Background and Aim:Hospitalization due to trauma places a significant financial burden on healthcare systems, patients, and insurers. Predicting the length of stay can support resource management and workflow, ultimately enhancing healthcare interventions. This study uses machine learning techniques to predict trauma patients' hospital length of stay (LOS). Methods:This retrospective study analyzed data from 795 trauma patients registered at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences between March 21, 2021, and December 14, 2022. Data preprocessing, modeling, and evaluation were performed using Python. Seven machine learning algorithms-Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting, Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network, and Extreme Gradient Boosting-were applied for prediction. The models were compared using evaluation metrics: accuracy, precision, recall (sensitivity), F-measure, and the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:The Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithms demonstrated the best performance, with accuracy, precision, and recall of 93%. The Decision Tree algorithm achieved the highest area under the ROC curve (0.74). Key predictive features included oxygen saturation level, Glasgow Coma Scale, ICU stay duration, injury severity score, Abbreviated Injury Scale, and comorbid conditions. Conclusion:Among the tested algorithms, Decision Tree, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Random Forest exhibited superior predictive performance. These models can support better resource allocation, policy-making, and healthcare planning, ultimately improving hospital efficiency and patient care.

Mobile health tools are evolving rapidly across healthcare sectors, particularly for enhancing patient self-care in trauma care. This research focuses on developing a self-care application specifically for chest trauma patients, aiming to improve their well-being. The study will also evaluate the application’s usability and effectiveness in supporting patient recovery. The study, conducted in 2024, involved three phases: identifying application specifications through literature review and expert interviews; developing the application using programming languages like Laravel Node.js, JavaScript, and MySQL; and evaluating usability and effectiveness with 21 chest trauma patients. The assessment utilized the USE questionnaire for usability and a researcher-developed questionnaire to measure effectiveness before and after application use. The educational elements for patients were divided into five categories: fractures, physical activities, respiratory activities, diet, medication use, and emergencies. Functional requirements included 25 items across eight categories, such as communication between doctor and patient, patient information recording, notifications, discussion forums, care teams, performance dashboards, news updates, and useful information. A web-based application was developed, achieving an 80.04

Importance Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Assessing the LDL-C–related burden is critical for guiding prevention and treatment strategies. Objectives To estimate the global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributable to elevated LDL-C (relative to 35-54 mg/dL) from 1990 to 2023 and to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, risk-deleted burden, and exposure changes to burden trends. Design, Setting, and Population This comparative risk assessment, part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, estimated population-level LDL-C exposure and associated health loss in 204 countries and territories. Mean LDL-C levels were estimated using spatiotemporal gaussian process regression based on 806 studies across 161 countries. Relative risks were derived from meta-analyses of 38 randomized clinical trials. Population-attributable fractions for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for adults aged 25 years or older from 1990 to 2023, with 95% uncertainty intervals. Exposure Population-level LDL-C concentrations. Main Outcomes and Measures Population-attributable fractions, counts, and rates (all ages and age standardized per 100 000) of LDL-C–attributable deaths and DALYs from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, with uncertainty intervals. Results In 2023, elevated LDL-C accounted for 3.6 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval, 2.2-5.4 million; 6.0% of global mortality) and 90.7 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval, 58.9-123.3 million; 3.2% of DALYs). Although global all-ages rates remained stable, age-standardized death and DALY rates decreased by 45.6% and 39.5%, respectively, since 1990. In 2023, age-standardized LDL-C–attributable DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in high-income Asia-Pacific. One-third of the global LDL-C burden occurred in India and China. Population growth and aging drove the increasing burden, with notable regional disparities in LDL-C exposure and risk-deleted DALY rates shifting toward middle-sociodemographic settings. Conclusions and Relevance Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute LDL-C burden has increased since 1990 due to demographic changes and has shifted toward middle-sociodemographic countries. Measurement and surveillance gaps persist. Strengthened prevention, diagnosis, and treatment access strategies are essential to mitigate the health burden of LDL-C.

