本书主要汇集了燃料电池概念与原理,质子交换膜、电催化剂、膜电极、双极板等关键材料和部件的研制与测试方法、环境适应性,单电池、燃料电池电堆以及燃料电池系统等的设计与实验方法的研究成果.本书的出版可为氢能领域的研究和利用人员提供有益参考,为氢能的高效利用提供一定的指导.>>详细本书主要汇集了燃料电池概念与原理,质子交换膜、电催化剂、膜电极、双极板等关键材料和部件的研制与测试方法、环境适应性,单电池、燃料电池电堆以及燃料电池系统等的设计与实验方法的研究成果.本书的出版可为氢能领域的研究和利用人员提供有益参考,为氢能的高效利用提供一定的指导.

The increasing demand for carbon emission reduction has drawn wide attention on the green hydrogen-manufacturing technology. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis based on renewable energies has the lowest carbon emission among the main hydrogen manufacturing methods. This study summarizes the hydrogen demand, hydrogen industry planning, and demonstrations of hydrogen production by water electrolysis. The water electrolysis technology is analyzed, including alkaline water electrolysis and proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. Research reveals that improving electrocatalyst activity, catalyst utilization, bipolar plate surface treatment, and electrolytic bath structures helps optimize the performance of PEM electrolytic baths and lower equipment cost. The PEM water electrolysis has high operating current density, low energy consumption, and high output pressure; therefore, it accommodates the fluctuation of renewable energy power generation and can be easily combined with renewable energy consumption. Considering the technical characteristics of hydrogen transportation and electrolytic hydrogen production as well as hydrogen transportation demand in China, a solution for green hydrogen generation and long-distance transportation is proposed. High-

Energy storage safety is an important component of national energy security and economic development; it has significant impacts on national security, sustainable development, and social stability. The sodium battery technology is considered as one of the most promising grid-scale energy storage technologies owing to its high power density, high energy density, low cost, and high safety. In this article, we highlight the technical advantages and application scenarios of typical sodium battery systems, including sodiumsulfur batteries and sodium-metal chloride batteries. Moreover, we propose the possible development directions of sodium battery technology in China. Furthermore, we suggest supporting the fundamental research and engineering development for sodium batteries, promoting the aggregation of related upstream and downstream industries, and establishing related standards and a performance evaluation platform. These aim to improve the R&D level and technology maturity of China’s sodium battery technologies and provide alternative and reliable choices for the safe energy supply in China.

A series of uniform 3.0–3.8 nm Pt 1− x Ru x particles supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon (N‐C) is synthesized by wet‐impregnation, high‐temperature reduction, and high‐temperature NH 3 etching. As far as it is known, the resultant Pt 0.25 Ru 0.75 /N‐C exhibits the highest activity toward alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in terms of mass specific exchange current density ( j 0,m , 1654 A g PtRu −1 ), that is 4.7 and 1.4 times of commercial Pt/C (352 A g Pt −1 ) and PtRu/C (1213 A g PtRu −1 ), respectively. The remarkable activity originates from a high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), weakened hydrogen binding energy (HBE), and appropriate oxophilic property. Additionally, the Pt 0.25 Ru 0.75 /N‐C displays much improved durability during potential cycling with respect to commercial Pt/C and commercial PtRu/C, likely arising from the stabilizing effect of nitrogen dopant of N‐C on Pt 0.25 Ru 0.75 . Furthermore, the single cell fabricated with 0.08 mg Pt cm −2 of the Pt 0.25 Ru 0.75 /N‐C as the anode reaches a peak power density of 831 mW cm −2 , which is 1.8 and 1.1 times of that fabricated with 0.2 mg Pt cm −2 of commercial Pt/C and 0.13 mg Pt cm −2 of commercial PtRu/C as the anode, respectively. This study exhibits that low‐platinum alkaline HOR electrocatalyst should be a highly promising approach for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs).

从政府政策环境、企业行动、示范运行等方面回顾了2019年氢燃料电池汽车的热点;阐述了氢燃料电池催化剂、膜、膜电极、双极板、电堆的关键技术、研究成果及产品工程开发进展;提出了中国氢燃料电池发展建议.

