We describe a new exact lattice bosonization of matrix quantum mechanics (equivalently of non-relativistic fermions) that is valid for arbitrary rank N of the matrix. It is based on the exact operator bosonization of non-relativistic fermions introduced earlier in [1]. The trace identities, which characterize finite rank matrices, are automatically incorporated in the bosonic theory. The finite number N of fermions is reflected in the finite number N of bosonic annihilation-creation operators, and equivalently to the finite number N of lattice points. The fermion Hamiltonian is exactly mappable to a bosonic Hamiltonian. At large N, the latter becomes local and corresponds to the lattice version of a relativistic boson Hamiltonian, with a lattice spacing of order 1/N. The finite lattice spacing leads to a finite entanglement entropy (EE) of the bosonic theory, which reproduces the finite EE of the fermionic theory. Such a description is not available in the standard bosonization in terms of fermion density fluctuations on the Fermi surface, which does not have a built-in short distance cut-off (see, however, a recent description of the finiteness of the fermionic EE in a collective field theory formalism [2]). The bosonic lattice constructed in our work is equipped with a geometry that is determined by the matrix potential or equivalently by the shape of the Fermi surface. Our bosonization also works in the double scaled c = 1 matrix model; in particular the bosonic EE again turns out to be finite, with the short distance cut-off turning into gsls, and reproduces the matrix result. Once again, this is to be contrasted with the conventional dual 2D string theory, where the bosonic EE is naturally identified with that of the “tachyon”, the massless string mode, where one may imagine the short-distance cut-off to be the string length ls. This appears to indicate our bosonization as a different dual description to the c = 1 matrix model appropriate for “local physics” like quantum entanglement, by contrast with the conventional duality to the eigenvalue density which works well for asymptotic observables like S-matrices. We briefly discuss possible relation of our bosonization to D0 branes.

Abstract Realizations of the holographic correspondence in String/M theory typically involve spacetimes of the form AdS × Y where Y is some internal space which geometrizes an internal symmetry of the dual field theory, hereafter referred to as an “R symmetry”. It has been speculated that areas of Ryu-Takayanagi surfaces anchored on the boundary of a subregion of Y, and smeared over the base space of the dual field theory, quantify entanglement of internal degrees of freedom. A natural candidate for the corresponding operators are linear combinations of operators with definite R charge with coefficients given by the “spherical harmonics” of the internal space: this is natural when the product spaces appear as IR geometries of higher dimensional AdS spaces. We study clustering properties of such operators both for pure AdS × Y and for flow geometries, where AdS × Y arises in the IR from a different spacetime in the UV, for example higher dimensional AdS or asymptotically flat spacetime. We show, in complete generality, that the two point functions of such operators separated along the internal space obey clustering properties at scales sufficiently larger than the AdS scale. For non-compact Y, this provides a notion of approximate locality. When Y is compact, clustering happens only when the size of Y is parametrically larger than the AdS scale. This latter situation is realized in flow geometries where the product spaces arise in the IR from an asymptotically AdS geometry at UV, but not typically when they arise near black hole horizons in asymptotically flat spacetimes. We discuss the significance of this result for entanglement and comment on the role of color degrees of freedom.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRuellia tuberosa L. (Acanthaceae) is a weed plant traditionally used in folklore medicine as a diuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-pyretic, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and gastroprotective agent. It has been previously reported that R. tuberosa L. is enriched with various flavonoids, exhibiting significant cytotoxic potential in various cancer models but a detailed study concerning its molecular mechanism is yet to be explored.Aim of the studyExploring and validating R. tuberosa L. flower methanolic extract (RTME) as an anti-cancerous agent as per traditional usage with special emphasis on multi-drug resistant human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and investigating the possible signaling networks and regulatory pathways involved in it.Materials and methodsIn this study, RTME was prepared using methanol, and phytochemical analysis was performed through GC-MS. Then, the extract was tested for its anti-cancer potential through in-vitro cytotoxicity assay, clonogenic assay, wound healing assay, ROS generation assay, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic nuclear morphology study, cellular apoptosis study, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration study, protein, and gene expressions alteration study. In addition, toxicological status was evaluated in female Balb/C mice, and to check the receptor-ligand interactions, in-silico molecular docking was also conducted.ResultsSeveral phytochemicals were found within RTME through GC-MS, which have been already reported to act as ROS inductive, DNA damaging, cell cycle arresting, and apoptotic agents against cancer cells. Moreover, RTME was found to exhibit significant in-vitro cytotoxicity along with a reduction in colony formation, and inhibition of cell migratory potential. It also induced intracellular ROS, promoted G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, caused mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration, and promoted cell death. The western blot and qRT-PCR data revealed that RTME promoted the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, blood parameters and organ histology on female Balb/C mice disclosed the non-toxic nature of RTME. Finally, an in-silico molecular docking study displayed that the three identified lead phytochemicals in RTME show strong receptor-ligand interactions with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and give a clue to the possible molecular mechanism of the RTME extract.ConclusionsRTME is a potential source of several phytochemicals that have promising therapeutic potential against TNBC cells, and thus could further be utilized for anti-cancer drug development.

