Régóta ismert, hogy differenciált pajzsmirigyrákok után – az általános populációhoz képest – gyakoribbak bizonyos második primer tumorok. Emellett egyes malignus betegségek után a vártnál gyakrabban fordul elő pajzsmirigyrák második tumorként. Áttekintő közleményünkben bemutatjuk a differenciált pajzsmirigyrák kapcsolatát az egyéb primer malignus betegségekkel. Kitérünk a pajzsmirigyrákok után előforduló második primer malignitások gyakoriságára, illetve elemezzük a férfiakban és nőkben előforduló leggyakoribb daganattípusok után kialakuló második primer pajzsmirigyrák rizikóját a legújabb szakirodalom alapján. Mivel a kettős tumorok kialakulását számos tényező befolyásolja – genetikai hajlam, életmódbeli és környezeti tényezők, az első tumorra alkalmazott kezelés, érzékelési torzítás –, a második primer malignitások kockázatára a különböző közleményekben eltérő értékeket találunk. Mindezzel együtt megállapíthatjuk, hogy az átlagnépességhez képest pajzsmirigyrák után gyakoribb az emlő-, prosztata-, vastagbél-, végbél- és veserák, valamint bizonyos hematológiai malignitások. Pajzsmirigyrák gyakrabban jelenik meg az emlő-, prosztata-, vastagbél-, végbél-, tüdő-, vese- és húgyhólyagrák, valamint bizonyos hematológiai malignitások és neuroblastoma után. Ezek alapján pajzsmirigyrák után hosszú klinikai követés javasolt az esetleg kialakuló második primer malignitás korai felismerésére, a betegek részéről pedig az általános népességnek ajánlott rákszűrések, illetve az előírt orvosi vizitek fokozott betartása javasolt. Orv Hetil. 2025; 166(7): 253–262.

Certain second primary malignancies have been reported to be more common after well differentiated thyroid cancer than it would be expected in the general population. Conversely, second primary thyroid cancers are more frequent following certain malignancies. In this review, the incidence of second primary malignancies after differentiated thyroid cancers and the risk of second primary thyroid cancer following the most common malignancies have been analyzed based on recent literature. The reported incidence of second primary malignancies might be influenced by study design, genetic predisposition, lifestyle, environmental factors, oncogenic treatment of the first malignancy and detection bias. Nevertheless, after thyroid cancer, a higher incidence of breast, prostate, colorectal, renal cancer, and certain hematological malignancies can be observed compared to the general population. Thyroid cancer occurs more frequently after breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, renal, and bladder cancer, certain hematological malignancies, and neuroblastoma. Long-term clinical follow-up is advised after thyroid cancer to ensure early detection of a possible second primary malignancy. Increased adherence to cancer screening programs is also highly recommended for survivors of the first primary thyroid cancer. Orv Hetil. 2025; 166(7): 253–262.