This paper presents a multi-objective optimization models which operating as time processes (2025-2035) for the design of hydrogen supply chain. The feasibility of the models are illustrated through a detail case study of Dalian, China. Furthermore, the case is evaluated with the total daily costs and CO2 emissions reduction constraints. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen demand, considering the environmental factors, SMR are mostly applied in hydrogen production link. Shahekou and Pulandian grids are suitable for the constructions of hydrogen production units. Tank trucks are the main modes of hydrogen transportation. The proposed design models can provide policy-makers with the selection of infrastructures pathways for strategic dynamic hydrogen development planning.

The excellent alkaline HOR electrocatalytic performance on Pd1−xIrx/N-C arises from the appropriate strength of hydrogen binding and the strongest oxophilic property.

Amorphous TiO2 was introduced into the anion exchange membrane (AEM) derived from vinylbenzyl chloride-divinylbenzene copolymers. The structures and morphologies were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The properties such as ion exchange capacity, hydroxide conductivity, swelling ratio and water uptake were calculated, and the fuel cell performance was tested and compared. The results showed that the hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase separation of the AEM was improved, the water uptake of the AEM also increased from 22.5% to 40.6% and the hydroxide conductivity increased from 35 mS/cm to 43 mS/cm at 30 degrees C in deionized water, and the fuel cell performance was greatly enhanced under unsaturated humidification conditions.

The exploitation of a bifunctional oxygen catalyst with high efficiency is crucial for a high-performance unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC). However, the existing bifunctional oxygen catalysts still suffer from low catalytic efficiency due to sluggish oxygen electrode reactions toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report on a facile synthesis of nanoporous Pt-encapsulated Ir black with Pt/Ir mass ratio of 55/45 (Pt-55@Ir-45) via a newly modified polyol process at room temperature with the aid of water. The resulting Pt-55@Ir-45 catalyst demonstrated to be highly efficient and robust for both ORR and OER, relative to a mixture of commercial Pt and Ir black with Pt/Ir mass ratio of 50/50 (Pt-50/Ir-50). Mass activity of Pt-55@Ir-45 presented an 8.7- and 1.6-fold increase toward ORR and OER, respectively, compared with the Pt-50/Ir-50 catalyst. The enhanced bifunctional performance was rationalized in terms of the maximized Pt utilization, achieved by the excellent dispersion of Pt nanoparticles, and the nanoporous Pt layer constructing a conductive network without impeding the transport of oxygen and water molecules. Our work demonstrates an effective means to encapsulate nanoporous Pt layers on Ir black for the fabrication of bifunctional oxygen catalysts.

The nanofiber electrodes have been considered as promising candidates for commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cells due to their high catalyst utilization and enhanced mass transport efficiency. However, for the first time our research determined that the nanofiber electrodes were restricted by the poor chemical stability of the polymer carriers. To gain further insight into the durability of nanofiber electrodes, both cyclic voltammetry aging tests and Fenton's tests were conducted. Similar to previous reports, our research demonstrated that nanofiber electrodes showed remarkable stability in the cyclic voltammetry aging process. However, Fenton's tests indicated that nanofibers in the electrodes would decompose easily while being attacked by reactive oxygen species such as HO• or HOO•, which greatly limits their practicability and reliability. The different performances under the two tests also demonstrated that the cyclic voltammetry aging protocols, which have been applied extensively, cannot well mirror the real operating conditions of fuel cells.

Pt-Decorated Ir black (Pt@Ir) nanoparticles with two varying Pt mass fractions (Pt4@Ir96 and Pt16@Ir84) were generated by a facile method in water with the aid of Ir black. The Pt@Ir nanoparticles were investigated as a bifunctional oxygen catalysts for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic medium. Benefiting from the good dispersion of ultrafine Pt nanodots on the Ir black surface and the synergistic effect between the Pt and underlying Ir atoms, Pt@Ir nanoparticles have exhibited outstanding ORR activity and comparable OER performance in comparison with commercial Ir black. In particular, Pt16@Ir84 shows an ORR mass activity of 2.6 times that of commercial Pt black and exhibits much better bifunctional performances than a mixture of Pt black and Ir black with a Ir/Pt mass ratio of 50/50 (Pt50Ir50). Our work highlights the effectiveness of decorating Ir black with Pt nanodots to fabricate bifunctional oxygen catalysts.