We study minimum area surfaces associated with a region, R, of an internal space. For example, for a warped product involving an asymptotically AdS space and an internal space K, the region R lies in K and the surface ends on ∂R. We find that the result of Graham and Karch can be avoided in the presence of warping, and such surfaces can sometimes exist for a general region R. When such a warped product geometry arises in the IR from a higher dimensional asymptotic AdS, we argue that the area of the surface can be related to the entropy arising from entanglement of internal degrees of freedom of the boundary theory. We study several examples, including warped or direct products involving AdS2, or higher dimensional AdS spaces, with the internal space, K = Rm, Sm; Dp brane geometries and their near horizon limits; and several geometries with a UV cut-off. We find that such RT surfaces often exist and can be useful probes of the system, revealing information about finite length correlations, thermodynamics and entanglement. We also make some preliminary observations about the role such surfaces can play in bulk reconstruction, and their relation to subalgebras of observables in the boundary theory.

We present a microscopic model of black hole (BH) ‘evaporation’ in asymptotically AdS2 spacetimes dual to the low energy sector of the SYK model. To describe evaporation, the SYK model is coupled to a bath comprising of Nf free scalar fields Φi. We consider a linear combination of couplings of the form OSY K(t)∑iΦi(0, t), where OSY K involves products of the Kourkoulou-Maldacena operator iJ/N∑_k=1^N/2s_k^'ψ_2k-1(t)ψ_2k(t) specified by a spin vector s′. We discuss the time evolution of a product of (i) a pure state of the SYK system, namely a BH microstate characterized by a spin vector s and an effective BH temperature TBH, and (ii) a Calabrese-Cardy state of the bath characterized by an effective temperature Tbath. We take Tbath ≪ TBH, and TBH much lower than the characteristic UV scale J of the SYK model, allowing a description in terms of the time reparameterization mode. Tracing over the bath degrees of freedom leads to a Feynman-Vernon type effective action for the SYK model, which we study in the low energy limit. The leading large N behaviour of the time reparameterization mode is found, as well as the O(1/√(N)) fluctuations. The latter are characterized by a non-Markovian non-linear stochastic differential equation with non-local Gaussian noise. In a restricted range of couplings, we find two classes of solutions which asymptotically approach (a) a BH at a lower temperature, and (b) a horizonless geometry. We identify these with partial and complete BH evaporation, respectively. Importantly, the asymptotic solution in both cases involves the scalar product of the spin vectors s.s′, which carries some information about the initial state. By repeating the dynamical process O(N2) times with different choices of the spin vector s′, one can in principle reconstruct the initial BH microstate.

CSIR-NPL, NMI of India, plays the vital role in the field of Metrology in Chemistry (MiC) programme related to inorganic materials, for which the SI traceability is established linking through the National Standards of Mass (kg). The present paper is based on the development of BNDs of aqueous elemental standard solutions for their dissemination to the testing/calibration laboratories. The mass fraction of the certified value of the BNDs ranging from 1 to 10,000 mg/kg is determined gravimetrically, and the SI traceability is established for the pure substance used as the starting materials of BNDs. The associated combined uncertainty has been estimated considering the uncertainty sources due to homogeneity, long-term stability and gravimetric preparation including air buoyancy corrections. In all the BNDs, the associated uncertainty is found to be less than 1% and the major uncertainty contribution has been shown due to the long-term stability source.