Background: Vitiligo is a prevalent skin disorder that has significant biological and social consequences for the affected individuals. Therefore, appropriate measures should be taken to diagnose this disease and treat patients, and powerful information and monitoring systems, such as a registry, are required. This study aimed to identify the design requirements for vitiligo registry in Iran.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using a content analysis approach in 2020. In total, 9 dermatologists and health information management and medical informatics specialists working in Tehran, Shiraz, and Mashhad universities of medical sciences were interviewed. The participants were selected by a non-random purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed manually using thematic analysis approach.Results: In this study, 7 major themes and 14 sub-themes were obtained regarding vitiligo registry design requirements. The major themes included registry objectives, structure, data sources, inclusion criteria, classification system, data quality control, and data reporting.Conclusion: In total, 7 major themes and 14 sub-themes were identified to design the vitiligo registry. Developing a vitiligo registry based on these requirements could provide a better understanding of this disease, deliver high-quality services to patients across the country, and facilitate research on this disease.

Background and Aims:Despite the positive impacts of mHealth apps reported for several illnesses, evidence shows that mHealth applications developed for perinatal depression and anxiety are of moderate quality. The needs assessment of stakeholders to extract the requirements is pivotal for developing a successful app. This study aims to determine the requirement of a mHealth app for preventing and managing perinatal depression and anxiety. Method:This mixed-methods study was conducted based on four stages. Firstly, requirements were identified through a literature review. Secondly, the draft requirements were presented to an expert panel for review and confirmation. Fifteen experts participated in validating the requirements through the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Finally, the Delphi technique was performed to determine the final functional requirements. Results:The literature review retrieved 34 relevant articles and three guidelines. A total of 163 requirements were extracted through a literature search. The expert panel revision resulted in 87 requirements in 13 categories. Seven requirements were removed following CVI and CVR calculation. After the Delphi technique, five requirements were removed. The final list included 75 requirements categorized into 13 groups, including socio-demographic information, pregnancy and delivery, medical history, medication, screening, self-empowerment, warning/reminder, monitoring, consultation, forum, reports, interface/framing, and security and confidentiality. Conclusion:These requirements have the potential to help app developers design and assess their apps, and for patients to assess the apps targeting the prevention and management of perinatal depression and anxiety. Further research is required to address the generalizability of this requirement set.

Electronic prescribing, allows physicians to send prescriptions digitally to pharmacies and laboratories. This process streamlines patient care and ensures equitable access to medical services for all patients. This study aims to do the usability evaluation of Social Security electronic prescription system (SSEPS) and Health Insurance electronic prescription system (HIEPS) using insights from users and experts. This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2024. Three experts evaluated two electronic prescribing systems using Nielsen’s Heuristic evaluation principles, rating issues on a 0–4 severity scale. The usability evaluation, conducted with fifty users via the Persian SUS, showed that the translated instrument was highly reliable (α = 0.79). Expert and user feedback were compared across 2 systems using SPSS to identify usability improvements. Based on heuristic evaluation, HIEPS demonstrates better consistency, but significant improvements in error prevention and user control remain priorities for both systems. Usability testing using the SUS revealed a slightly higher average score for the SSEPS (70.73) than the HIEPS (69.21). The significant P-value indicates this difference reflects a real distinction in perceived usability between the two systems. E-prescription systems, despite their widespread use, continue to face usability issues that risk patient safety, reduce efficiency, and impact user satisfaction and hospital finances. Combining user and expert evaluations is more effective in identifying these issues than using a single method. Annual usability assessments and updates are recommended to address these challenges and improve system performance.

Headache disorders, especially migraines and tension-type headaches (TTHs), are major global public health concerns, as shown by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We provide updated global estimates of prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories and forecasts through 2050. In 2021, there are 2.0 billion people with TTH and 1.2 billion with migraine. Although TTH is more prevalent, migraine causes higher disability. While crude prevalence and YLDs increased, age-standardized rates remained stable and are projected to continue this trend due to population growth. There is a disproportionately higher burden in women aged 30-44 and countries with higher Socio-demographic Index and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Despite this, migraines remain underrecognized in health policies and funding. This study emphasizes the urgent need to prioritize headache disorders in global health agendas.

