Sodium metal batteries based on gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), recognized for their high electrochemical efficiency and lower cost compared to lithium-based systems, are considered as one of the most promising new energy storage technologies. However, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) still face severe sodium dendrite issues when applied to sodium metal batteries. Herein, an integrated bulk-interface regulation strategy is proposed by in situ UV curing a precursor solution containing nonafluorohexyl methacrylate (NFA) and NaPF6 electrolyte on a PVDF-HFP electrospun membrane. The long side-chains introduced by NFA in polymers provide high fracture tensile stress (6.7 MPa) and good mechanical resilience through physical entanglement triggered. Meanwhile, the fluorine-rich system promotes sodium salt dissociation, and the C--O active sites on the polymer chain offer rapid sodium ion transport channels, resulting in high ionic conductivity (2.4 & times; 10-3 S cm- 1) and a high ion transference number (0.64). Simultaneously, the fluorinated interphase engineering constructs a robust inorganic-rich SEI layer to enable efficient interfacial ion transfer and protection. NVP||Na battery achieves prolonged operation with a retention rate of 97.30% and a discharge capacity of 109.66 mAh g- 1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5C rate. This integrated bulk-interface regulation strategy effectively suppresses dendrite growth, achieving ultra-long stable cycling and offering new insights for the design of high-performance gel polymer electrolytes.

The development of polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, robust mechanical strength, and excellent interfacial stability remains a critical challenge for high-performance sodium metal batteries (SMBs). Herein, a "chemical-structural dual regulation" strategy introduces complementary soft and hard segments into a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), enabling concurrent optimization of solvation structure and mechanical properties. Soft segments with strong electron-withdrawing -CF3 groups form solvent-rich domains that weaken Na+-solvent interactions, while amide N-H groups create polymer-rich domains that enhance mechanical strength and anchor anions via hydrogen bonding, promoting sodium salt dissociation. Benefiting from this rational molecular design, GPE-9 delivers an outstanding ionic conductivity of 1.11 mS cm-1 and a high Na+ transference number of 0.74 at room temperature, and supports long-term cycling of Na||Na symmetric cell at 0.2 mA cm-2 for 7000 h. The Na|GPE-9|Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cell demonstrates excellent rate durability, sustaining 12 000 and 20 000 cycles at 5C and 10C, respectively, with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, a 29-layer pouch cell with NVP cathode and hard carbon (HC) anode delivers a high capacity approaching 1.0 Ah. This study demonstrates that designing polymer segments capable of regulating solvation structure and directing interfacial fluorination offers a promising strategy for high-performance GPEs for Na batteries.

Harvesting reversible oxygen anionic redox (OAR) is essential for high-energy P2-type manganese-based cathodes, yet it is plagued by irreversible oxygen release and structural degradation. While 3d dopants (e.g., Cu, Fe) have been proven to stabilize lattice oxygen via a Reductive Coupling Mechanism (RCM) that reinforces TM-O covalency, the activation of such a dynamic mechanism on the host Mn ions-despite theoretical predictions-remains experimentally elusive. Herein, we propose an Fe-mediated Dual-RCM that synergistically stabilizes the anionic redox chemistry through dynamic band structure modulation. Combined in-situ/ex-situ spectroscopic analyses reveal that Fe3+ substitution induces the pre-reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+, accompanied by the introduction of oxygen vacancies. This electronic reconfiguration effectively optimizes the initial metal-oxygen hybridization. Subsequently, under high-voltage desodiation, the generated high-valence Fe/Mn species undergo orbital contraction. The associated spectroscopic and structural evolution suggests enhanced TM-O hybridization and is consistent with a reduction in the effective charge-transfer energy (Delta), thereby facilitating a critical overlap between O 2p bands and Mn/Fe t2g orbitals. This energetic alignment facilitates a dual electron back-donation process that locks oxidized oxygen into a stable Fe/Mn-(O-O) covalent network. This mechanism effectively suppresses oxygen release and mitigates structural degradation. Consequently, the P2-Na0.72Li0.24Mn0.66Fe0.10O2 (NLMF) cathode delivers excellent cycling stability (retaining 120.5 mAh g- 1 after 170 cycles at 40 mA g- 1) and outstanding rate capability (delivering 104.7 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1). Collectively, this work underscores the critical role of dynamic TM-O coupling in stabilizing OAR behavior and elucidates its underlying mechanism through electronic structure modulation, offering a feasible design strategy for high-performance P2-NaXMnO2 cathodes.

