Owing to catastrophic and devastating effects of electromagnetic radiation pollution, EMI shielding materials have become imperative. The large scale production, high cost, durability, sustainability, and disposability of shielding materials are the key challenges associated with conventional metal-based systems. Considering these issues, we herein present polyaniline/graphitic oxide nanocomposites (PANI/GO NCs) by varying the weight

Nanocomposites of CuO-CoFe2O4 were prepared by an ultrasonic-enhanced synthesis of the nanocomposites used in the photo-degradation of methyl violet dye. Pristine CuO, CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 were synthesized by co-precipitation with the composition formation being controlled by composition. XRD revealed the existence of monoclinic CuO and spinel CoFe2O4 phases coexisting with each other, whereas FESEM demonstrated close contact between the particles of CuO and CoFe2O4. UV Vis-DRS demonstrated composition-dependent optical response, which was corroborated by VSM which was sufficient enough to recover the catalysts. The composites exhibited high photocatalytic activities as compared to pristine oxides because they develop interfacial heterojunctions. The apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant of CC10 was the highest, 0.0084 min to 1, and it was the fastest showing degradation kinetics. CC20 had the highest final degradation efficiency of 84.13%. Radical scavenging experiments verified that 3 include OH and O2-as the most active species. The CC20 catalyst was able to maintain the degradation efficiency of about 79% after five cycles, an excellent reusability. This report illustrates that the heterostructure of CuO-CoFe2O4, which has been assisted by ultrasonication, can serve as an effective and magnetically separateable photocatalyst when it comes to treating dye-contaminated wastewater.

Water scarcity and pollution are major issues worldwide, requiring immediate implementation of nanotechnological solutions. MoS2/ZnO nanocomposites with varying weight ratios MoS2: ZnO (1:1,2:1,3:1,4:1) were synthesised using hydrothermal approach, followed by cost-effective ultrasonication method. The resulting synthesised samples were characterized using various analytical techniques including XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, BET, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD patterns confirmed high crystallinity, structure and phase purity, which reveals successful formation of nanocomposite materials. The chemical bonding of prepared nanoparticles was examined by stretching and bending of bonds using FTIR spectroscopy. The microstructural study was conducted by HRTEM and FESEM with EDX and elemental mapping which revealed uniform dispersion and elemental composition between MoS2 nanoflowers and ZnO nanorods. The chemical states of Mo, S, Zn and O along with presence of oxygen vacancies were examined using XPS analysis. UV- Vis spectroscopy showed decrease in bandgap energy from 3.06 eV to 2.41 eV, attributed to formation of heterojunction on MoS2 integration with ZnO and improved light absorption. The synthesised MoZn41 demonstrated high photocatalytic performance, achieving 96% degradation of methylene blue, 93 % degradation of methyl violet and 86% degradation of industrial wastewater of Panipat city consisting of three distinct dyes i.e. Blue M3R, Yellow M3R and Red MSB dye under UV light within 90 minutes. The enhanced efficiency is due to efficient heterojunction formation between MoS2 and ZnO, which results in charge separation and increases reactive species in process of degradation. The nanocomposite exhibited remarkable stability and reusability, retaining more than 86% of overall photodegradation efficiency.

The discharge of harmful dyes by innumerable textile industries is affecting our ecosystem, endangering the lives of all living organisms. Cost-effective treatment of industrial effluents is crucial for environmental sustainability. Herein, we employed sol-gel route for synthesizing Neodymium (Nd3 +)-doped Ceria to study their photocatalytic potentials for Rose Bengal (RB) dye degradation under UV-irradiation as well as ferromagnetic behaviour. The synthesized samples were analysed using a suite of techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), High Resolution- Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman, Photoluminescence (PL), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy for providing insights into structural, optical, morphological and magnetic properties. Remarkably, CeNd8 exhibited high photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 97.9 % degradation of RB dye and can be attributed to modified band gap structure of Ceria, increased charge separation and reduced electron-hole recombination rates. These findings highlight the potential of Nd3+- doped CeO2 as an effective as well as inexpensive photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, paving the path for the development of various materials for environmental remediation.

The persistent rise in water pollution has spurred an urgent need to develop highly effective photocatalysts to eliminate hazardous organic pollutants. Photocatalytic degradation is one of the efficient methods to achieve this. In this study, we employ a hydrothermal technique to synthesize hexagonal NiO nanoparticles, which are subsequently decorated onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO) through an ex- situ deposition followed by ultrasonic treatment. This has resulted in the construction of binary and ternary hybrid nanocomposites. An unprecedented high efficiency is achieved by the ternary composite due to the interfacial charge transfer by the MWCNT and GO deposited. An effective decrease in electron-hole pair recombination is observed, which is confirmed by their unique structural, morphological, electronic and optical properties. A dosage of 0.5 mg/mL of NiO degrades 57.3 % percent of the reactive red 35 dye with 20 ppm concentration. Meanwhile, the ternary hybrid nanocomposite NC5G5 (NiO/MWCNT/GO) exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance of 92.7 %, under the same conditions. These results underscore the promising potential of these composites for the efficient degradation of harmful organic pollutants in wastewater treatment applications.

