Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) are a significant component of atmospheric particulate matter, affecting both climate and air quality. This review explores BSOA formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly sesquiterpenes like β-caryophyllene, through oxidation by atmospheric oxidants. These processes lead to aerosol formation via gas-particle partitioning, condensation, nucleation, and heterogeneous reactions. The review simplifies complex reaction pathways to improve accessibility. Advanced analytical techniques such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and aerosol mass spectrometers are discussed, highlighting their role in BSOA detection and characterization. Laboratory chamber studies and field observations provide insights into BSOA dynamics under controlled and real-world conditions. Furthermore, atmospheric models are evaluated, with a focus on challenges in accurately representing BSOA formation and evolution due to their chemical complexity and variability. The impact of BSOAs on radiative forcing and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity is examined, emphasizing their role in influencing Earth’s energy balance. Understanding BSOA properties, such as molecular weight, volatility, and functional groups, is crucial for predicting their behavior and atmospheric effects. The review calls for improved integration of scientific research and policy actions to address the environmental and public health concerns associated with BSOAs.

Sensing specific biological agents is important in terms of medicinal and pharmaceutical sectors. In this connection, development of point of care (POC) devices as per requirement with significant limit of detection (LOD) is of utmost importance. The present study reports the synthesis of a new class of sensing probe viz. 5-Hydroxy-5-methyl-3-[(4-phenlazo-phenylimino)-methyl]-benzaldehyde which bears a phenolic O-H group as the binding site and diazinyl functional group (Ph-N(sic)N-Ph) as optical signalling moiety. Preliminary colorimetric studies establish that the presence of acetate anion (AcO-) in the solution causes a colour change from light yellow to red. NMR studies suggest probable binding mode of the reported probe is through the deprotonation of labile hydrogen of the phenolic OH-group, which in turn subsequently altered the optical properties of the probe. The sensing specificity of the reported probe is established through its photophysical characteristics. The binding constant magnitude of the probe using AcO- is calculated from fluorescence titration and determined to be 5.43x 10(6) M-1. This ascertains the strong binding ability of the probe with AcO- with an experimentally calculated limit of detection (LOD) to be similar to 0.256 mu M (15.11 ppb), as also substantiated through theoretical study. Such lower sensing level poses the present probe to be an effective anion sensor for acetate ion. The potential novelty lies in the detection of inorganic AcO(-)in aqueous analytical medium.

Hydroxamic acids represent a group of weak organic acids, both naturally occurring and synthetically derived, characterized by the general formula RC(= O)N(R'OH). In this study, we investigated the binding behavior of N-m-tolyl-4-chlorophenoxyaceto hydroxamic acid with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and torula yeast RNA (t-RNA) through a combination of techniques including UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence emission analysis, viscometry, and computational simulations using AutoDock4 software. Our findings reveal that the mode of binding between the compound and the nucleic acids is consistent with intercalation. Competitive binding experiments demonstrated that the complex competes effectively with ethidium bromide (EB) for binding to ct-DNA/t-RNA, displacing EB from its binding sites. Additionally, the introduction of the compound into the DNA-EB system resulted in a quenching of fluorescence emission peaks. Analysis of absorption spectra indicated a red shift and hypochromic shift when the compound interacted with DNA, further supporting the intercalative binding mode. The calculated binding constant (Kb) value for the compound is 6.62 × 104 M-1 and 5.40 × 103 M-1 indicating a strong interaction with ct-DNA and t-RNA respectively. We determined the Stern-Volmer constants for ct-DNA and t-RNA as 9.96 × 104 M-1 and 8.13 × 105 M-1, respectively. The binding free energy values for ct-DNA/t-RNA were calculated to be - 3.741 × 107 and - 5.425 × 108 kcal/mol, respectively. Viscometric studies corroborated the UV results, showing a continuous increase in relative viscosity of ct-DNA/t-RNA solutions with the addition of the optimal hydroxamic acid concentration. Furthermore, we assessed the antioxidant activity of the compound using DPPH-radical scavenging and β-carotene linoleic acid assays. Gel electrophoresis results demonstrated the compound's remarkable efficacy in preventing DNA damage. Collectively, all experimental evidence supports the conclusion that N-m-tolyl-4-chlorophenoxyaceto hydroxamic acid binds to ct-DNA/t-RNA through an intercalative mechanism, which is consistent with our molecular docking simulations.

