features. Gingival overgrowth can have localised or generalised presentation. It becomes a reason of primary concern when it appears in area of aesthetics. This case report focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of a male patient who had reported to the department with gingival overgrowth. The patient reported with localised gingival overgrowth involving the mandibular anterior region. The gingival overgrowth was a single well defined overgrowth involving the buccal aspect of mandibular gingiva. Thorough blood investigations and radiographic investigations were carried out. The case report highlights the management of localised gingival overgrowth.

Progressive bone resorption after extraction of tooth may lead to prosthetic-driven and surgical difficulties when a dental implant has to be placed after extraction of tooth. This case report discusses an irreparable upper right first premolar with a dehiscence on buccal wall. A conservative tooth extraction was performed and the dehiscence was exposed after reflecting a full thickness mucoperiosteal flap. The socket and the dehiscence were then grafted using Nova bone putty and amnion membrane. After a healing period of 3 months and 9 months a CBCT analysis was done to check for regeneration in the grafted site. It can be concluded that grafting technique can lessen the alveolar bone resorption in the socket with dehiscence.

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), is one among the world's serious health problem.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a member of the lentivirus family, a subgroup of retroviruses.HIV encompasses a robust affinity for cells of the immune system.Patients with AIDS might develop serious oral and periodontal conditions, sometimes they are the primary symptoms to develop and different times they indicate a modification within the disease's progress, so it's vital for HIV-positive patients to take care of their oral hygiene and receive regular dental care.Dentists can play a significant role in diagnosing and management of oral conditions associated with AIDS.This review aims to supply insights relating to HIV associated periodontal lesions their prevalence, clinical features and management ways.

Drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and poor selectivity make cancer treatment with current modalities a challenging and complicated task. Careful planning of diagnosis and therapy is required to build new strategies for treatment and management of cancer. The amalgamation of therapeutics and diagnostics in a single nano agent, known as theranostics is now possible due to the emergence of nanotechnology. Theranostics offers opportunities for personalized medicine by real-time monitoring of drug accumulation and dynamic modification of treatment depending on individual patient needs. Thus potential to reform disease management is held by theranostic nanoparticles. Amongst other nanosystems, inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used for developing theranostic drug delivery systems due to their favorable intrinsic properties. The last decade has seen a surge in development of such theranostic nanoparticles in which various inorganic materials in different combinations have been engineered to maximize the output with respect to specific applications. For example, Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles were developed for MRI, hyperthermia and magnetically controlled drug delivery. Several such combinations leading to innovative theranostic applications and their underlying mechanisms have been highlighted in this review. A review of patents and clinical trials of inorganic theranostic nanoparticles is also presented through which we understood that clinical translation still remains in the nascent stage. Thus, it is necessary to find and understand reasons for lack of clinical translations. Therefore, we have discussed the challenges associated with bench-to-bed translation of such inorganic nanoparticles which show immense potential in vitro but fail to deliver in long run. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND:Implant success and survival rate ranges from 93% to 97%; however, failures are not very uncommon. These failures can be caused due to a variety of reasons out of which increased heat during drilling of osteotomies is a major contributor.AIM:The aim of this study was to develop a new generation diamond-coated drill and compare the thermal changes between commercially available drills and the experimental diamond coated drill during implant site preparation in artificial bone.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Three types of drills were selected for the study; Group A (Carbide), Group B (Stainless Steel), and Group C (Experimental). A total of 60 implant site preparations were performed with all the drills in artificial bone using a surgical unit linked to a testing device, in order to standardize implant drilling procedures. Bone temperature variations were recorded when drilling at a depth of 10 mm. A constant irrigation of 50 ml/minute and drilling speed of 800 r.p.m. was maintained.RESULTS:The mean temperature of Group A, Group B, and Group C was 35.57°C, 36.83°C and 34.23°C, respectively. The results were assessed and statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and post hoc Bonferroni test. Statistically significant higher temperatures were obtained with stainless steel drill and carbide drill when compared with the experimental diamond coated drill. (P = 0.000).CONCLUSIONS:Diamond coated osteotomy drills have shown promising results in reducing heat generation at the osteotomy. Further studies need to be conducted to maximize the potential use of diamond as components of drills in implant dentistry.

Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease of multifactorial origin. Plaque biofilm and associated host responses are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Organisms strongly implicated as etiologic agents include Gram negative, anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria within the biofilm. The microbial challenge consisting of antigens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and other virulence factors stimulates host responses which result in disease limited to the gingiva (i.e. gingivitis) or initiation of periodontitis. Until the 1970s, treatment strategies for periodontal diseases were primarily based on the understanding that plaque bacteria and their products mediated the tissue destruction in periodontal patients. Host Modulation Therapy (HMT) is a treatment concept that reduces tissue destruction and stabilizes or even regenerates inflammatory tissue by modifying host response factors. It has been used for treating osteoporosis and arthritis for several decades. However, its use in dentistry has only been recently reported. The host immune-inflammatory response against bacterial plaque can thus be viewed as a “dual-edged sword,” i.e. the response is protective by intent, yet in susceptible patients who exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response to plaque, it ultimately is responsible for perpetuating the destruction of the periodontium. This shift in paradigms, with emphasis on host response, has led to the development of host modulatory therapies (HMTs) which can improve therapeutic outcomes, slow the progression of a disease, predictable management of patients, and as preventive agents against the development of periodontitis.

Context: Different techniques are used for periodontal therapy, viz. scaling and root planing, subgingival curettage, gingivectomy, and full- or split-thickness flap procedures with or without osseous recontouring. Most of the said periodontal surgeries are invasive and associated with pain and secondary discomfort, thus leading to a quest for newer techniques such as laser-assisted closed pocket debridement techniques for periodontal therapy. The present study was designed to compare the efficacy of closed pocket debridement with diode laser and periodontal open flap debridement as assessed by clinical and microbiological parameters. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients in an age range of 20–54 years and with pocket depth of ≥5 mm and ≤7 mm were included in the study. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and colony forming units (CFUs) of the periodontal pathogens namely Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and streptococci were compared in patients undergoing closed pocket debridement with diode laser (Group I) against open flap debridement (Group II) at baseline and after 3 months of the procedure. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the PD reduction in Group I and Group II (P = 0.02), with Group II showing greater reduction in PD. Furthermore, the mean value of CFUs after 3 months of the procedures in Group I was significantly less as compared to Group II. Conclusion: The laser-treated group (Group I) was found to be better in terms of decrease in clinical PD as compared to Group II. The bactericidal effect of the diode laser was, also, clearly evident by a greater reduction of CFUs of periodontal pathogens in Group I as compared to Group II.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microbes, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone in the oral cavity. The ABO blood groups in determin been a subject of debate and periodontitis is one among them. Till date very few studies have been conducted to determine the association between ABO blood group and severity ofperiodontitis aim of t severity of Chronic Periodontitis. On oral examination, plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth, clinical attachment loss and the number of missing teeth were reco investigation was carried out by slide agglutination method.Analytical statistics were done. The Kolmogorov test was used to check differences betw Dunn-Bonferroni test.67 The chi groups. Software: was a significant association of blood group ‘B’ with mild and moderate periodontitis and of blood group ‘ O’ with severe periodontitis (p =0.024).