Benzofuran, an oxygen-containing fused heterocyclic aromatic compound, occurs naturally as a secondary metabolite from various plant sources like Rutaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, and Liliaceae. The derivatives of benzofuran possess a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibiotic, analgesic, anti-Alzheimer's, and immunosuppressive effects. Various synthetic methods are currently used to prepare various benzofuran derivatives. Its therapeutic significance is highlighted by the presence of the benzofuran core in several FDA-approved drugs. Due to the development of resistance in existing anticancer therapies, there is an urgent need for novel, effective, and safe therapeutic approaches. Many heterocyclic moieties and their structural hybrids have been explored for their potential biological activity and have attracted considerable attention as anticancer agents. Substituted benzofuran derivatives are emerging as lead candidates to meet the global challenges of cancer and its available treatment. Benzofuran has the chemical formula C8H6O. Structurally, it consists of a fused ring system: a benzene ring fused to a five-membered furan ring (with one oxygen). Both benzene and furan contribute to its aromatic character. Benzofuran heterocycle plays an important role in drug design and drug discovery due to its versatile nature. The current review summarizes the recent progress in the design, development, drug discovery, and pharmacological actions of benzofuran derivatives as anticancer agents; their molecular docking studies; and structure-activity relationships reported over the past five to six years, emphasizing fused heterocyclic analogues and their prospects to develop as lead molecules. A thorough understanding of the structure-activity relationship will provide a valuable framework for novel drug discovery and design.

In an effort to identify potent α-glucosidase inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a series of hybrid pyrazole-containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives 10 (a-i) were synthesized, and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, an in silico ADMET study validates passive GI absorption, whereas molecular docking and dynamics highlighted stable interactions with key residues between receptor proteins and the scaffold. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory capability with IC50 values ranging from 3.32 ± 1.27 to 25.58 ± 2.77 μM, compared to standard acarbose 69.89 ± 1.29 μM. Among synthesized compounds, 10e showed highest α-glucosidase inhibition by 21.05-fold higher than acarbose with moderate antioxidant activity. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity evaluation of compound 10e at doses 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg demonstrated a significant reduction in the blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced rats, thereby validating its T2DM action. Moreover, biochemical estimations showed that the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, blood urea nitrogen and total protein restored to normal in 10e treatment group as compared to the diabetic group.

Remibrutinib (Rhapsido®), is an innovative oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor discovered and developed by Novartis for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), an autoimmune disease. It is a covalent, irreversible inhibitor that targets BTK, a key signalling node in the FcεRI pathway of mast cells and basophils, thereby suppressing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. In September 2025, remibrutinib received its first US FDA approval for the treatment of CSU for adult patients who remain symptomatic despite H1 antihistamine treatment. This approval marks a significant advancement in CSU care that targets mast cell and basophil activation, two key contributors involved in hive formation and itching. This article reviews the development journey, scientific rationale, chemistry, pharmacological properties (pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and safety profile), clinical trials, and granted patents that led to first FDA approval of an oral treatment for adult patients with CSU.

Gemcitabine (Gem) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Yet, its clinical application is constrained by poor pharmacokinetics and early degradation in biological environments, thus creating the need for developing a sensitive, specific, and reliable analytical method to quantify it. The present study illustrates a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method duly incorporating a new pre-column derivatization step for enhanced detection and retention. The derivatization was carried out using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride, which selectively reacts with the primary amine group of Gem and forms a stable, non-toxic, monosubstituted derivative. This method provides higher specificity and stability compared to the earlier reported methods. Indomethacin has been utilized as an internal standard to ensure maintaining analytical continuity for accurate quantitation of Gem. Chromatographic separation was done on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 reversed-phase column (2.1 x 100 mm, 1.7 mu m particle size) with the help of a linear gradient elution program. The Waters Acquity UPLC-MS/MS system (XEVO-TQD, Milford, MA, USA), having a triple quadrupole mass analyzer and operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization, was utilized for detection purposes with a total run time of 8 min. This method illustrated excellent linearity within the concentration limit of 3.9-2000 ng/mL and correlation coefficient (R-2) of 0.9997, which conforms to the ICH Q2(R2) guidelines. It demonstrated high precision and had relative standard deviation values under 2%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be at 3.9 and 13 ng/mL, respectively. As the present method was found to be simple, fast, and precise with high levels of sensitivity, it proves to be a well-suited approach for the quantitative analysis of Gem in a variety of pharmaceutical and clinical research applications.