Teledentistry is applied in oral medicine to help dental practitioners and specialists manage complex oral conditions. This scoping review aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the technical requirements and the provision of security services, as well as the recommendations on standard oral cavity photography methods for using teledentistry in oral medicine. The present scoping review was conducted in 2022 according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual. Four databases were systematically searched, including ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest, from January 1999 to December 2021. After finalizing the search strategy, all the original articles, reviews, editorials, letters, comments, and book chapters were included. All the dissertations uploaded in English with a full-text electronic file were also included to achieve a comprehensive picture of the available literature. Two types of analysis were applied: the quantitative descriptive analysis applying Excel 2016 and the qualitative thematic analysis using MAXQDA version 10. The included papers were published during 1999–2021. Most of the included articles were from Brazil (n = 9, 21.43

Background Cancers represent a challenging public health threat in Asia. This study examines the temporal patterns of incidence, mortality, disability and risk factors of 29 cancers in Asia in the last three decades. Methods The age, sex and year -wise estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability -adjusted life years (DALYs) of 29 cancers for 49 Asian countries from 1990 through 2019 were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors 2019 study. Besides incidence, mortality and DALYs, we also examined the cancer burden measured in terms of DALYs and deaths attributable to risk factors, which had evidence of causation with different cancers. The development status of countries was measured using the socio-demographic index. Decomposition analysis was performed to gauge the change in cancer incidence between 1990 and 2019 due to population growth, aging and age -specific incidence rates. Findings All cancers combined claimed an estimated 5.6 million [95% uncertainty interval, 5.1-6.0 million] lives in Asia with 9.4 million [8.6-10.2 million] incident cases and 144.7 million [132.7-156.5 million] DALYs in 2019. The agestandardized incidence rate (ASIR) of all cancers combined in Asia was 197.6/100,000 [181.0-214.4] in 2019, varying from 99.2/100,000 [76.1-126.0] in Bangladesh to 330.5/100,000 [298.5-365.8] in Cyprus. The age -standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 120.6/100,000 [110.1-130.7] in 2019, varying 4 -folds across countries from 71.0/100,000 [59.9-83.5] in Kuwait to 284.2/100,000 [229.2-352.3] in Mongolia. The age -standardized DALYs rate was 2970.5/ 100,000 [2722.6-3206.5] in 2019, varying from 1578.0/100,000 [1341.2-1847.0] in Kuwait to 6574.4/100,000 [5141.7-8333.0] in Mongolia. Between 1990 and 2019, deaths due to 17 of the 29 cancers either doubled or more, and 20 of the 29 cancers underwent an increase of 150% or more in terms of new cases. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (both sexes), breast cancer (among females), colon and rectum cancer (both sexes), stomach cancer (both sexes) and prostate cancer (among males) were among top -5 cancers in most Asian countries in terms of ASIR and ASMR in 2019 and cancers of liver, stomach, hodgkin lymphoma and esophageal cancer posted the most significant decreases in age -standardized rates between 1990 and 2019. Among the modifiable risk factors, smoking, alcohol use, ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution and unsafe sex remained the dominant risk factors between 1990 and 2019. Cancer DALYs due to ambient PM pollution, high body mass index and fasting plasma glucose has increased most notably between 1990 and 2019. Interpretation With growing incidence, cancer has become more significant public health threat in Asia, demanding urgent policy attention and guidance. Its heightened risk calls for increased cancer awareness, preventive measures, affordable early -stage detection, and cost-effective therapeutics in Asia. The current study can serve as a useful resource for policymakers and researchers in Asia for devising interventions for cancer management and control. Funding The GBD study is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright (c) 2023 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Oral mucosa lesions are the third most prevalent oral pathology, following caries and periodontal diseases. Teledentistry offers an effective way to manage patients with these lesions. The accuracy of remote diagnoses and consultations relies heavily on the quality of the information and photos sent to remote specialists. This study aims to evaluate the usability and reliability of a teledentistry tool for the remote diagnosis of oral lesions. The cross-sectional study included both usability evaluation and reliability assessment. The teledentistry platform, "OralMedTeledent", facilitated synchronous and asynchronous interactions, allowing for patient consultations, remote follow-ups, and doctor-to-doctor consultations. Usability was evaluated by 5 experts using the Nielsen heuristic checklist. Reliability was assessed from August 2022 to September 2023 with 109 patients, using Cohen's kappa coefficient to measure agreement between examiners and the gold standard in diagnosing oral lesions. The findings revealed 66 usability issues, most of which were related to helping users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors, as well as issues with help and documentation. Among these, 11 issues were of minor severity. The reliability test, conducted with 109 participants (57.8