As a type of new energy vehicle, fuel cell vehicle has attracted increasing attention because of its long driving distance, high power performance, fast fuel filling, and compatibility with renewable energies. Fuel cell stack is the core of a fuel cell vehicle, and specific power indicates the technical level of a fuel cell stack. Using a high-specific-power fuel cell stack technology, the number of stack hardware can be reduced, so the cost of stacks can be significantly lowered. The most advanced fuel cell stack can provide high power in a limited vehicular space owing to its high specific power. However, the specific power of stacks in China still lags behind the advanced level in the world. In this paper, the technical approaches to improving the specific power of the fuel cell stack are discussed, from the aspects of highly active catalyst, enhanced composite proton exchange membrane, high disturbance flow field, conductive and corrosion-resistant thin-metal bipolar plates, as well as assembly and consistency of stacks. Based on the accumulation of theories and from practices, the relevance between the activation/ohmic/mass transfer polarization of fuel cells and materials/components/assembly is analyzed, which provides a reference for further improving the performance and specific power of fuel cell stacks.

以聚丙烯(PP)、酚醛树脂(PF)、天然鳞片石墨(NG)为原料,通过模压工艺制备了质子交换膜燃料电池用复合双极板.研究了聚丙烯质量分数、模压温度、模压压力、保压时间,酚醛树脂加入量对复合板的电导率、抗弯强度、接触电阻等参数的影响.实验结果表明随着聚丙烯含量的增加,复合板的机械性能提高,电导率下降;酚醛树脂的加入可以大幅度提高复合板的抗弯强度;此外,模压温度的升高、模压压力的增加均有利于复合板的抗弯强度;当石墨质量分数为80％,树脂质量分数为20％,其中PF与PP质量比为2:1时,复合板具有最佳的综合性能.