Bevezetés: Az elmúlt évtized egyik jelentős technológiai újdonsága az ún. ’high-throughput’ molekuláris genetikai vizsgálati módszerek – mint a kromoszomális microarray-analízis (chromosomal microarray analysis, CMA) és a teljesexom-szekvenálás (whole-exome sequencing, WES) – elterjedése a praenatalis diagnosztikában. Célkitűzés: Az elmúlt 5 évben munkacsoportunk több mint 252 praenatalis vizsgálatot végzett hazai laboratóriumi háttérrel, amelyek indikációját különböző súlyosságú strukturális magzati ultrahangeltérések képezték. A klasszikus citogenetikai vizsgálatok eredményétől függően végeztük el a nagy felbontású CMA- és WES-analíziseket a praenatalis diagnosztika érdekében. Módszer: A CMA-vizsgálatokat a „GeneChip System 3000 Instrument” platformmal végeztük az SNP-alapú komparatív hibridizálás módszerével. Az általunk elvégzett újgenerációs szekvenálás során a teljes humán exom szekvenciájának meghatározása IonTorrent és Illumina platformokkal történt. Eredmények: Összesen 252 magzati CMA-vizsgálatot végeztünk, és 42%-ban mutattunk ki valamilyen hiányt vagy többletet, ebből 22%-ban igazoltunk kóros eltérést. 42 esetben végeztünk WES-t, amelyből 9 esetben (21,4%) azonosítottunk kóros eltérést az öröklésmenetet támogató, a magzati fenotípussal feltételezhetően összefüggésben lévő, a ClinVar adatbázis vagy az ACMG-klasszifikáció alapján. Megbeszélés: Tekintettel arra, hogy a magzati fenotípus értékelése közvetett, a praenatalis CMA- és WES-elemzésnek elsősorban a magzati ultrahangvizsgálat során azonosítható strukturális anomáliákkal összefüggő génekre, kromoszomális régiókra kell korlátozódnia. A szülők vizsgálata mind a CMA-, mind a WES-analízisek során kiemelt jelentőséggel bír, főleg azokban az esetekben, amelyeknél a kapott eltérés nem hozható egyértelmű összefüggésbe az ultrahangeltérésekkel. Következtetés: Fontos meghatározni azokat a paramétereket, amelyek alapján a magzati mintában talált kópiaszám-eltéréseket és WES-vizsgálattal igazolt variánsokat a leletben közöljük (figyelembe véve a nemzetközi ajánlásokat). Ezek alapján a praenatalis klinikai genetikai tanácsadáskor sokkal használhatóbb információk adhatók. Orv Hetil. 2024; 165(14): 523–530.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare side effect of antiresorptive drugs that significantly hinders the quality of life of affected patients. The disease develops in the presence of a combination of factors. Important pathogenetic factors include inflammation, inhibition of bone remodeling, or genetic predisposition. Since the first description of this rare side effect in 2003, a growing body of data has suggested a possible role for genetic factors in the disease. Several genes have been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MRONJ such as SIRT1, VEGFA, and CYP2C8. With the development of molecular biology, newer methods such as miRNA and gene expression studies have been introduced in MRONJ, in addition to methods that can examine the base sequence of the DNA. Describing the complex genetic background of MRONJ can help further understand its pathophysiology as well as identify new therapeutic targets to better manage this adverse drug reaction.

Introduction: One of the major technological innovations of the last decade has been the proliferation of highthroughput molecular genetic testing methods, such as chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in prenatal diagnostics. Objective: Over the past 5 years, our working group has performed more than 252 prenatal examinations, indicated by ultrasound abnormalities of varying severity. Depending on the results of classical cytogenetic studies, we performed high -resolution CMA and WES analyses, with the aim to map the proportion of excess genetic information in the Hungarian population, as described in the literature. Method: CMA studies were performed using the "GeneChip System 3000 Instrument" platform with SNP -based comparative hybridization. We also performed next -generation sequencing of the whole human exome using IonTorrent and Illumina platforms. Results: A total of 252 fetal CMA examinations were performed and 42% showed some loss or gain, of which 22% showed pathogenic abnormalities. We performed WES in 42 CMA-negative cases, of which 9 (21.4%) were identified as pathogenic abnormalities supporting the inheritance process, with presumed association with fetal phenotype, based on the ClinVar database or ACMG classification. Discussion: Given the indirect nature of fetal phenotype assessment, prenatal CMA and WES analysis should be limited primarily to genes and chromosomal regions associated with ultrasound -identifiable symptoms. Parental examination is of paramount importance in both CMA and WES analyses, especially in cases where the resulting disorder cannot be clearly associated with ultrasound abnormalities. Conclusion: It is important to define the parameters by which copy number variations are detected in fetal samples. Recommendations for reporting variants confirmed by WES testing should also be given (taking international recommendations into account). These will provide more useful information for prenatal clinical genetic counselling.