P2-type sodium-deficient Mn-based layered oxides with anionic oxygen redox are promising cathodes for high-energy sodium-ion batteries, yet their practical application is hindered by irreversible oxygen loss, transition-metal migration, parasitic interfacial reactions, and rapid structural degradation under high-voltage operation. Herein, we propose a phytic acid (PA)-mediated multiscale reconstruction strategy to regulate the surface to near-bulk structure of P2-type Na0.72Li0.24Mn0.76O2 (NLM). Upon secondary annealing, PA transforms the residual surface alkali into an ion-conductive Na3PO4 outer layer. Meanwhile, the annealing-induced localized reductive environment promotes oxygen-vacancy (VO) formation and gradient P5+ doping in the near-bulk region. The P5+ preferentially coordinates as [PO4] tetrahedra to replace [MO6] octahedra, enlarging the charge-transfer gap (Δ) via the inductive effect. Concurrently, the charge compensation effect drives local Mn4+ reduction, which lowers the Hubbard U. This dual band regulation thermodynamically stabilizes the lattice oxygen. Furthermore, the VO-enriched environment and P5+ doping synergistically drive the migration and subsequent oxidation of the reduced Mn species, triggering the formation of a Li2MnO3-like buffer interphase. Consequently, the modified PA-NLM delivers an improved rate capability of 99.19 mAh·g-1 at 5 C and enhanced long-term cycling stability, retaining 124.3 mA·h·g–1 within 1.8–4.7 V after 150 cycles at 1 C. This work provides a viable surface-to-near-bulk stabilization paradigm for durable high-voltage sodium-ion cathodes.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy density. However, their practical application is hindered by Li/solid-state electrolyte interfacial issues, including poor contact, lithium dendrites, and side reactions, while polarization under high current densities or areal capacities cannot be ignored. Herein, we report a multifunctional composite interlayer (BN-ASDSI) composed of a flexible polymer scaffold, a sultone-based electrolyte, and boron nitride (BN) to address these challenges. Benefiting from the Lewis acid-base interaction, BN-ASDSI exhibits an anion-anchoring effect that induces a localized microelectric field, accelerating Li+ transport while restricting anion mobility. Concurrently, the solvent-repelling property of BN mitigates interfacial side reactions, synergistically promoting the formation of LiF-rich inorganic solid-state interface to stabilize the Li metal. Notably, the symmetric cell with BN-ASDSI achieves an ultrahigh critical current density of 8.8 mA cm-2. Most impressively, the LiFePO4 SSB delivers stable operation for 1500 cycles at 6 C with a capacity retention >92%, while the high-loading LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 (17.2 mg cm-2) SSB exhibits a high discharge areal capacity of 3.2 mAh cm-2 at 1 C and retains 93% capacity after 80 cycles at 0.33 C, showcasing the practical potential of BN-ASDSI enabled SSBs.

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold great promise for next-generation energy storage owing to their high theoretical energy density and the abundance of sulfur. Realizing their practical potential, however, requires electrodes with high sulfur loading, high areal capacity, and operation under lean electrolyte conditions—requirements that exacerbate intrinsic challenges such as polysulfide shuttling, sluggish redox kinetics, and poor electrode integrity. MXenes, a rapidly emerging family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, offer a unique combination of high electrical conductivity, abundant surface terminations, tunable chemistry, and structural robustness, making them particularly suited for high-loading Li–S systems. In this review, we summarize the key physicochemical properties of MXenes and elucidate their interaction mechanisms with sulfur/polysulfides, tracing recent advances in MXene-based materials for Li–S batteries across their applications on sulfur hosts, separator modification and lithium anode protection, with emphasis on their role in enabling high sulfur utilization and long-term cycling stability. The discussion highlights how MXenes and their heterostructures enhance polysulfide adsorption, catalyze redox conversion, and maintain electrode integrity, while also promoting uniform lithium deposition. Finally, we provide perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in tailoring MXene composition, surface chemistry, and structural design to accelerate the development of practical, high-energy-density Li–S batteries.