To accelerate the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, ultrafine Pt nanoparticles modified with trace amounts of cobalt were fabricated and decorated on carbon black through a strategy involving modified glycol reduction and chemical etching. The obtained Pt36Co/C catalyst exhibits a much larger electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and an improved ORR electrocatalytic activity compared to commercial Pt/C. Moreover, an electrode prepared with Pt36Co/C was further evaluated under H2-air single cell test conditions, and exhibited a maximum specific power density of 10.27 W mgPt−1, which is 1.61 times higher than that of a conventional Pt/C electrode and also competitive with most state-of-the-art Pt-based architectures. In addition, the changes in ECSA, power density, and reacting resistance during the accelerated degradation process further demonstrate the enhanced durability of the Pt36Co/C electrode. The superior performance observed in this work can be attributed to the synergy between the ultrasmall size and homogeneous distribution of catalyst nanoparticles, bimetallic ligand and electronic effects, and the dissolution of unstable Co with the rearrangement of surface structure brought about by acid etching. Furthermore, the accessible raw materials and simplified operating procedures involved in the fabrication process would result in great cost-effectiveness for practical applications of PEMFCs.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as a power supply device has attracted wide attention in China and abroad for its advantages of high energy density, energy conversion efficiency and zero pollution. With the vigorous support of China’s national policy, research institutes and enterprises have carried out extensive and pragmatic work on the basic materials, key components, stacks, auxiliary systems of PEMFCs, as well as the hydrogen station construction in order to realize the wide application of hydrogen energy. PEMFC System and Engineering Research Center of DICP is one of the earliest players in the H 2 -PEMFCs field. Advances have been achieved in the fields of low-platinum contained catalysts, PEMs, high-efficiency MEAs, low-cost metal bipolar plates, low-temperature and impurity air environment adaptability, stacks and systems. This paper introduces recent progresses of H 2 -PEMFCs at DICP in key materials, components, stacks, systems and the applications. The engineering status of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) and the alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are also summarized. © 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press on behalf of Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Feng Xie , getting his first full time job in 2012, and now is a Ph. D. candidate of chemical engineering tutored by professor Baolian Yi and Zhigang Shao. His research interests are poisoning effects of fuel cell catalysts, synthesis of alkaline anion exchange membrane and the water management of AEMFC and PEMFC. He also gains some experience on producing AEMs and bipolar plates at scale. Dr. Zhigang Shao , professor, Ph. D. adviser, choice of Ten Thousand Talent Program of China , the head of division of fuel cell and battery, also the leader of fuel cell system and engineering research center of DICP, CAS, has long been devoted to fuel cell system engineering and system integration technology research. He has published more than 190 academic papers and applied for more than 200 patents, in which more than 50 patents are granted. The directions of the research center also include catalysts, membranes, MEAs, bipolar plates and stacks of PEMFC and PEMWE, and the process engineering and technologies of PEMFC. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: zhgshao@dicp.ac.cn (Z. Shao). Dr. Ming Hou , professor, Ph. D. adviser. Her research interests include PEMFC electrode materials, bipolar plates, stacks and relevant components, as well as the fundamental researches on PEMFC degradation mechanism, durability enhancement and operating strategies etc. She has published more than 100 academic papers, and participated in the formulation of more than 15 fuel cell standards of China. She won the first prize of scientific and technological progress in Liaoning Province and the first-class award of Dalian scientific and technological progress. Dr. Hongmei Yu , Professor, Ph. D. adviser, leader of high efficiency water electrolysis team (B), deputy general secretary of National Technical Committee 342 on Fuel Cell and Flow Battery of Standardization Administration of China , fuel cell standard expert in IEC TC105. Her research interests include membrance electrode assembly (MEA), interface phenomena in fuel cells and water electrolysis, subzero startup of PEMFCs, photoelectrochemical cell and alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cell. She authored more than 90 publications in peer-reviewed journals and more than 120 patents. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2019.07.012 2095-4956/© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press on behalf of Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 130 F. Xie, Z. Shao and M. Hou et al. / Journal of Energy Chemistry 36 (2019) 129–140 Dr. Wei Song , associate professor, master advisors, leader of PEMFC key material team (B). Her research interests focus on MEAs of PEMFC, including the structures, interface phenomena, performance and durability, especially under low Pt loading conditions. She also gains plenty of experience on setting up patch production line of MEAs. By now she has published more than 10 academic papers and applied for more than 20 patents. Dr. Shucheng Sun , professor, master advisors, leader of PEMFC key technology team (B). His research interests include water management of PEMFC and PEMWE stacks and systems, mainly on the durability and high pressure of produced gases, as well as enlarging the gas production scale. He has gained the first-class award of Dalian Scientific and Technological Progress. Until now, he has published more than 17 academic papers, and applied for 35 patents. Dr. Li Zhou , professor, master advisors. His research interests include the stack and systems of MCFC, SOFC, PEMFC and RFC, especially the applications of the fuel cell systems. He is the choice of Key Technology Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and won the first-class award of Dalian Technological Invention. He has published 10 academic papers and applied for 31 patents until now. Professor Baolian Yi , Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, a chief scientist in China 863 high-tech program. His research field covers alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, PEMFC, regenerative fuel cell, direct methanol fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell and so on. He founded the R& D Centre on Fuel Cells of DICP in 1968. He led to set up the China Fuel Cell Test Centre. He also led to establish the National Engineering Centre of Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technology. He has trained more than 100 masters and doctors, who are now professors and senior engineers, and most of them play important roles in China’s fuel cell academic world and industrial world. d b T l n p e t t m p f l