Four copper (II) complexes [Cu(L1)2] (1), [Cu(L2)2] (2), [Cu(L3)2] (3) and [Cu(L4)2] (4) with azo linked O,O donar ligands viz 2-hydroxy-5 (phenyldiazenyl)benzaldehyde (HL1), 1-(2-hydroxy-5-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl)ethanone (HL2), 2-Hydroxy-5-p-tolylazo-benzaldehyde (HL3), 1-(2-Hydroxy-5-p-tolylazo-phenyl)-ethanone (HL4) have been prepared and characterized by different spectroscopy methods and published earlier by our research group. We investigated the interaction of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) with complexes 1–4 under physiological condition in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 using various spectroscopic techniques. The fluorescence titration spectrum disclosed that the complex 1–4 quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA robustly through a static quenching mechanism. Binding constants (Kb) and the number of binding sites (n ≈ 1) were evaluated using modified Stern–Volmer equations. Binding constants were found to be 1.9, 6.6, 0.99 and 1.2x 105 (M−1) for complex 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The CD spectra of free HSA and HSA with complexes 1–4 showed that the complexes have negligibleimpact on the secondary structure of HSA as theyremain helical even after the addition of complexes. Molecular docking study was performed to analyse the binding mode of complexes 1-4with HSA. Docking study revealed that hydrophobic and Vander waals interactions were considered to be the main interaction forces involved in the binding of HSA with complexes 1–4.

A new ionic copper(II) complex of 1,10-phenanthroline was synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses, molar conductance and magnetic moment measurements. The crystal structure of complex was also investigated through single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and suggestted a distorted octahedral geometry around copper(II), where one N atom from 1,10-phenanthroline and three O atoms from three H2O molecules occupying the basal plane while another Nphen and one Cl atom remain at the apical positions. Thus, the presence of three coordinated waters and chloride group along with the counter chloride ion and water of crystallization is responsible for extensive hydrogen bonding present in the molecule. Thus, the complex forms a 3D gigantic H-bonded network. The two types of intermolecular O–H···Cl and O–H···O hydrogen bonding play the pivotal role in crystal packing and plausible conductivity mechanism through the π-π interacting supports. The electrical conductivity and optical properties were also measured and the results focus on the semiconducting nature of the complex with optical band gap (Egd) value 1.23 eV.

The use of Internet of Things (IoT) in industries is not new; however, the amalgamation of IoT and Biotechnology is still less explored. IoT in wastewater treatment comes with a full suite including cloud and its corresponding ecosystem. The available cloud‐based systems are advantageous, but costly and tightly coupled to their own cloud infrastructure. Opportunities are limited for the creation of a hybrid/multiple cloud model as it's difficult to integrate with the legacy system(s) and/or customized systems. The current investigation focuses on designing architechture of an open source IoT platform on an effluent treatment plant (ETP) protoype of textile industry. The designed prototype includes physical (adsorption) and biological (Rotating Biological Contactor, RBC, immobilized with white rot fungus) processes. IoT has been used for automated data monitoring of pH and ultrasound (for effluent flow from one tank to another, with respect to the water level, for processing). The process operated under an optimized pH (6.53±0.15) with reduction of representative wastewater quality parameters, biological & chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and optical density by 78.9, 52.15, 91.6, 20.3 and 88.8%, respectively. The findings demonstrated the reliability of the designed system and the analytics on treatment facilities.

The object of the present paper is to study Yamabe solitons on three dimensional generalized Sasakian space forms with quasi-Sasakian mertic and Kenmotsu metric. Illustrative examples have been given.

Two new copper(ii) complexes [CuL1] (1) and [CuL2] (2) derived from azo-based ligands 2-hydroxy-5-p-tolylazo-benzaldehyde (HL1) and 1-(2-hydroxy-5-p-tolylazo-phenyl)-ethan-one (HL2) were synthesized. These two ligands and their metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), infrared, and UV/Vis spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopy and other theoretical studies reveal the geometry of copper complexes, and their binding affinity towards nucleic acids are major groove binding.

The objective of this paper is to define contact manifold in a popular way and to show its applications to non-linear system and different branch of physics. A well known class of contact manifold viz., Sasakian manifold has been studied and its applications have also been considered. An illustrative example is also given.