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue used primarily in the treatment of various cancers. Gemcitabine is administered intravenously due to its poor oral bioavailability. Gemcitabine is metabolized mainly in the liver by deaminases to its inactive form, so the preparation of new conjugates is required to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties. In this work we have synthesized three conjugates (GWC, GPC, GLC) by linking gemcitabine's 4amino group with Fmoc-protected tryptophan, phenylalanine, and leucine. These conjugates self-assembled into carrier-free nanoparticles, exhibiting hydrodynamic radii between 154 nm and 191 nm, confirmed by dynamic light scattering and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. In vitro studies demonstrated a biological responsive release of gemcitabine from these nanoparticles in the presence of plasma, suggesting targeted drug release. Notably, the conjugates exhibited superior anticancer activity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines compared to the parent drug. Further investigation revealed that the cellular uptake of these conjugates is independent of nucleoside transporters, a mechanism that could mitigate the development of drug resistance commonly associated with gemcitabine. Pharmacokinetic analysis in a rat model showed a significant increase in the half-life and other key pharmacokinetic parameters of gemcitabine when administered as these conjugates. This work highlights a promising strategy for the design and development of carrier-free nanoparticle systems for gemcitabine delivery, offering improved efficacy and potentially reducing the incidence of drug resistance in cancer treatment.

Impurity separation and detection are essential processes in the pharmaceutical industry to preserve the quality of drugs as the impurities have the potential to significantly impair the therapeutic efficacy of an active ingredient and have negative effects on pharmaceutical formulations. The primary determinant of drug development is the creation of products that adhere to the highest standards of quality and safety, with a particular emphasis on effectively managing impurities in the therapeutic ingredients. To ensure that the resulting pharmaceutical possesses a high level of safety, meticulous identification, precise quantification, and stringent management of any extraneous components present in the drug ingredient need to be performed. The literature was compiled from different databases, such as DOAJ, PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. Several organic and inorganic contaminants that are frequently present in final products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were covered, along with the crucial section for quality control and fundamental details on their security, toxicity, detection limits, and quantification limitations. Pharmaceutical companies resolve the problem of the presence of impurities by adhering to strict regulatory requirements set by reputable agencies, like the ICH, USFDA, EMA, and PMDA. Also, impurity profiling is required for the regulatory submissions of new drug candidates. In some pharmacopoeias, impurity profiling and reporting are also included. To identify and measure contaminants, a variety of analytical techniques are employed, as discussed in this article. This paper covers the scientific features of contaminants present in pharmaceutical preparations, their prevention strategies, and the application of state-of-the-art analytical techniques for their detection.

Benzoxazine and quinazoline are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds found in various biologically active compounds. Due to their diverse biological actions, these heterocyclic rings serve as crucial frameworks for designing medicinal compounds. This study aimed to synthesize and assess in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and low ulcerogenic potential of a few novel benz[d][1,3]-oxazin-4-one and quinazolinone derivatives. Benzoxazinones (3a-e) were synthesized by cyclizing the carboxylic group (-COOH) of five nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs viz., aceclofenac, ibuprofen, diclofenac, mefenamic acid and ketoprofen (2a-e) with anthranilic acid (1) using dry phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) in pyridine. The corresponding quinazolinone derivatives (5a-e) were obtained by reacting 3a-e with isonicotinic acid hydrazide (4). Both sets of compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects, and ulcerogenicity in animal models. Structural characterization was performed using spectral analysis. Among the benzoxazinone derivatives, compound 2-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl) amino) benzyl)-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one (3d) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity (62.61% inhibition of rat paw edema) and analgesic activity (62.36% protection in acetic acid-induced writhings) with tolerable gastrointestinal toxicity (2.67 ulcerogenicity index) compared to quinazolinone derivatives. The results of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of both the series are comparable with the respective, positive control. Compound 3d, a benzoxazinone-diclofenac hybrid, emerged as a lead molecule with potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities and moderate gastric toxicity showcasing the promising potential for further development.