The increasing contamination of water resources due to dye disposal has become a critical global challenge, highlighting urgent need for innovative and sustainable water treatment solutions. Photocatalysis has emerged as highly promising approach for efficient removal of organic pollutants from wastewater due to high efficacy, costeffectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature. In this study, cerium oxide (CeO2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrothermal method. MoS2/CeO2 nanocomposites using different molar ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1) were subsequently fabricated through one-pot ultrasonication method. XRD analysis determined the crystallite sizes, which ranged from 6.7 nm to 11.6 nm. FTIR spectroscopy provided insights into chemical bonding within synthesized materials. FESEM imaging confirmed presence of spindleshaped CeO2 and MoS2 flower-like structure. Elemental mapping was conducted to assess spatial distribution of elements, while EDX verified elemental composition of pure CeO2, MoS2, and their corresponding nanocomposites. XPS analysis was performed to investigate defects and oxygen vacancies within the lattice structure. Furthermore, UV-DRS analysis demonstrated significant reduction in band gap from 2.89 eV to 1.78 eV, attributed to the formation of a heterojunction upon MoS2 incorporation with CeO2. Among the synthesized nanocomposites, the MoS2/CeO2 (4:1) exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency, achieving 94 % degradation of methylene blue dye within 90 min under UV irradiation. These findings emphasize the significant potential of MoS2/CeO2 nanocomposites for applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

In this study, pure and cadmium-doped (20

This study investigates the impact of Er3+ doping on the structural and magnetic properties of Mn0.5Zn0.5ErxFe2_xO4 (x = 0.0-0.1) nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirm the formation of a single cubic spinel phase. Er3+ substitution leads to a lattice parameter increase from 8.3827 to 8.4197 & Aring;, attributed to Er3+'s larger ionic radius relative to Fe3+. SEM analysis reveals a reduction in nanoparticle size from 33.1 to 25.1 nm with increased Er3+ content. Magnetic measurements show a decline in maximum magnetization from 32.46 to 15.04 emu/g at 10,000 Oe, indicating a decrease in net magnetization with Er3+ doping, accompanied by negligible coercivity and retentivity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy further characterizes spin dynamics, including peak-to-peak line width, resonance field, Lande's g-factor, spin concentration, and relaxation time, highlighting significant changes in magnetic properties due to Er3+ doping.

Manganese-doped zinc ferrite nanoparticles (MnxZn1−xFe2O4) with compositions x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 were synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method. The synthesized samples were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), dielectric analysis, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The lattice constant calculated using XRD decreases with manganese content. FTIR spectra exhibited characteristic bands of spinel ferrites. Doping of manganese ions strengthens the tetrahedral and octahedral sites, leading to higher wavenumbers and force constants. HRTEM images reveal the spherical morphology of the synthesized particles. VSM measurements showed an increase in maximum magnetization up to sample Mn0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4, which has a magnetization of 42.74 emu/g. The resonance field (Hr) decreases with doping due to the stronger magnetic interactions induced by manganese doping. Dipolar interactions become more prominent at higher Mn concentrations, which leads to line broadening and reduced spin relaxation times. The dielectric constant is analyzed with varying frequency and it shows frequency-dependent behavior. Specific capacitance was recorded at different scan rates using the CV technique and sample ZM7 shows the most promising potential for supercapacitative applications with a specific capacitance of 690.31 F/g at 10 mV/s. The study underscores the potential of manganese doping to tailor the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of zinc ferrite for applications in energy storage, spintronics, and catalysis.

In this study, the influence of La3+ ion doping on the microstructure, crystallite size, as well as magnetic and dielectric properties of Mg0.5Co0.5Fe2-xLaxO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) ferrite nanoparticles is examined. The La3+ ion has a larger ionic radius than the Fe3+ ion and occupies the octahedral site, resulting in the expansion of the crystal lattice. Thus, it is expected that replacing La3+ ions with Fe3+ ions could enhance the electrical and magnetic properties of spinel ferrites, making them suitable for various applications. Mg0.5Co0.5Fe2-xLaxO4 nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. X-Ray diffraction analysis confirms the cubic phase structure of all samples, further supported by characteristic peaks obtained from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The crystallite size ranged from 6 nm to 14 nm, with the lattice parameter increasing from 8.367 Å to 8.379 Å as La3+ ion doping increased. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the nanoparticles possessed a spherical shape with agglomeration. Magnetic hysteresis analysis indicated that the saturation magnetization of the Mg-Co ferrite nanoparticles decreased from 35.79 emu g-1 to 27.12 emu g-1 with increasing La3+ ion concentration. Vibrating sample magnetometry confirmed the superparamagnetic behavior of the synthesized nanoparticles. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy demonstrated a reduction in the g-value from 5.84 to 3.42 and spin relaxation time with increasing La3+ doping. These magnetic characteristics suggest that the nanoparticles are promising candidates for ferrofluid synthesis and biomedical applications. Dielectric studies demonstrated a distinct reduction in the dielectric constant (ε') and loss tangent (tan δ) with increasing La3+ content, which optimizes these nanoparticles for advanced microwave and RF applications. These findings establish a direct link between La3+ doping and enhanced functional properties, offering novel insights into designing ferrite-based materials for emerging technologies.