Mango plants grown under high-density planting show a progressive decline in yield after 10-11 years of planting due to overcrowding of branches. To overcome this problem rejuvenation of the orchard is generally recommended with modification of nutrients through the soil and foliar spray to increase the fruit yield. But which beheaded height is suitable for rejuvenation of plants under the high density of mango is not standardized. So this experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different levels of beheaded heights and, foliar spray of micronutrients on flowering and fruiting attributes of mango cv. Amrapali during 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the Department of Horticulture and Postharvest Technology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India. Six different beheaded height viz. T1- 80cm, T2-100 cm, T3-120 cm, T4-140 cm, T5-160 cm, and T6-180 cm and, two foliar sprays of micronutrients (just before flowering and fruiting) were taken as treatment. The experiment was designed in split-plot with three replication. Days to flowering, days to 50 % flowering, days to fruit set, number of panicles per plant, length of panicles, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit volume, pulp weight, stone weight, peel weight and pulp stone ratios were taken for observation. It was found that different levels of beheaded height and foliar spray of micronutrients had a significant effect on flowering and fruiting attributes. Plant beheaded at 80 cm height from ground level showed early days to flowering, days to 50 % flowering, days to fruit set, including the highest number of panicles per plant, the largest panicles length, maximum fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit volume, pulp weight, and pulp stone ratio. Foliar spray of 0.4% Zinc Sulphate, Copper Sulphate (0.2%), Borax (0.2%) [2 sprays at just before flowering and marble stage] was found to have a significant effect on flowering and fruiting attributes except for pulp stone ratio. Interaction of different levels of beheaded height and foliar spray of micronutrients showed a significant effect on flowering and fruiting attributes. Early days to flowering, 50 % flowering, fruit set, number of panicles per plant, panicles length, fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit volume, pulp weight, and pulp stone ratio was recorded highest in T1 F2 (plant beheaded at 80 cm height with foliar spray of 0.4% Zinc Sulphate, Copper Sulphate (0.2%), Borax (0.2%). It can be concluded that a plant beheaded at 80 cm height with foliar spray of 0.4% Zinc Sulphate + Copper Sulphate (0.2%) + Borax (0.2%) [2 sprays just before flowering and marble stage] can produce higher fruit yield in terms of maximum fruit weight, fruit size, fruit volume with early flowering and fruiting.

The present investigation was carried out at mango orchard of Rathindra Krishi Vigyan Kendra, near Palli-Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Sriniketan, Visva- Bharati, West Bengal, during the period of 2014- 2015 to study the potentiality of different cultivars of mango with regards to flowering, fruiting and yield of fruits. Total nine mango cultivars namely, Amrapali, Mallika, Kohitur, Ranipasand, Golabkhas, Bombai, Kohinoor, Enayat pasand and Safdar pasand were selected. One mango tree represents a single replication and each treatment or a cultivar was replicated three times. The observations were recorded as tree height(cm), tree spread(cm), trunk girth shoot length(cm), shoot girth (cm), primary shoot girth (cm), number of panicles per branch, length of panicle at anthesis, full bloom period (days), number of fruits per panicle at maturity, number of fruits per tree and fruit yield (kg/tree). Amongst all the evaluated Cv. Mallika, Golabkhas and Kohinor was found to be superior under the red and lateritic zone of West Bengal. As per the result found these identified cultivar may be considered as a good donor for hybridization programme to evolve the superior varieties and can be recommend for commercial multiplication and production specially under the red and lateritic zone of West Bengal.

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-021-00475-9

The CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), the National Metrology Institute (NMI) of India, is a premier laboratory, founded on January 04, 1947, under the umbrella of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, Government of India, by an Act of Parliament. It has now completed 74 glorious years after inception and entered into its 75th year, i.e. Platinum Jubilee Year. To commemorate its 75th Foundation Day, the CSIR-NPL organized a National Metrology Conclave (NMC) on January 04, 2021. On this auspicious occasion, the Honourable Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi dedicated the National Atomic Timescale and Bhartiya Nirdeshak Dravya (BND®)—CRMs to the nation. He also laid the foundation stone of National Environmental Standard Laboratory. He addressed the august gathering in the gracious presence of Honourable Union Minister of Science and Technology, Dr. Harsh Vardhan. Honourable Prime Minister inspired, motivated and appreciated the strides made by Indian Scientists for nation building, especially the role of CSIR-NPL and impact of metrology for self-reliant India. Honourable Minister, Dr. Harsh Vardhan, inaugurated the exclusively designed poster gallery, displaying accomplishments and importance of metrology in the CSIR-NPL campus and released a book entitled, “Metrology for Inclusive Growth of India”. Several of the world metrology leaders also presented their visions, in the NMC, on the role of metrology in societal and industrial growth through online virtual platform. The main emphasis was placed on the importance and impact of the metrology in the success of several initiatives of Government of India, namely ‘AtmaNirbhar Bharat’ (Self-Reliant India), ‘Make in India’, ‘Digital India’, ‘Skill India’, ‘Vocal for Local’, etc. During all these years, the journey of the CSIR-NPL has been wonderful, splendid and magnificent on several aspects of celebrations, pride, recognition, global visibility and its services for the national cause. It has achieved many milestones, developed technologies of national eminence, organised many memorable events, successfully participated in various national missions’ time to time and published considerable amount of literature for knowledge generation in the form of research papers, patents, copyrights, books, monographs, technical peers, Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) and study reports, etc. The successful journey of these glorious years though looks easy, simple, normal and customary but in actual sense, lot of pain staking efforts, huge work, vicissitudes are behind all these accomplishments. The glimpses of the journey of CSIR-NPL from its inception to recently held NMC and the excerpts of addresses made by the dignitaries are also summarized in detail in this article.