The object of this paper is to study anti-invariant submanifolds of trans-Sasakian manifolds. We characterize such submanifolds on the basis of parallelism, semi-parallelism and pseudo parallelism of the second fundamental form of the submanifolds. We also characterize totally umbilical anti-invariant submanifolds of trans-Sasakian manifolds. Existence of Legendre curves on such submanifolds has been analyzed. Whether an anti-invariant submanifold of a trans-Sasakian manifold inherits local symmetry from ambient space is investigated here. Nature of Ricci soliton on anti-invariant submanifolds of trans-Sasakian manifolds has been characterized.

Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of great distress because of its vital role in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and in the multi-step carcinogenic process of gastric cancer. The increasing antibiotic resistance pattern of H. pylori worldwide has prompted the World Health Organization to put this organism in the priority pathogens list. To study the disease biology, evaluation of drugs, treatment outcome and to come up with probable vaccination strategies, competent animal models that reproduce the signature of human infection are essential. Initial reports about animal colonization with H. pylori have shown significant heterogeneity, to such an extent that Barry Marshall, Nobel laureate for the discovery of H. pylori, infected himself with the bacterium to show its involvement in acute gastric illness. A paradigm-shift discovery of the H. pylori mouse-adapted strain SS1 has opened the avenues of research regarding the organism and its pathogenicity. Although the mouse model of H. pylori infection is being utilized all over the world, there are certain issues that need awareness and specific information to achieve successful, consistent colonization with symptoms resembling human. This chapter details an established and reliable protocol for the development of a competent mouse model for H. pylori infection leading to various gastrointestinal diseases.

Internet of Things [IoT]used in manufacturing industry is not very new, however it is evident from different sources, the implemented IoT solution comes with a full suite including cloud and its corresponding ecosystem. Multiple cloud based IoT solutions have been explored during the analysis phase of this project, for example Kosmos Cloud, iMETLand Project etc. After rigorous analysis it has been deduced that majority of the Cloud based IoT solutions are advantageous but costly and coupled closely with their own cloud infrastructure with limited opportunities for the creation of hybrid or multiple cloud model. They also exhibit difficulty for integration with the legacy systems. The pricing models of existing solutions are either based on the number of connected devices, volume of messages or upon more complex calculations. This study has endeavored to state a vision statement for an architectural development of cost effective IoT framework that could connect various types of sensors and devices for an automated unit operation with the help of representational state transfer (REST) API, developed by using windows communication foundation (WCF) framework.

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative, human gastric pathogen found usually in the mucous lining of stomach. It infects more than 50% of the world's population and leads to gastroduodenal diseases. The outcome of disease depends on mainly three factors: Host genetics, environment and bacterial factors. Among these, bacterial virulence factors such ascagA,vacAare well known for their role in disease outcomes. However, based on the global epidemiological results, none of the bacterial virulence (gene) factors was found to be associated with particular diseases like duodenal ulcer (DU) in all populations. Hence, substantial importance has been provided for research in strain-specific genes outside thecagpathogenicity island, especially genes located within the plasticity regions.dupAfound within the plasticity regions was first demonstrated in 2005 and was proposed for duodenal ulcer development and reduced risk of gastric cancer in certain geographical regions. Due to the discrepancies in report from different parts of the world in DU development related toH. pylorivirulence factor,dupAbecame an interesting area of research in elucidating the role of this gene in the disease progression. In this review, we shed light on the detailed information available on the polymorphisms indupAand their clinical relevance. We have critically appraised several pertinent studies ondupAand discussed their merits and shortcomings. This review also highlightsdupAgene as an important biomarker for DU in certain populations.

UDC 514.7 The object of the present paper is to study three-dimensional trans-Sasakian manifolds admitting η -Ricci soliton. Actually, we study such manifolds whose Ricci tensor satisfy some special conditions like cyclic parallelity, Ricci semisymmetry, ϕ -Ricci semisymmetry, after reviewing the properties of second order parallel tensors on such manifolds. We determine the form of Riemann curvature tensor of trans-Sasakian manifolds of dimension greater than three as Kagan subprojective spaces. We also give some classification results of trans-Sasakian manifolds of dimension greater than three as Kagan subprojective spaces.

The object of the present paper is to find some conditions for invariant submanifolds of generalized (kappa, mu)-space-forms to be totally geodesic.