O3-type transition metal layered oxides (NaxTMO2), as typical cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), exhibit significant advantages, including low cost, high theoretical specific capacity and long-term cycling stability, positioning them as highly promising cathode candidates. However, their practical application is severely bottlenecked by sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics, which not only restricts rate performance but also induces irreversible phase transitions and stress-induced micro-cracking. In this work, we integrate a dual strategy of morphology engineering and elemental doping to develop an efficient and scalable spray granulation method for synthesizing the Co-doped Na(Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3)0.98Co0.02O2 (Co-NFM) cathode. The porous microspherical structure with nanoscale primary particles significantly increases specific surface area and reduces unstable influencing factors. Simultaneously, Co doping enhances electronic conductivity and electrochemical activity, and stabilizes the layered crystal structure. Benefiting from these synergistic advantages, the Co-NFM cathode exhibits ultra-high rate performance (116.7 mAh g⁻1 at 10C) and excellent cycle stability (81.39% retention after 200 cycles at 1C). Furthermore, through systematic multi-scale characterization (in-situ DRT, in-situ SR-XRD and COMSOL simulation), we elucidate the intrinsic correlations among “kinetics, structure, and failure mechanisms”, indicating the excellent kinetics of Co-NFM can effectively suppresses concentration polarization, alleviates structural strain, stabilizes the electrode interface, and preserves mechanical integrity. This work provides a novel synthetic methodology for high-rate and long-cycle NaxTMO2 cathodes, emphasizes the importance of kinetics for structural stability, thereby advancing the development of high-performance and fast-charging SIBs.

A PEO-based electrolyte achieved 10 −4 S cm −1 at 30 °C via a host–guest strategy, enabling all-solid-state sodium batteries.

Ultrathin composite solid-state electrolytes with ultrathin thicknesses and ultra-low weight exhibit significant prospects for constructing high-energy-density solid-state sodium metal batteries (SSSMBs). However, composite quasi-solid-state electrolytes (CSSEs) based on ceramic powder usually show discontinuous ionic transport channels and uneven agglomeration of the powder, which limits their practical performance. In this work, a 3D continuous self-supporting Na3.3Mg0.15Zr1.85Si2PO12 (NMZSP) ultrathin ceramic skeleton is sintered and further combined with an in situ UV curing process of trihydroxymethylpropyl triacrylate (TMPTA) to achieve an 18 mu m-thick ultrathin NMZSP ceramic skeleton composite quasi-solid-state electrolyte (UNSCE). The introduction of a ceramic skeleton effectively prevents ceramic powder agglomeration. Moreover, the synergistic interaction between the ceramic skeleton and the polymer matrix creates an abundant continuous two-phase interface, which promotes the selective and rapid transportation of Na+. Therefore, UNSCE demonstrates a high Na+ transference number (0.76). COMSOL simulations confirm that the 3D ceramic skeleton facilitates uniform current density, reducing dendrite formation risks. The Na | UNSCE | Na3V2(PO4)3 cell obtains a capacity retention of 91% after 500 cycles at 1C and a discharge capacity of 83.8 mAh g-1 at 10C. In summary, this work presents a scalable fabrication strategy for high-performance ultrathin CSSEs based on a non-inert ceramic skeleton, advancing practical deployment in SSSMBs.

Solid‐state sodium metal batteries (SSSMBs) employing NASICON‐type solid‐state electrolytes and sodium metal anodes promise enhanced safety and high‐energy density, yet the poor anodic interface compatibility induced growth of Na dendrites and excessive consumption of sodium metal still hinder their application. In this work, a 3D porous carbon‐supported ultrathin sodium anode with superionic conductivity and high diffusivity is designed on the surface of the NASICON electrolytes, which serve as sodium‐ion pump to improve the sodium‐ion‐transfer kinetics. The fast ion/electron transfer within the composite anode effectively solved the problem of rapid consumption of Na + and local charge accumulation at the anodic interface, thereby achieving dendrite‐free Na deposition. A high critical current density of 3.5 mA cm −2 and a long cycling life of 6000 h at 0.2 mA cm −2 are achieved for the symmetrical cells. Coupled with Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode, the full cells exhibit a high‐capacity retention of 90.2% after 5100 cycles at 10 C. Most importantly, SSSMBs using a limited Na metal anode paired with 17.3 mg cm −2 Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode (1.05 negative/positive capacity ratio) deliver an outstanding capacity retention of 97% for 100 cycles. This work demonstrates a promising ultrathin Na anode toward the development of practical and sustainable high‐performance SSSMBs.