INTRODUCTION:Cancer remains a leading cause of death, underscoring the importance of reliable health apps. This study aims to design and validate a content quality evaluation tool for cancer mobile applications ensuring they provide standard services and features to users. METHOD:This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in steps including identifying mobile application contents, designing and validating evaluation tool. Studies published until February 19, 2023, in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scientific Information Database (SID) databases, as well as mobile applications in Myket, Bazaar, and Google Play, were searched. Data extraction and expert panel validation followed, leading to four expert sessions to design the tool. Nineteen oncologists, health information management and medical informatics specialties were included in the study as a research community. The tool's face validity, content validity and reliability were assessed using CVR (Content Validity Ratio), CVI (Content Validity Index), and Cronbach's alpha respectively. RESULTS:Out of 242 initial search results in databases and 125 mobile applications in app stores, 25 articles and 20 mobile applications included based on the search limits. The designed tools consist of 8 main themes (prevention, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, education, communication, requests/order and other) with 43 question items. All items received scores above 0.79 in CVI and 0.42 in CVR, leading to their approval and the reliability of the tool was accepted with a score of 0.967. CONCLUSION:Evaluating cancer mobile applications can be very helpful in developing useful and supportive mobile apps, and assist health policymakers in identifying and recommending high-quality cancer-related apps. This will enable patients to choose the most suitable apps, enhancing the quality of cancer care.

To estimate global and regional trends from 2000 to 2020 of the number of persons visually impaired by glaucoma and their proportion of the total number of vision-impaired individuals. A systematic review and meta-analysis of published population studies and grey literature from 2000 to 2020 was carried out to estimate global and regional trends in number of people with vision loss due to glaucoma. Moderate or severe vision loss (MSVI) was defined as visual acuity of 6/60 or better but <6/18 (moderate) and visual acuity of 3/60 or better but <6/60 (severe vision loss). Blindness was defined as presenting visual acuity <3/60. Globally, in 2020, 3.61 million people were blind and nearly 4.14 million were visually impaired by glaucoma. Glaucoma accounted for 8.39% (95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]: 6.54, 10.29) of all blindness and 1.41% (95% UI: 1.10, 1.75) of all MSVI. Regionally, the highest proportion of blindness relating to glaucoma was found in high-income countries (26.12% [95% UI: 20.72, 32.09]), while the region with the highest age-standardized prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness and MSVI was Sub-Saharan Africa. Between 2000 and 2020, global age-standardized prevalence of glaucoma-related blindness among adults ≥50 years decreased by 26.06% among males (95% UI: 25.87, 26.24), and by 21.75% among females (95% UI: 21.54, 21.96), while MSVI due to glaucoma increased by 3.7% among males (95% UI: 3.42, 3.98), and by 7.3% in females (95% UI: 7.01, 7.59). Within the last two decades, glaucoma has remained a major cause of blindness globally and regionally.

Background Anaemia is a major health problem worldwide. Global estimates of anaemia burden are crucial for developing appropriate interventions to meet current international targets for disease mitigation. We describe the prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends of anaemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories. Methods We estimated population-level distributions of haemoglobin concentration by age and sex for each location from 1990 to 2021. We then calculated anaemia burden by severity and associated years lived with disability (YLDs). With data on prevalence of the causes of anaemia and associated cause-specific shifts in haemoglobin concentrations, we modelled the proportion of anaemia attributed to 37 underlying causes for all locations, years, and demographics in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Findings In 2021, the global prevalence of anaemia across all ages was 24 center dot 3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 23 center dot 9-24 center dot 7), corresponding to 1 center dot 92 billion (1 center dot 89-1 center dot 95) prevalent cases, compared with a prevalence of 28 center dot 2% (27 center dot 8-28 center dot 5) and 1 center dot 50 billion (1 center dot 48-1 center dot 52) prevalent cases in 1990. Large variations were observed in anaemia burden by age, sex, and geography, with children younger than 5 years, women, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia being particularly affected. Anaemia caused 52 center dot 0 million (35 center dot 1-75 center dot 1) YLDs in 2021, and the YLD rate due to anaemia declined with increasing Socio-demographic Index. The most common causes of anaemia YLDs in 2021 were dietary iron deficiency (cause-specific anaemia YLD rate per 100 000 population: 422 center dot 4 [95% UI 286 center dot 1-612 center dot 9]), haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias (89 center dot 0 [58 center dot 2-123 center dot 7]), and other neglected tropical diseases (36 center dot 3 [24 center dot 4-52 center dot 8]), collectively accounting for 84 center dot 7% (84 center dot 1-85 center dot 2) of anaemia YLDs. Interpretation Anaemia remains a substantial global health challenge, with persistent disparities according to age, sex, and geography. Estimates of cause-specific anaemia burden can be used to design locally relevant health interventions aimed at improving anaemia management and prevention. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

This systematic analysis assesses the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer and other pharyngeal cancer for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study estimates.