ISO/IEC 17025 is the single most popular and well adopted international standard which is applicable for any testing and calibration laboratories irrespective of size of the laboratories. Similarly, ISO 17034 is also very important international standard for development/production of reference materials (RMs) by competent producers. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory of India (NPLI) was one of the 38 National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) those who signed International Committee for Weights and Measures Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA) during 21st General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) meeting in Paris, France on 14th October, 1999. NPLI has been maintaining quality system based on ISO/IEC 17025 for more than two decades to fulfil the requirements of CIPM MRA. NPLI has participated in 130 international inter-comparisons so far; some of them were also piloted by NPLI. NPLI has also undergone International Peer Reviews through Asia Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP) to register 236 Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) on various parameters in International Bureau of Weights and Measures Key Comparison Database (BIPM KCDB). However, NPLI for the first time implemented uniform quality system based on ISO 17034 in 2020. In this direction, NPLI for the first time prepared integrated Quality Manual to make policies, objectives and procedures addressing all the requirements of both the standards. Presently, 28 Sub-Divisions of NPLI follow quality system. Some of the Sub-Divisions are involved only in calibration/testing activities maintain only ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. Similarly, some of the Sub-Divisions are involved only in development/production of RMs/certified reference materials (CRMs) (Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravya, BND®–Indian Reference Material) maintain only ISO 17034. On the other hand, few Sub-Divisions are involved both in calibration/testing as well as BND activities and accordingly follow both the standards. It is an extraordinary challenge for implementation and monitoring of quality system in such a big organization like NPLI. In this article, authors have highlighted preparation process of integrated quality manual based on ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 and ISO 17034: 2016 including policies, objectives & procedures adopted and its implementation process at NPLI. In November, 2020, NPLI has undergone on-site peer review of quality system of 23 Sub-Divisions through APMP.

Micropipette is a quite simple, but an essential instrument used for the volume measurements and finds the applications in the field of chemistry, pharmacy, health care, biology, pathology, research and development, etc. The calibration laboratories must ensure that the results obtained using these instruments are accurate, and therefore, the calibration is an inevitable process. This report is on the micropipette calibration techniques with different methods considering various influencing factors those affect the measurement results. The measurements were done in controlled environmental conditions and taking all the necessary precautions. This report also presents a detailed comparison between the three distinct test methods used, i.e. "conventional method", "with evaporation loss correction" method and "without evaporation loss correction" method. This report summarizes how the change of techniques applied can affect the final volume of the micropipette and the associated uncertainty in the measurement. This study will contribute to the improvement of the whole process of micropipette calibration for performing the calibration in volume. Further such studies can also be conducted for glassware calibration to improve the overall upgradation of volume calibration.

A bstract It has been suggested in arXiv:2004.00613 that in Dp-brane holography, entanglement in the target space of the D-brane Yang-Mills theory provides a precise notion of bulk entanglement in the gravity dual. We expand on this discussion by providing a gauge invariant characterization of operator sub-algebras corresponding to such entanglement. This is achieved by finding a projection operator which imposes a constraint characterizing the target space region of interest. By considering probe branes in the Coloumb branch we provide motivation for why the operator sub-algebras we consider are appropriate for describing a class of measurements carried out with low-energy probes in the corresponding bulk region of interest. We derive expressions for the corresponding Renyi entropies in terms of path integrals which can be directly used in numerical calculations.