We report a facile synthesis of Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2−xNdxO4, (x = 0, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.1) employing the co-precipitation technique and the subsequent investigation of Nd3+ ion doping on the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Mg–Zn ferrite. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the cubic spinel structure, with the crystallite sizes of samples lying between 8 and 11 nm. FTIR study elucidated the spinel phase formation for all the compositions. Each sample demonstrated low retentivity, coercivity, and hysteresis loss, suggesting their super-paramagnetic behavior. Optical analysis revealed a progressive reduction in the bandgap values with increasing Nd3+ ion doping, indicative of a redshift in the samples. Impedance spectroscopy examined the room-temperature frequency-dependent electrical and dielectric characteristics from 100 Hz to 100 MHz. These dielectric properties were damped by Nd3+ ion inclusion and increasing the frequency. Impedance and modulus studies have been carried out and the effect of Nd3+ ion doping was studied and showed smaller grains with more grain boundaries in the samples.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), exhibiting tunable size-dependent optical and electronic characteristics, have become revolutionary materials in different fields of science. This review is particularly devoted to their utilization in carbon conversion, which is an essential area to address climate change and reach net-zero emissions. High surface area, tunability of the band gap and excellent photochemical stability of QDs make them quite suitable for CO2 adsorption and reduction. In the review, various QD synthesis methods such as chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel method, hydrothermal method, and other methods are discussed that offer the possibility to regulate their size and characteristics. It also explores their incorporation with other hybrid systems such as metal organic frameworks and graphene to improve the carbon conversion performance. In addition, application of QDs in photocatalytic reduction of CO2 is also presented, as they show great promise in the conversion of CO2 to advantageous fuels and chemicals. Issues like scalability of the system, environmental issues and sustainability of the solution are also discussed. This systematic review summarizes future research and emphasizes the potential of QDs to transform carbon to attain the global carbon neutrality.

This study utilized a hydrothermal method to synthesize Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) doped with Ce3+ ions, marking a unique endeavour. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the presence of a single-phase spinel structure across all samples. According to the Debye-Scherrer formula, the nanoparticles exhibit a crystallite size ranging from 7.5 to 6.41 nm. Distinctive vibrational bands at 458 cm(-1) and 501 cm(-1), corresponding to octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively, affirm the spinel structure's formation via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images indicate spherical grains with porous shapes and particle sizes ranging from 11 to 7 nm. The introduction of Ce dopant into Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles enhances their optical properties, evidenced by a considerable blue shift. When exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, these particles showed exceptional catalytic activity, degrading 94% of a 10 ppm MB dye solution in 120 min. Even after undergoing four cycles, catalytic performance remains strong at 88%, highlighting exceptional structural stability attributed to increased adsorption capacity and effective separation of e(-) - h(+) pairs during light exposure. At room temperature, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis reveals lower values for coercivity (H-C), remanence (M-r), and squareness (S), indicating that the synthesized ferrite samples are superparamagnetic. These findings will greatly accelerate the development of complex materials for long-term treatment of wastewater and spintronics applications. Furthermore, these nanoparticles show potential for a variety of applications, including high-frequency devices, targeted medication delivery, and ferrofluids.

This study investigates the influence of morphology on the photocatalytic performance of SnO2 nanostructures for organic dye degradation under UV irradiation. SnO2 nanostructures with cubic, distorted cubic, distorted rhombohedral, and nanorod morphologies were synthesized using a modified hydrothermal method and systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-DRS, BET, and PL analyses. XRD confirmed crystallite sizes in the range of 4-6 nm, while SEM revealed particle sizes between 24 and 95 nm. BET surface area analysis (26.66 m2/g for the 24 h sample) and UV-DRS studies (band gap values derived using Tauc's relation) provided quantitative insight into surface and optical properties. Photocatalytic tests against Rose Bengal (RB) and Methylene Blue (MB) under UV irradiation revealed that SnO2 nanorods exhibited the highest efficiency, achieving 86 % and 90 % degradation within 60 min, respectively, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with apparent rate constants (k) significantly higher than those of other morphologies. Trapping experiments confirmed center dot OH and h+ as the dominant reactive species. Reusability studies demonstrated stable performance over repeated cycles. These results highlight the crucial role of morphology in tailoring photocatalytic activity, suggesting morphology-engineered SnO2 nanostructures as effective materials for environmental remediation applications.