In the realm of construction engineering, brick masonry stands out as a pivotal structural element, renowned for its widespread application. Given the load-bearing nature of masonry structures, the ramifications of wall failure under extreme loads induced by explosions are profound. Particularly concerning is the out-of-plane failure of walls, which occurs without warning and affords scant time for assessment of their response. Brick masonry, characterized by its brittleness and susceptibility to cracking, presents inherent challenges in this regard. Recent examples, such as the Beirut explosion in 2020 and the Nashville bombing in 2020, vividly illustrate the devastating consequences of inadequate blast resistance in masonry structures. These incidents serve as poignant reminders of the imperative to fortify masonry constructions against explosive threats. While ample research exists on the behavior of free-standing braced and unbraced masonry walls subjected to explosive loading, there remains a notable gap in understanding the response of strengthened masonry walls exposed to blast loading, especially when carrying varying axial loads. This study addresses this gap by investigating different strengthening methodologies, namely (1) Cement-mortar plaster, (2) Ferro-cement, and (3) Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminate, aimed at enhancing the anti-blast performance of unreinforced masonry walls. The experimentation focuses on a specific unreinforced masonry wall measuring 5000 × 2800 × 230 mm3, constructed from clay bricks and subjected to axial compressive loads of 51, 30, and 9kN/m, corresponding to the loads on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd storey walls of a 3-storey masonry building, respectively. Utilizing a sophisticated finite-elements code, Abaqus, equipped with an explicit module and Concrete Damage Plasticity model, the blast simulations are meticulously conducted. The walls are meticulously modeled through detailed micro-modeling techniques. Results showed that the utilization of CFRP on the explosion-facing surface of the wall resulted in a remarkable reduction in damage, with the highest decrease of 64% achieved under the lowest axial compression. Conversely, the minimum decrease of 61.71% was recorded under maximum axial compression, highlighting the efficacy of CFRP in mitigating damage caused by explosions on walls. This research sheds light on effective methods to enhance the blast resistance of masonry walls, offering valuable insights for improving structural resilience and informing building codes. Its findings are crucial for ensuring the safety and security of infrastructure against explosive threats, ultimately safeguarding lives and property.

Background:: Pyrazole is a well-known nucleus in the pharmacy field with a wide range of other activities in addition to anti-inflammatory and analgesic, i.e., anticonvulsant, antiviral, and anticancer activities. There are well-known marketed drugs having pyrazole moi-ety as celecoxib, and lonazolac as COX-II inhibitors. Aims:: We aim to synthesize better anti-inflammatory than existing ones. Thiophene is also known for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. Thus, the fusion of both gives better anti-inflammatory agents. In the present studies, derivatives from two series of pyrazole were prepared by reacting substituted chalcone (3a-3f) derivatives prepared from 2-acetyl thiophene. They substituted aromatic aldehydes with phenyl hydrazine to form (5a-5f) and with 2, 4-dinitro phenyl hydrazine giving compounds (6a-6f) separately. Methods:: Purified and characterized pyrazoles have been analyzed for in-vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities by using standard methods. Compounds 5e, 5f, and 6d were proved to be potent analgesics and series (5a-5f) was found to have anti-inflammatory action, which was further validated using docking and ADME studies. Results:: The ADME profile of synthesized compounds was found to be satisfactory. Conclusion:: The synthesized compounds can serve as lead for further drug designing.