The redefinition of mass adopted in November 2018 and implemented from 20 May 2019, i.e. World Metrology Day, eliminated the artefact-based approach dependent upon the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK), in favour of realizing the kilogram in terms of the Planck constant h by fixing its value as 6.62607015 × 10−34 J s. In this paper, the authors present a general outline of the circumstances and related developments that paved the way for the new definition that replaced the IPK after a period of 130 years since it was formally sanctioned to define the kilogram in 1889. The new definition opens up fascinating developments in mass metrology which include different realization techniques, realizing the unit at values other than 1 kg, numerous sources for traceability can be envisaged etc.

A field investigation was conducted to study the characteristics and performance of some promising litchi cultivars (10 years old) grown under the semi-arid, subtropical, red and lateritic zone of Sriniketan region in Birbhum district of West Bengal during 2016-17. The cultivars were evaluated for various plant morphology, yield and physico-chemical characteristics of fruits. The pooled results of the two year experimentation revealed that ‘Bombai’ exhibited maximum tree height (5.18m), tree volume (79.11m), fruit yield (51.55kg/tree), fruit size (length: 3.61cm; breadth: 3.34cm), fruit weight (19.86g), fruit volume (18.05cm3) and minimum fruit cracking percent (2.15%). Whereas, the cultivar ‘Bedana’ exhibited maximum aril weight (15.40g), small seed size (1.55g), maximum aril/seed ratio (9.92), maximum TSS (19.28oB), minimum acidity (0.28%), maximum sugar/acid ratio (70.54), maximum ascorbic acid (51.49mg/100g) and maximum sugars content. Based on the plant morphology, yield and physico-chemical characteristics of fruits the cultivars Bombai and Bedana are superior in growth, yield and fruit quality and stand promising for the small family farming orchard in the red and lateritic zone of Birbhum district in West Bengal.

A bstract In this paper, we obtain a bulk dual to the low energy sector of the SYK model, including SYK model with U(1) charge, by Kaluza-Klein (KK) reduction from three dimensions. We show that KK reduction of the 3D Einstein action plus its boundary term gives the Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) model in 2D with the appropriate 1D boundary term. The size of the KK radius gets identified with the value of the dilaton in the resulting near-AdS2 geometry. In presence of U(1) charge, the 3D model additionally includes a U(1) Chern-Simons (CS) action. In order to describe a boundary theory with non-zero chemical potential, we also introduce a coupling between CS gauge field and bulk gravity. The 3D CS action plus the new coupling term with appropriate boundary terms reduce in two dimensions to a BF-type action plus a source term and boundary terms. The KK reduced 2D theory represents the soft sector of the charged SYK model. The pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone modes of combined Diff /SL(2 , ℝ) and U(1) local / U(1) transformations are represented by combined large diffeomorphisms and large gauge transformations. The effective action of the former is reproduced by the action cost of the latter in the bulk dual, after appropriate identification of parameters. We compute chaotic correlators from the bulk and reproduce the result that the contribution from the “boundary photons” corresponds to zero Liapunov exponent.

A new learning-based single image super-resolution technique that upscales the low resolution (LR) image in a single pass toits desired high resolution (HR) image is proposed here.Inthe upscaling procedure, a linearmapping function is learned from the external data set. Mapping function converts LR patch to its corresponding patch.In most of the patch-based learning technique, smoothness of the overlapped regions is performed with an average value of the overlapped regions. As a result, edge information that reflects in adjacent LR patches does not always transparently reflects in HR patches. So in our technique, we applied edge directed smoothness in adjacent patches. An edge exists along the direction, where the second-order derivative is lower. To reach this, we have selected non-overlapping patch, and after getting HR patch, we performed edge directed smoothness of adjacent patches. This results smoothness of adjacent patches with more detailedge information. Apart from this nonoverlapping patch selection reduces computational complexity, without compromising image quality. Experimental results show significant improvement in terms of subjective and objective quality than other popular learning or interpolation based method.Our method showsrobustness on noisy images also.

Motivated by the Bekenstein-Hawking formula and the area law behaviour of entanglement entropy, we propose that in anyUV finite theory of quantum gravity with a smooth spacetime, the total entropy for a pure state in a co-dimension one spatial region, to leading order, is given by S = A/4G(N), where A is the area of the co-dimension two boundary. In the context of Dp brane holography we show that for some specially chosen regions bulk entanglement can be mapped to 'target space' entanglement in the boundary theory. Our conjecture then leads to a precise proposal for target space entanglement in the boundary theory at strong coupling and large N. In particular, it leads to the conclusion that the target space entanglement would scale like O(N-2) which is quite plausible in a system with O(N-2) degrees of freedom. Recent numerical advances in studying the D0 brane system hold out the hope that this proposal can be tested in a precise way in the future.