The chemical co-precipitation approach was used to synthesize cobalt-zinc ferrite with the composition CoxZn1xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single spinel phase. The lattice parameter decreases with the increase in Co2+ ion concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) provided evidence of the presence of bond characteristics of spinel structures. Spherical morphology with minor agglomeration was observed from the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and the average particle size is in the range of 15 nm and 20 nm. The magnetic properties of the synthesized samples were investigated through a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Both the saturation magnetization and coercivity increased with an increase in Co2+ content, with the maximum magnetization of value 53.4 emu/g recorded for the composition Co0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4. The increase in Co2+ ions concentration results in the M-H hysteresis loop shifting from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic nature. EPR spectra depict the changes in the broad line as the cobalt concentration rises, with a clear trend of broadening the signal as Co concentration rises. The dielectric analysis was carried out on a frequency range of 10-1 to 106 Hz by varying temperature from 30 to 130 degrees C. Dielectric analysis of prepared samples shows frequency-dependent behaviour for both dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent giving maximum values at lower frequencies and decreasing thereafter, however, temperature also enhances their values. Higher values for dielectric constant are observed at higher concentrations of cobalt ions. The synthesized materials were subsequently tested for their electrochemical properties and potential applications in supercapacitors. The CV measurements revealed that Co0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 shows excellent electrochemical properties in comparison with other samples as well as with the literature.

This work aims to determine the structural, optical, and magnetic characteristics of alpha-Fe2O3/NiO nanocomposites and their application in the treatment of water contaminated by RB dyes. Utilizing the cost-effective chemical co- precipitation method, nanocomposites with weight ratios of alpha-Fe2O3: NiO (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) were produced. The XRD pattern was used to identify the synthesized materials that contained NiO and alpha-Fe2O3 phases. Lattice flaws and oxygen vacancies were found using XPS spectra. Magnetic experiments reveal that alpha-Fe2O3@NiO (1:2) has strongest magnetic character among all synthesized materials, with a maximum magnetization of 35.56 emu/g. The improved photocatalytic activity of alpha-Fe2O3/NiO (2:1) nanocomposites achieved a maximum of approximately 94 % degradation of Rose Bengal dye in 90 min. The increased photocatalytic activity can be attributed to synergistic contribution of alpha-Fe2O3 and NiO, which inhibits photo-generated charge carrier recombination and formation of highly active radical species (OH center dot radicals, and O 2 center dot radicals).

The industrial wastewater remains a major concern for researchers. Various advancements have been made to resolve this problem and photocatalysis is one of the most promising processes for wastewater treatment. In this regard, this work investigates the structural, magnetic, and optical properties of hydrothermally synthesized advanced CoFe2O4/SnO2 heterojunction photocatalysts and their potential application in treating water contaminated with organic dye. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzed the structural and morphological properties of the samples. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to investigate the electronic state of the elements in the nanocomposites. UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) showed that as the weight ratio of SnO2 increases from 1 to 4, the effective bandgap increases from 2.87 to 3.26 eV. This change may be attributed to new sub-bandgap energy levels generated after including a wide band gap semiconductor i.e. SnO2 in CoFe2O4. CoFe2O4/SnO2 (1:4) demonstrated a maximum photodegradation efficiency of 97

Industrial wastewater management remains a pressing global challenge, driving the quest for sustainable and efficient treatment technologies. Among various approaches, photocatalysis has emerged as a promising, ecofriendly solution for degrading persistent organic pollutants. In this study, ZnFe2O4/SnO2 nanocomposites with varying SnO2 weight ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method to enhance photocatalytic performance. Comprehensive characterization confirmed the successful formation and properties of the nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the structural and crystalline properties of ZnFe2O4/SnO2 composites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided detailed insights into chemical states, while UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) demonstrated a tunable bandgap energy increase from 2.05 eV to 2.60 eV with higher SnO2 content. Magnetic studies highlighted ZnFe2O4's peak magnetization of 1.5 emu/g. Among the synthesized composites, ZnFe2O4/ SnO2 (1:4) exhibited superior photocatalytic activity, achieving 90 % degradation of Rose Bengal (RB) dye under UV irradiation in just 90 min. This excellent performance is attributed to the effective heterojunction formation, which enhances charge carrier separation and minimizes recombination. These findings position ZnFe2O4/SnO2 heterojunctions as a robust and scalable solution for advanced wastewater treatment technologies.