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is its predominant subtype, which is responsible for the vast majority of cases. It is true that PTC is a malignant tumor with a very good prognosis due to effective primary therapeutic approaches such as thyroidectomy and radioiodine (RAI) therapy. However, we are often required to indicate second-line treatments to eradicate the tumor properly. In these scenarios, molecular therapies are promising alternatives, especially if specifically targetable mutations are present. Many of these targetable gene alterations originate from gene fusions, which can be found using molecular diagnostics like next-generation sequencing (NGS). Nonetheless, molecular profiling is far from being a routine procedure in the initial phase of PTC diagnostics. As a result, the mutation status, except for BRAF V600E mutation, is not included in risk classification algorithms either. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of fusion mutations in PTC and their associations with clinicopathological variables in order to underscore certain clinical settings when molecular diagnostics should be considered earlier, and to demonstrate yet unknown molecular–clinicopathological connections. We conducted a retrospective fusion mutation screening in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) PTC tissue samples of 100 patients. After quality evaluation by an expert pathologist, RNA isolation was performed, and then NGS was applied to detect 23 relevant gene fusions in the tumor samples. Clinicopathological data were collected from medical and histological records. To obtain the most associations from the multivariate dataset, we used the d-correlation method for our principal component analysis (PCA). Further statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and logistic regressions, were performed to identify additional significant correlations within certain subsets of the data. Fusion mutations were identified in 27% of the PTC samples, involving nine distinct genes: RET, NTRK3, CCDC6, ETV6, MET, ALK, NCOA4, EML4, and SQSTM1. RET and CCDC6 fusions were associated with type of thyroidectomy, RAI therapy, smaller tumor size, and history of Hashimoto’s disease. NCOA4 fusion correlated with sex, multifocality, microcarcinoma character, history of goiter, and obstructive pulmonary disease. EML4 fusion was also linked with surgical procedure type and smaller tumor size, as well as the history of hypothyroidism. SQSTM1 fusion was associated with multifocality and a medical history of thyroid/parathyroid adenoma. NTRK3 and ETV6 fusions showed significant associations with Hashimoto’s disease, and ETV6, also with endometriosis. Moreover, fusion mutations were linked to younger age at the time of diagnosis, particularly the fusion of ETV6. The frequent occurrence of fusion mutations and their associations with certain clinicopathological metrics highlight the importance of integrating molecular profiling into routine PTC management. Early detection of fusion mutations can inform surgical decisions and therapeutic strategies, potentially improving clinical outcomes.

Genetic alterations are well known to be related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Some miRNA expression dysregulations have previously been described in the context of cancer development including thyroid carcinoma. In our study, we performed original molecular diagnostics on tissue samples related to our own patients. We aimed to identify all dysregulated miRNAs in potential association with PTC development via sequencing much higher numbers of control-matched PTC tissue samples and analyzing a wider variety of miRNA types than previous studies. We analyzed the expression levels of 2656 different human miRNAs in the context of 236 thyroid tissue samples (118 tumor and control pairs) related to anonymized PTC cases. Also, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and GO framework analysis were used to establish the links between miRNA dysregulation and certain biological processes, pathways of signaling, molecular functions, and cellular components. A total of 30 significant differential miRNA expressions with at least ±1 log2 fold change were found related to PTC including, e.g., miR-551b, miR-146b, miR-221, miR-222, and miR-375, among others, being highly upregulated, as well as miR-873 and miR-204 being downregulated. In addition, we identified miRNA patterns in vast databases (KEGG and GO) closely similar to that of PTC including, e.g., miRNA patterns of prostate cancer, HTLV infection, HIF-1 signaling, cellular responses to growth factor stimulus and organic substance, and negative regulation of gene expression. We also found 352 potential associations between certain miRNA expressions and states of clinicopathological variables. Our findings—supported by the largest case number of original matched-control PTC–miRNA relation research—suggest a distinct miRNA expression profile in PTC that could contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms promoting the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, significant miRNA expression deviations and their signaling pathways in PTC presented in our study may serve as potential biomarkers for PTC diagnosis and prognosis or even therapeutic targets in the future.