Reducing cement usage through geopolymer concrete (GPC) can be crucial for resolving environmental concerns. The byproduct of the coal and steel industry, such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), is mainly used as a precursor in the production of GPC due to the availability of aluminosilicate products in it. In this work, nano silica is added to the GPC in different percentages and GPC is cured at different temperatures to study the change in the strength of GPC due to change in curing temperature. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength up to 68.99 MPa, 5.89 MPa, 6.82 MPa, respectively was achieved after 28 days of heat curing. However, testing GPC experimentally to anticipate its strength is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, the ability to precisely forecast concrete strength can be achieved through machine learning. In this study, the correlation for both nano silica (%) and curing temperature towards the strength of concrete is also investigated using adaptive neuro fuzzy interference system (ANFIS) models. ANFIS results showed better compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength prediction with the highest R2 0.9801, 0.9943, and 0.9877, respectively. The performance efficiency of the developed ANFIS model is more significant minimum error for compressive strength prediction (MAE = 0.21375, RMSE = 0.02574, MAPE = 0.42), split tensile strength prediction (MAE = 0.07375, RMSE = 0.0923, MAPE = 1.46) and flexural strength prediction (MAE = 0.04, RMSE = 0.0728, MAPE = 0.78) of GPC cured under different temperature conditions. The results from experiments show that the prediction efficiency of the model is also good, as indicated by the correlation coefficient (R). This model is helpful for further designing the proportion of material for achieving good strength of GPC.

In recent years, the escalation of global incidents involving explosives has engendered profound concern, driven by both deliberate acts of subversion and unintended detonations. Notably, the catastrophic explosion at the fireworks storage facilities in Beirut, Lebanon, stands as a poignant example, leading to substantial loss of life, injuries, and infrastructural damage. This study undertakes an investigation into the dynamic behavior and fortification of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) slabs against close-range explosions, employing a meticulous bibliometric analysis of scholarly publications sourced from the Scopus database. To gauge the impact and dissemination of these publications, alternative metrics such as social network articles and documents within bibliographic reference managers are incorporated. Focusing on articles and reviews published between 2010 and 2023, the research identifies 1064 pertinent papers using the keywords "RCC" and "strength." The bibliometric scrutiny, leveraging 'R' and VOS Viewer software, accentuates the pivotal role of slab strength in scholarly discourse, unveiling a substantial corpus of literature and its profound significance. These insights furnish invaluable guidance for researchers and practitioners, furnishing a holistic comprehension of the contemporary research panorama and steering future advancements in this indispensable domain of inquiry. A bibliometric analysis, characterized by a systematic evaluation of scholarly literature pertaining to a specific subject, furnishes elucidations into its trends, principal contributors, and the broader research terrain. This methodological approach is particularly pertinent in structural engineering and the assessment of blast effects on reinforced concrete structures. The analytical endeavor commences with delineating the research theme, followed by scouring academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, or Google Scholar utilizing pertinent keywords. Subsequently, it scrutinizes publication trends, authorship delineations, journal and conference preferences, and citation analysis to pinpoint influential and highly cited works. Additionally, the geographical dissemination of contributions is explored, discerning regions or countries where the research proliferates. Keyword analysis is employed to unravel the predominant themes and subjects under investigation within the research corpus.

In this study, we have created a microscopic model of an unreinforced clay brick masonry wall, 5 m × 2.80 m × 0.23 m. The wall is braced with two RCC columns having nominal reinforcement. The main focus is to examine the behavior of the wall when imperilled to near-field blast, while varying the axial compression. Three walls have been simulated using the same brick units but with varying strengths of joint-mortar. These strengths are 2.50, 5, and 7.50 MPa. Each wall model is exposed to different levels of axial compression, specifically 9, 30 and 51 kN/m. These axial compressions correspond to the 3rd storey, 2nd storey, and 1st storey wall of a 3-storey masonry structure, respectively. Simulations are conducted utilizing a precise software application called Abaqus, hiring Concrete-Damage-Plasticity (CDP) model to analyze the effects of a 10 kg-TNT explosion at a proximity factor of 0.464 m/kg1/3. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that when subjected to explosion load, the wall exhibits a minimal displacement response when reinforced with joint-mortar of strength 5 MPa for moderate axial compression, and strength 7.50 MPa for higher axial compression.