The object of the present paper is to study slant submanifolds of trans-Sasakian manifolds with second fundamental form satisfying certain conditions. Totally umbilical slant submanifolds of trans-Sasakian manifolds have been considered. Nature of slant submanifolds of transSasakian manifolds as Ricci soliton has also been analyzed. M.S.C. 2010: 53C40; 53C25.

The object of the present paper is to study Ricci almost solitons on (κ, μ) space forms. It is shown that the scalar curvature of a (κ, μ) space form with Ricci almost soliton is invariant by the application of ξ. We have also studied gradient Ricci soliton on (κ, μ) space forms. We have proved that the scalar curvature of a (κ, μ) space form admitting Ricci soliton is constant. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 53 C 25, 53 D 15.

Endoperoxides kill malaria parasites via cleavage of their endoperoxide bridge by haem or iron, leading to generation of cytotoxic oxygen-centred radicals. In view of the Leishmania parasites having a relatively compromised anti-oxidant defense and high iron content, this study aims to establish the underlying mechanism(s) accounting for the apoptotic-like death of Leishmania promastigotes by artemisinin, an endoperoxide. The formation of reactive oxygen species was confirmed by flow cytometry and was accompanied by inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I-III and II-III. However, this did not translate into a generation of mitochondrial superoxide or decrease in oxygen consumption, indicating minimal impairment of the electron transport chain. Artemisinin caused depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane along with a substantial depletion of adenosine triphosphatase (ATP), but it was not accompanied by enhancement of ATP hydrolysis. Collectively, the endoperoxide-mediated radical formation by artemisinin in Leishmania promastigotes was the key step for triggering its antileishmanial activity, leading secondarily to mitochondrial dysfunction indicating that endoperoxides represent a promising therapeutic strategy against Leishmania worthy of pharmacological consideration.

ObjectivesBecause of the rise in antimicrobial resistance, an inexpensive, diet-based treatment against Helicobacter pylori infection would be of great interest. The present study was performed to assess the in vitro effects of ellagic acid against clinical H. pylori strains that were resistant to antibiotics used for therapy and also to observe the morphological structure following treatment with ellagic acid. The effectiveness of ellagic acid in eradicating H. pylori infection in a murine (C57BL/6) infection model, one of the standard inbred mouse lines often used for experimental infection, was also assessed.MethodsA total of 55 strains were screened. The agar dilution method was used to determine the susceptibility of isolates to test compounds. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology following treatment with ellagic acid. The antibacterial activity of ellagic acid in an H. pylori SS1-infected mouse model and its effect on gastric mucosal injury were determined by histology and PCR.ResultsEllagic acid inhibited the growth of all 55 of the H. pylori strains tested. The MIC of ellagic acid ranged from 5 to 30 mg/L, showing its bactericidal properties in vitro. Ellagic acid also demonstrated anti-H. pylori efficacy in eradication of this organism in an in vivo model, as well as restitution and repair of H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal damage.ConclusionsThe present study paves the way for the preventive and therapeutic use of ellagic acid against H. pylori infection and, thus, ellagic acid can be considered a promising antibacterial agent against H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases in humans.

Two new nickel(II) complexes [Ni(L)CL2] (1) and [Ni(L)(NCS)(2)] (2) of a neutral tetradentate mono condensed Schiff base ligand, 3-(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylimino)butan-2-one oxime (L) have been synthesized and characterized using different physicochemical techniques e.g. elemental analyses, spectroscopic (IR, Electronic, NMR) methods, conductivity and molecular measurements. The crystal structure of complex (2) has been determined by using single crystal X-ray diffraction method and it suggests a distorted octahedral geometry around nickel(II) having a NiN6 coordinating atmosphere. The non-coordinated O-H group on the ligand I remain engaged in H-bonding interactions with the S end of the coordinated thiocyanate moiety. These H-bonding interactions lead to O-S separations of 3.132 angstrom and play prominent role in crystal packing. It is observed that the mononuclear units are glued together with such O-H...S interactions and finally results in an 1D supramolecular sheet-like arrangement. DFT/TDDFT based theoretical calculations were also performed on the ligand and the complexes aiming at the accomplishment of idea regarding their optimized geometry, electronic transitions and the molecular energy levels. Finally the catalytic behavior of the complexes for oxidation of styrene has also been carried out. A variety of reaction conditions like the effect of solvent, effect of temperature and time as well as the effect of ratio of substrate to oxidant were thoroughly studied to judge the catalytic efficiency of the Ni(II) coordination entity. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.