Certain genetic factors, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SIRT1 gene, have been linked to medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). This study examined four SNPs in the SIRT1 gene and implemented multivariate statistical analysis to analyze genetic and clinical factors in MRONJ patients. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples of 63 patients of European origin treated for MRONJ, and four SNP genotypes in the gene encoding the SIRT-1 protein were determined by Sanger sequencing. The allele frequencies measured in the MRONJ population were compared with allele frequencies measured in the European population in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Allele Frequency Aggregator (NCBI ALFA) database. Genetic and clinical factors were examined with multivariate statistical analysis. A C:A allele distribution ratio of 77.8:22.2 was measured in the rs932658 SNP. In the ALFA project, a C:A allele distribution ratio of 59.9:40.1 was detected in the European population, which was found to be a significant difference (p = 4.5 × 10−5). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation (0.275) between the genotype of SNP rs932658 and the number of stages improved during appropriate MRONJ therapy. It is concluded that allele A in SNP rs932658 in the SIRT1 gene acts as a protective factor in MRONJ.

The Human Microbiome Project (HMP), initiated in 2007, aimed to gather comprehensive knowledge to create a genetic and metabolic map of human-associated microorganisms and their contribution to physiological states and predisposition to certain diseases. Research has revealed that the human microbiome is highly diverse and exhibits significant interpersonal variability; consequently, its exact impact on health remains unclear. With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, the broad spectrum of microbial communities has been better characterized. The lower female genital tract, particularly the vagina, is colonized by various bacterial species, with Lactobacillus spp. predominating. The upper female genital tract, especially the uterus, was long considered sterile. However, recent studies have identified a distinct endometrial microbiome. A Lactobacillus-dominated microbiome of the female genital tract is associated with favorable reproductive outcomes, including higher success rates in natural conception and assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Conversely, microbial imbalances, or dysbiosis, marked by reduced Lactobacilli as well as an increased diversity and abundance of pathogenic species (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis or Prevotella spp.), are linked to infertility, implantation failure, and pregnancy complications such as miscarriage and preterm birth. Dysbiosis can impair the vaginal or endometrial mucosal barrier and also trigger pro-inflammatory responses, disrupting essential reproductive processes like implantation. Despite growing evidence supporting the associations between the microbiome of the female genital tract and certain gynecological and obstetric conditions, clear microbial biomarkers have yet to be identified, and there is no consensus on the precise composition of a normal or healthy microbiome. The lack of standardized protocols and biomarkers limits the routine use of microbiome screening tests. Therefore, larger patient cohorts are needed to facilitate comparative studies and improve our understanding of the physiological microbiome profiles of the uterus and vagina, as well as how dysbiosis may influence clinical outcomes. Further research is required to refine diagnostic tools and develop personalized therapeutic strategies to improve fertility and pregnancy outcomes.

Context Increasing diagnostic sensitivity in the detection of thyroid cancer has led to uncertainties in the optimal surgical approach of the smaller, low risk tumors. Current ATA guidelines consider lobectomy safe between 1 and 4 cm, while ETA advocates for primary total thyroidectomy to avoid reoperation, as final risk stratification is based on the histological results. Objective Our aim was to compare the differences in outcomes that are potentially achievable with adherence to the different guidelines, and also to examine the predictive value of clinical parameters on the incidence of postoperative risk factors. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort database analysis to identify the different surgical outcomes (based on postoperative risk factors) using ATA and ETA guidelines; the hypothetical rate of completion thyroidectomy when ATA or ETA recommends lobectomy; the accuracy of our preoperative evaluation; the utility of preoperative findings in predicting the optimal surgical strategy using binary logistic regression. Results Out of 248 patients, 152 (ATA) and 23 (ETA) cases would have been recommended for initial lobectomy. Following the guidelines, a postoperative risk factor would have been present in 61.8, and 65.2% of the cases, respectively. Except for angioinvasion, tumor size was not a significant predictor for the presence of postoperative risk factors. Conclusion Current pre-operative criteria are inadequate to accurately determine the extent of initial surgery and our postoperative findings verify the frequent need for completion thyroidectomy using both guidelines. As a consequence, in the absence of effective pre-operative set of criteria, we advocate primary total thyroidectomy in most cases.