Importance:Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning. Objective:To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates. Evidence Review:The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019. Findings:In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia. Conclusions and Relevance:In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts.

Introduction: Computerized programs for brain empowerment with regular, intensive, and continuous cognitive exercises improve cognitive functions such as attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This review study aimed to identify effective computerized programs for improving attention in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: This descriptive narrative review was done in 2018 through library review and searching keywords including "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", "computerized cognitive rehabilitation programs", and "play therapy" in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The results of this review were investigated through the semi-structured interview and classified based on the attention areas of children and adolescents with ADHD. Results: Based on the review, Caption Log, Pay Attention, Cogmed Working Memory, Memory GYM, Attention GYM, Brainware Safari, 8 Sciences' ACTIVATET, Lumosity, My Happy Neuron, Smart Driver, and educational packages such as Maghzine were effective programs to improve different types of attention (focused, divided, intermittent, continuous, and selective) in the ADHD children aged four years old and older. Conclusion: Considering the significant effects of computerized cognitive rehabilitation programs in empowering cognitive skills such as attention, their use as a complementary treatment in improving the quality of life of children and adolescents with ADHD is promising. However, it is suggested to evaluate such programs with larger samples, transfer their educational effects to daily life, and improve their quality by providing more components of such programs.

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of health loss due to premature mortality and long-term disability. We aimed to report on the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for SCI from 1990 to 2019, using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods Using GBD 2019 data pooled in DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, we systematically derived numbers and age-standardised rate changes with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UIs) for the incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for SCI from 1990 to 2019 for the whole world, 21 GBD regions, and 204 countries and territories. We report trends based on age, sex, year, cause of injury, and level of injury. Findings Globally, 20 center dot 6 million (95% UI 18 center dot 9 to 23 center dot 6) individuals were living with SCI in 2019. The incidence of SCI was 0 center dot 9 million (0 center dot 7 to 1 center dot 2) cases with an estimated 6 center dot 2 million (4 center dot 5 to 8 center dot 2) YLDs. SCI rates increased substantially from 1990 to 2019 for global prevalence (81 center dot 5%, 74 center dot 2 to 87 center dot 1), incidence (52 center dot 7%, 30 center dot 3 to 69 center dot 8), and YLDs (65 center dot 4%, 56 center dot 3 to 76 center dot 0). However, global age-standardised rates per 100 000 population showed small changes in prevalence (5 center dot 8%, 2 center dot 6 to 9 center dot 5), incidence (-6 center dot 1%, -17 center dot 2 to 1 center dot 5), and YLDs (-1 center dot 5%, -5 center dot 5 to 3 center dot 2). Data for 2019 shows that the incidence of SCI increases sharply until age 15-19 years, where it remains reasonably constant until 85 years of age and older. By contrast, prevalence and YLDs showed similar patterns to each other, with one peak at around age 45-54 years. The incidence, prevalence, and YLDs of SCI have consistently been higher in men than in women globally, with a slight and steady increase for both men and women from 1990 to 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, SCI at neck level was more common than SCI below neck level in terms of incidence (492 thousand [354 to 675] vs 417 thousand [290 to 585]), prevalence (10 center dot 8 million [9 center dot 5 to 13 center dot 9] vs 9 center dot 7 million [9 center dot 2 to 10 center dot 4]), and YLDs (4 center dot 2 million [3 center dot 0 to 5 center dot 8] vs 1 center dot 9 million [1 center dot 3 to 2 center dot 5]). Falls (477 thousand [327 to 683] cases) and road injuries (230 thousand [122 to 389] cases) were the two leading causes of SCI globally in 2019. Interpretation Although age-standardised rates of incidence, prevalence, and YLDs for SCI changed only slightly, absolute counts increased substantially from 1990 to 2019. Geographical heterogeneity in demographic, spatial, and temporal patterns of SCI, at both the national and regional levels, should be considered by policy makers aiming to reduce the burden of SCI. Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Background Quality dimensions are the most important criteria for predicting the success of an information system. The current study aims to evaluate the success of the Iran Electronic Health Record System (SEPAS) based on the DeLone and McLean model for information system success. Method This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021. Participants were 468 health information management personnel who had working experience with SEPAS. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on the DeLone and McLean model. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 through descriptive and analytic analysis including t-test and ANOVA. Results Most participants were female (70.9%) and almost half of the participants mean age was between 30 and 40 years old (49.6%). The total mean of SEPAS success was 3.42 ± 0.53. According to the participants’ perspectives “system quality” was the most influencing factor on SEPAS success. The least influencing factor was SEPAS “benefits”. There was a significant relationship between the mean score of SEPAS success and age ( p value = 0.001), Education level ( p value = 0.01), and Work experience ( p value < 0.001). Conclusion The total mean of system success was not acceptable. SEPAS has not been much successful in providing net benefits like provision of electronic services which locate patients in the center and improve the delivery of care to them. It sounds that SEPAS is not stable enough that means crashes sometimes. Hence, considering the required infrastructures for quick response and stability is more critical, especially when healthcare providers are supposed to use the SEPAS.