One of the triazole tautomers, 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, has a wide range of biological activities that suggest its potential therapeutic utility in medicinal chemistry. These actions include anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-tuberculosis, and anti-diabetic effects. Using computational simulations and models, we investigate the structure-activity relationships of 1,2,4-triazoles, showing how various modifications to the triazole core yield a variety of clinical therapeutic benefits. The review highlights the anti-inflammatory effect of 1,2,4-triazoles in relation to their ability to disrupt significant inflammatory mediators and pathways. We present in-silico data that illuminate the triazoles ' capacity to inhibit cell division, encourage apoptosis, and stop metastasis in a range of cancer models. This review looks at the bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, with a focus on their potential efficacy against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections and their usage in tuberculosis therapy. In order to better understand these substances ' potential anti-diabetic benefits, this review also looks at how they affect glucose metabolism regulation and insulin responsiveness. Coordinated efforts are required to translate the efficacy of 1,2,4-triazole compounds in preclinical models into practical therapeutic benefits. Based on the information provided, it can be concluded that 1,2,4-triazole derivatives are a promising class of diverse therapeutic agents with potential utility in a range of disorders. Their development and improvement might herald a new era of medical care that will be immensely advantageous to both patients and the medical community as a whole. This comprehensive research, which is further reinforced by in-silico investigations, highlights the great medicinal potential of 1,2,4-triazoles. Additionally, this study encourages more research into these substances and their enhancement for use in pharmaceutical development. image

Unreinforced masonry (URM) walls carry axial loads and do have openings. Variation in the axial load and location of opening are not uncommon in masonry buildings. To investigate the response of URM walls carrying varying axial load and location of opening, wall with dimension 5000 mm × 3010 mm × 230 mm that carries axial load of 51, 30, and 9 kN/m corresponding to wall of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd storey, respectively, having rectangular opening at (1) edge, (2) ¼ length, and (3) ½ length of the wall, has been considered for the analysis using the Abaqus tool under the 10kg-TNT at 1m distance of explosion. The walls are modelled with CDP model following microscopic technique. Damage, displacement and stress response are examined and the best/worst location of the opening is highlighted. The wall with opening at extremity carrying high axial load has been found giving the worst performance.

A new series of imidazothiazole derivatives bearing thiazolidinone moiety (4a-g and 5a-d) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for potential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibition, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity, cardiomyopathy toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Compound 4c inhibited EGFR kinase at a concentration of 18.35 ± 1.25 µM, whereas standard drug erlotinib showed IC50 value of 06.12 ± 0.92 µM. The molecular docking, dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA binding energy calculations revealed strong interaction of compound 4c with binding site of EGFR. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity by MTT assay against three human cancer cell lines A549 (Lung), MCF-7 (Breast), HCT116 (Colon), one normal human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 and also for their EGFR kinase inhibitory activity. Few compounds of the series (4a, 4b, 4c) showed promising growth inhibition against all the tested cancer cell lines and against EGFR kinase. Among these, compound 4c was found to be most active and displayed IC50 value of 10.74 ± 0.40, 18.73 ± 0.88 against cancer cell lines A549 and MCF7 respectively whereas it showed an IC50 value of 96.38 ± 1.79 against HEK293 cell line indicating lesser cytotoxicity for healthy cell. Compounds 4a, 4b and 4c were also examined for their apoptosis inducing potential through AO/EB dual staining assay and it was observed that their antiproliferative activity against A549 cells is mediated via induction of apoptosis. Cardiomyopathy studies showed normal cardiomyocytes with no marked sign of pyknotic nucleus of compounds 4b and 4c. Hepatotoxicity studies of compounds 4b and 4c also showed normal architecture of hepatocytes. Compounds 4a-g and 5a-d were also evaluated for their in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by protein albumin denaturation assay. Among the tested compounds 4a-d and 5a-b showed promising activity and were selected for in-vivo inflammatory activity against carrageenan rat paw edema test. Among these compounds, 4b was found to be most active in the series showing 84.94% inhibition, whereas the standard drug diclofenac sodium showed 84.57% inhibition. Compound 4b also showed low ulcerogenic potential and lipid peroxidation. Thus, compounds 4c and 4b could be a promising lead compounds for developing anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents with low toxicity and selectivity.