Abstract Hydrogen is a clean secondary energy carrier, and hydrogen fuel cells (FC) have the advantages of high fuel energy conversion rate, low noise, and zero emission. Hydrogen is also a bridge between renewable energy and traditional fossil energy, via hydrogen fuel cells, the blueprint of clean energy utilization can be realized in the future. The major developed countries in the world have paid great attention to the development of hydrogen energy. At present, hydrogen energy and fuel cells have been initially commercialized in some sub-fields. For example, the research and commercial application development of hydrogen FC and FC vehicles are rapidly developing in Japan, the United States, and Europe, and they continues to innovate in hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen perfusion. China has followed the footsteps of developed countries in the world, while the imperfect hydrogen and fuel cell industrial chain leads to high cost. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen research on key materials, realize the engineering and localization of core materials and components, establish production lines, and complete the industrial chain as soon as possible. In view of these, China has already deployed complete vehicles, systems and stacks in the industry chain, but there are still few related companies of FC parts and components, especially the most basic key materials and components, such as proton exchange membranes, carbon paper, catalysts, air compressors, hydrogen circulation pump, etc. Although some Chinese companies have involved in above products, there is still a big gap on reliability and durability compared with internationally advanced products. Most of the key components still rely on imports. Moreover, the high cost of hydrogen production and transport, the imperfect infrastructure such as hydrogen refueling stations, and unsound technical standards and testing systems all limit the development of FC vehicles. To develop FC vehicles in China, we should accelerate the construction of hydrogen refueling stations drived by commercial vehicles in order to reduce the cost of hydrogen and FCs. We should also exploit the hydrogen FC vehicle industry cluster, and promote the development of the entire industry chain. In terms of safeguard measures and policy requirements, it is necessary to strengthen the top-level design, comprehensively depict the development path of hydrogen fuel cells;

The electrode Pt-loading has an effect on the number of active sites and the thickness of catalyst layer, which has huge influence on the mass transfer and water management during dynamic process in PEMFCs. In this study, membrane electrode assemblies with different Pt-loadings were prepared, and PEMFCs were assembled using those membrane electrode assemblies with traditional solid plate and water transport plate as cathode flow-field plates, respectively. The performance and electrochemical surface area of cells were characterized to evaluate the membrane electrode assemblies degradation after rapid current-variation cycles. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to investigate the decay of catalyst layers and Pt/C catalyst. With the increase of Pt-loading, the performance degradation of membrane electrode assemblies will be mitigated. But higher Pt-loading means thicker catalyst layer, which leads to a longer pathway of mass transfer, and it may result in carbon material corrosion in membrane electrode assemblies. The decay of Pt/C catalyst in cathode is mainly caused by the corrosion of carbon support, and the degradation of anode Pt/C catalyst is a consequence of migration and aggregation of Pt particles. And using water transport plate is beneficial to alleviating the age of cathode Pt/C catalyst.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) as a power supply device has attracted wide attention in China and abroad for its advantages of high energy density, energy conversion efficiency and zero pollution.With the vigorous support of China’s national policy, research institutes and enterprises have carried out extensive and pragmatic work on the basic materials, key components, stacks, auxiliary systems of PEMFCs, as well as the hydrogen station construction in order to realize the wide application of hydrogen energy.PEMFC System and Engineering Research Center of DICP is one of the earliest players in the H 2 -PEMFCs field.Advances have been achieved in the fields of low-platinum contained catalysts,PEMs, high-efficiency MEAs, low-cost metal bipolar plates, low-temperature and impurity air environment adaptability, stacks and systems.This paper introduces recent progresses of H 2 -PEMFCs at DICP in key materials, components, stacks, systems and the applications.The engineering status of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE) and the alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells(AEMFCs)are also summarized.

Ionic liquid with quaternary ammonium and tertiary amine head groups is obtained by adding 4-vinylbenzylchloride (VBC) into tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) drop by drop in the ice water bath. The ionic liquid is polymerized at 100 degrees C with porous polyethylene (PE) membrane as the substrate, resulting in a porefilled anion exchange membrane. After soaking in 1 M KOH solution for 48 h, an alkaline anion exchange membrane is obtained. The conductivity of the membrane is 32.8 mS/cm at 60 degrees C and is stable in 1 M KOH for > 350 h. And the tensile strength at break is > 80 MPa with a swelling rate of about 26.7%. The water permeability is also improved, mostly because the tertiary amine head groups afford extra water transport channels. The half-cell tests show that the ionic liquid monomer ruins the activity of Pt/C catalyst, while after polymerizing the ionic liquid and washing the resulted AEM for several times, the AEM do not poison the catalyst any more. The peak power density of the single cell using this membrane reaches 545 mW/cm(2) at 1000 mA/cm(2).