Background Tele-dentistry has been increasingly used for different purposes of visit, consultation, triage, screening, and training in oral medicine. This study aims to determine the main facilitators, barriers, and participants` viewpoints of applying tele-dentistry in oral medicine and develop a framework indicating the input, process, output, and feedback. Method This was a scoping review conducted in 2022 applying Arksey and O’Malley (2005) approach. Four databases including ISI web of science, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest were searched from January 1999 to December 2021. Inclusion criteria consisted of all original and non-original articles (reviews, editorials, letters, comments, and book chapters), and dissertations in English with a full text electronic file. Excel 2016 was used for descriptive quantitative analysis and MAXQDA version 10 was applied for qualitative thematic analysis. A thematic framework was developed customizing the results of the review in a virtual mini expert panel. Results Descriptive results show that among 59 included articles, 27 (46%) have addressed the various applications of tele-dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic in the field of oral medicine. From geographical distribution perspective, most of the papers were published in Brazil ( n = 13)/ 22.03%, India ( n = 7)/11.86% and USA ( n = 6)/10.17%. Thematic analysis shows that seven main themes of “information”, “skill”, “human resource”, ‘technical”, “administrative’, ‘financial’, and ‘training and education’ are explored as facilitators. ‘Individual’, ‘environmental’, ‘organizational’, ‘regulation’, ‘clinical’, and ‘technical barriers’ are also identified as main barriers of tele-dentistry in oral medicine. Conclusion According to the results for using tele-dentistry services in oral medicine, a diverse category of facilitators should be considered and at the same time, different barriers should be managed. Users` satisfaction and perceived usefulness of tele-dentistry as final outcomes can be increased considering the system`s feedback and applying facilitator incentives as well as decreasing the barriers.

Developing an anesthesia module in the operating room is one of the significant steps toward the implementation of electronic medical records (EMR) in health care centers. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the web based-anesthesia module of an electronic medical record Sciences, in the operating room of the Namazi Medical Training Center of Shiraz University of Medical Iran. This developmental and applied study was conducted in steps including determining the functional and non-functional requirements, designing and implementing the anesthesia module, and usability evaluation. 3 anesthesiologists, 3 anesthesiologist assistants, and 12 anesthetist nurses were included in the study as a research community. React.js, Node.js programming language to program this module, Mongo dB database, and Windows server for data management and USE standard questionnaire were used. In the anesthesia module, software quality features were determined as functional requirements and non-functional requirements included 286 data elements in 25 categories (demographic information, surgery information, laboratory results, patient graphs, consults, consent letter, physical examinations, medication history, family disease records, social record, past medical history, type of anesthesia, anesthesia induction method, airway management, monitoring, anesthesia chart, blood and fluids, blood gases, tourniquets and warmers, accessories, positions, neuromuscular reversal, transfer the patient from the operating room, complications of anesthesia and, seal/ signature). Also, after implementing the anesthesia module, results of the usability evaluation showed that 69.1% of the users agreed with the use of this module in the operating room and considered it user-friendly.