Background Epidemiological evidence suggests that synchronous or metachronous presentation of breast and thyroid cancers exceeds that predicted by chance alone. The following potential explanations have been hypothesized: common environmental or hormonal factors, oncogenic effect of the treatment for the first cancer, closer follow-up of cancer survivors, shared underlying genetic risk factors. While some cases were found to be related to monogenic disorders with autosomal inheritance, the genetic background of most cases of co-occurring breast and thyroid cancer is thought to be polygenic. Methods In this retrospective case-control study we compared the genetic profile of patients with a history of breast cancer ( n = 15) to patients with co-occurring breast and thyroid cancer ( n = 19) using next generation sequencing of 112 hereditary cancer risk genes. Identified variants were categorized based on their known association with breast cancer and oncogenesis in general. Results No difference between patients with breast and double cancers was observed in clinical and pathological characteristics or the number of neutral SNPs. The unweighted and weighted number of SNPs with an established or potential association with breast cancer was significantly lower in the group with breast cancer only (mean difference − 0.58, BCa 95% CI [− 1.09, − 0.06], p = 0.029, and mean difference − 0.36, BCa 95% CI [− 0.70, − 0.02], p = 0.039, respectively). The difference was also significant when we compared the number of SNPs with potential or known association with any malignancy (mean difference − 1.19, BCa 95% CI [− 2.27, − 0.11], p = 0.032 for unweighted, and mean difference − 0.73, BCa 95% CI [− 1.32, − 0.14], p = 0.017 for weighted scores). Conclusion Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis of genetic predisposition in the co-occurrence of breast and thyroid cancer. Further exploration of the underlying genetic mechanisms may help in the identification of patients with an elevated risk for a second cancer at the diagnosis of the first cancer.

Medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious drug‐related adverse event. To identify pharmacogenomic markers of MRONJ associated with bisphosphonate therapy, we conducted a genomewide association study (GWAS) meta‐analysis followed by functional analysis of 5,008 individuals of European ancestry treated with bisphosphonates, which includes the largest number of MRONJ cases to date (444 cases and 4,564 controls). Discovery GWAS was performed in randomly selected 70% of the patients with cancer and replication GWAS was performed in the remaining 30% of the patients with cancer treated with intravenous bisphosphonates followed by meta‐analysis of all 3,639 patients with cancer. GWAS was also performed in 1,369 patients with osteoporosis treated with oral bisphosphonates. The lead single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2736308 on chromosome 8, was associated with an increased risk of MRONJ with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.71 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.90–3.86 (P = 3.57*10−8) in the meta‐analysis of patients with cancer. This SNP was validated in the MRONJ GWAS in patients with osteoporosis (OR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.55–4.09, P = 6.84*10−4). The meta‐analysis combining patients with cancer and patients with osteoporosis yielded the same lead SNP rs2736308 on chromosome 8 as the top SNP (OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 2.09–3.39, P = 9.65*10−11). This locus is associated with regulation of the BLK, CTSB, and FDFT1 genes, which had been associated with bone mineral density. FDFT1 encodes a membrane‐associated enzyme, which is implicated in the bisphosphonate pathway. This study provides insights into the potential mechanism of MRONJ.

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is characterized by focal or multifocal increase in bone turnover. One of the most well-established candidate genes for susceptibility to PDB is Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Mutations inSQSTM1have been documented among Western-European, British and American patients with PDB. However, there is no information onSQSTM1mutation status in PDB patients from the Central- and Eastern-European regions. In this study, we conducted a mutation screening forSQSTM1gene variants in 82 PDB patients and 100 control participants in Hungary. Mutations ofSQSTM1were detected in 18 PDB patients (21.95%); associations between genotype and clinical characteristics were also analyzed. Altogether, six different exonic alterations, including two types of UTR variants in theSQSTM1gene, were observed in our PDB patients. Similarly, to previous genetic studies on Paget's disease, our most commonly detected variant was the c.1175C > T (p.Pro392Leu) in nine cases (four in monostotic and five in polyostotic form). We have surveyed the germlineSQSTM1variant distribution among Hungarian patients with PDB. We also highlighted that the pattern of the analyzed disease-associated pathophysiological parameters could partially discriminate PDB patients with normal or mutantSQSTM1genotype. However, our findings also underline and strengthen that not solelySQSTM1stands in the background of the complex PDB etiology.