In order to determine whether thiazolobenzamide molecules connected to naphthalene could inhibit the growth of three different tumor cell lines, MCF7 (breast carcinoma), A549 (pulmonary carcinoma), and DU145 (prostatic adenocarcinoma) a novel series of ten molecules, designated TA 1-10, was designed, synthesized, and tested. Among these compounds, TA7 showed promising results against cell lines, especially showing exceptional efficacy against breast cancer. Antioxidant activity tests consistently showed the best performance from the TA7 molecule. Furthermore, when a dose of 50 to 500 mg/kg of the total mass of rats is given, the most effective chemical, TA7, did not exhibit any harmful effects during acute oral toxicity tests. The biochemical indicators (SGOT and SGPT) for hepatotoxicity associated with compound TA7 were found to be fairly similar to those of the control group. The findings from molecular docking, XP visualization, and MM-GBSA dG binding investigations are in agreement with the outcomes of in-vitro tests of antioxidant and anticancer capabilities. TA7 was the most effective compound among those that were docked; it bound free energy and had adequate properties for metabolism (biochemical processes), distribution (dispersion), absorption (assimilation), and excretion (elimination). This study found that the TA7 molecule, a thiazole ring system derivative connected to naphthalene, is to be a promising and possible anticancer agent and its efficacy may be further explored in clinical studies.

The goal of this research is to investigate new oxazole derivative from designed series (A1-7; B1-8 & C1-8) in order to find new drug molecules for treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The PPAR receptor was chosen as the target of molecular docking investigations, which were executed using PyRx software. In silico analyses, including physicochemical properties, drug score, drug likeness, solubility, and toxicity prediction, were conducted using software such as Swiss ADME, Osiris property explorer, Lipinski filter and Toxtree method. All molecules passed the Lipinski rule with the zero violations and synthetic score was also found to be in the easy limit. All ligands showed drug score values ranging from 0.11 to 0.9 (no negative value). Compounds A6, C2, C5, C6, C7 and C8 were shown drug score from 0.91 to 0.80, which is closer to 1 and therefore considered as druggable ligands, when compared with the standard drug, Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone also found non-toxic. All compounds shown logP values between -0.25 to 4.58. The RMSD value of receptor and receptor-ligand complexes was analyzed, and it revealed the stability of binding interactions and remained stable throughout the simulation. Compound C8 was found highest RMSD score (67.34 angstrom) in compare to other compounds and standard drug Rosiglitazone (64.31 angstrom). The TPSA were found within the range 35.26 to 128.60 and MR also were in the range 32.21-113.62. Compounds were found to be non-substrate for p glycoprotein except C4, high GIA% (>90%), also displayed negative permeability across the BBB, and most of compounds were found inhibitor of CYP 1A2 and CYP 2C19 and non-inhibitor of CYP 2C9, CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4. Compound C5 was exhibited higher drug score (0.91), bioactivity score and revealed good drug relevant properties, ADME and no toxicity profile in compared to other ligands and standard drugs. The most active compound of the series was found C5 and C8 therefore further studies on this compound continue in our research laboratory to acquire more information about SAR and QSAR. Finally, it is conceivable that further derivatization of these compounds could result in obtaining more selective lead compounds.

The triptans class of pharmaceuticals, which was created to treat acute migraine, is made up of indole-containing drugs that bind to a subset (1B/1D) of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and are agonists of serotonin receptors. At the moment, naratriptan, eletriptan, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, almotriptan, and frovatriptan are the seven types of triptans available on the market. Among these are the FDA-approved triptans, Zolmitriptan and Sumatriptan, which are selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) agonists. Zolmitriptan, a synthetic tryptamine derivative and a well-known member of the triptan family, is available as an orally disintegrating tablet, nasal spray, and tablet. There are melt formulations of rizatriptan and zolmitriptan available on the market that are easier to use and absorb, comparable to regular pills. Recently, the FDA approved zolmitriptan, a medication with tolerability comparable to sumatriptan. Whereas zolmitriptan is only available as an oral melt or tablet, sumatriptan is available as a nasal spray, oral preparation, or self-injectable kit. The only known antimigraine drugs that were widely utilized before the triptan period were ergotamine and dihydroergotamine. However, zolmitriptan binds to plasma proteins only 25% of the time because of significant first-pass degradation. Researchers have looked into fresh ideas for solving this issue and innovations to overcome its pharmacokinetic difficulties. This article emphasizes the role of zolmitriptan in the treatment of migraines, highlighting its pharmacological properties, production, metabolism, and structural features.