ABSTRACT Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse drug reaction. Our previous whole-exome sequencing study found SIRT1 intronic region single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7896005 to be associated with MRONJ in cancer patients treated with intravenous (iv) bisphosphonates (BPs). This study aimed to identify causal variants for this association. In silico analyses identified three SNPs (rs3758391, rs932658, and rs2394443) in the SIRT1 promoter region that are in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.8) with rs7896005. To validate the association between these SNPs and MRONJ, we genotyped these three SNPs on the germline DNA from 104 cancer patients of European ancestry treated with iv BPs (46 cases and 58 controls). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed the minor alleles of these three SNPs were associated with lower odds for MRONJ. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) and p values were 0.351 (0.164–0.751; p = 0.007) for rs3758391, 0.351 (0.164–0.751; p = 0.007) for rs932658, and 0.331 (0.157–0.697; p = 0.0036) for rs2394443, respectively. In the reporter gene assays, constructs containing rs932658 with variant allele A had higher luciferase activity than the reference allele, whereas constructs containing SNP rs3758391 and/or rs2394443 did not significantly affect activity. These results indicate that the promoter SNP rs932658 regulates the expression of SIRT1 and presumably lowers the risk of MRONJ by increasing SIRT1 expression. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Abstract: Introduction: Twenty-five percent of fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples of thyroid nodules produce indeterminate cytological results. Genetic testing of nodules can contribute to accurate diagnosis. Aim: Developing the first gene panel in Europe utilizing the 23 most relevant thyroid oncogenes with 568 mutations. Method: Examination of the isolated DNA from biopsy samples by Ion Torrent new generation sequencing. Results: The validation of our method was performed on tumor tissue samples, in which 127 genetic variations were identified, yet unknown in thyroid tumors. AXIN1 was the most polymorphic gene, while BRAF c.1799T>A (V600E) was the most frequently identified mutation. We detected 36 clinically relevant variants, 75% of which have not been described in the literature. Six of our 8 cytologically malignant and 8 of our 14 indeterminate as well as 20 of our 28 cytologically benign samples were identified as containing pathologic variants in a driver gene (BRAF c.1799T>A, NRAS c.181C>A). Conclusion: We have developed a validated, reliable new generation sequencing-based method with high positive predictive value (89%) and sensitivity (79%), suitable for the early detection of malignant lesions in the thyroid. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(36): 1417–1425.

Introduction: Twenty-five percent of fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples of thyroid nodules produce indeterminate cytological results. Genetic testing of nodules can contribute to accurate diagnosis. Aim: Developing the first gene panel in Europe utilizing the 23 most relevant thyroid oncogenes with 568 mutations. Method: Examination of the isolated DNA from biopsy samples by Ion Torrent new generation sequencing. Results: The validation of our method was performed on tumor tissue samples, in which 127 genetic variations were identified, yet unknown in thyroid tumors. AXIN1 was the most polymorphic gene, while BRAF c.1799T>A (V600E) was the most frequently identified mutation. We detected 36 clinically relevant variants, 75% of which have not been described in the literature. Six of our 8 cytologically malignant and 8 of our 14 indeterminate as well as 20 of our 28 cytologically benign samples were identified as containing pathologic variants in a driver gene (BRAF c.1799T>A, NRAS c.181C>A). Conclusion: We have developed a validated, reliable new generation sequencing-based method with high positive predictive value (89%) and sensitivity (79%), suitable for the early detection of malignant lesions in the thyroid.