The design of electrode material nanostructures including reducing material sizes and designing appropriate heterostructures, has great potential in improving charge storage dynamics and enhancing practical performance. In this study, we present the innovative synthesis of SnO2-SnS2/graphene heterojunction composite materials via a controlled vulcanization reaction process. The unique structure endows the composite with high electronic conductivity, rapid ion diffusion rates, elevated electrochemical activity, excellent structural stability, and abundant reaction sites, making it a highly efficient anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Half-cell tests demonstrate that the SnO2-SnS2/r-G composite achieves a first Coulombic efficiency of 77.3% at a high current density of 5 A/g, showing remarkable cycling stability. Remarkably, the composite retains a reversible capacity of 330 mA center dot h/g after 1000 cycles, with a capacity retention rate of 77.5%. Moreover, we elucidate the specific sodium storage mechanisms of the heterojunction composite electrode via in-situ and ex-situ characterization methods. Furthermore, a full battery utilizing Na0.53MnO2 as the cathode and SnO2-SnS2/r-G composite as the anode exhibits outstanding rate performance and long-term cycling stability. This method of heterostructure design and fabrication, coupled with the exceptional performance metrics, suggests that the SnO2-SnS2/r-G heterostructure is a promising candidate for advanced anode materials in SIBs applications. (c) 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Chinese Ceramic Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Planar high-temperature sodium-nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries represent a promising energy storage technology. However, achieving high areal capacity at large current density remains challenging for Na-NiCl2 batteries. In this study, nickel-iron nanoparticles anchored on reduced graphene oxide (NiFe@RGO) is synthesized and serves as active metal electrode of Na-NiCl2 batteries. The superior conductivity of RGO reduces charge transfer resistance, while the incorporation of active Fe minimizes polarization, thereby enhancing rate performance. As a result, the NiFe@RGO electrode (≈10 wt.% Fe) presents an areal capacity of ≈6.7 mAh cm-2 at 14.67 mA cm-2 and can run stably over 200 cycles at 11 mA cm-2 with capacity retention of 98.4%. High-areal-loading (150 mg cm-2) cathode demonstrates a capacity of 18.7 mAh cm-2 at 19.25 mA cm-2, while maintaining extra run of 450 and 500 cycles at 11 and 16.5 mA cm-2, respectively. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) coupled with direct current internal resistance (DCIR) analysis reveals that NiFe@RGO electrode maintains low interfacial impedance and interior resistance during the charge-discharge, correlating with its outstanding rate capability. This work provides guidance for the design of Na-NiCl2 batteries with high areal capacity and high-rate performance.

A grain boundary modification strategy relying on the liquid-sintering method is proposed for using NASICON-type ceramics Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 as solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). It is found that with the addition of Na3AlF6, the grain boundaries of Na3.3Mg0.15Zr1.85Si2PO12 ceramics (MNZSP) are filled with the amorphous and nanocrystalline phase reducing the electronic conductivity and improving the mechanical strength of the electrolyte. This effectively inhibits dendrite initiation and blocks sodium dendrite penetration. Besides, the grain boundary phase with high ionic conductivity is conducive to provide a continuous Na+ transport path through the whole electrolyte. Thus, the symmetric cells represent a high critical current density (CCD) of 2.1 mA cm-2 and demonstrate extended cycling stability over 1200 h at 0.3 mA cm-2. The high-load-capacity (99.1 mAh g-1) full-cells based on MNZSP demonstrate remarkable cycling stability for 200 cycles at 0.5 C. This grain boundary modification approach presents a promising pathway for developing practical high-performance SSEs.

The development of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries with high capacity has been limited by the shuttle effect from slow kinetics of sulfur species and limited lithium-ion migration, leading to rapid capacity decay. Here, a CoFe alloy coated with nitrogen-doped porous carbon (CoFe@NPC) is designed as a separator modification material for Li-S batteries to enhance reaction kinetics and promote lithium-ion transportation. CoFe alloy prolongs the S-S and Li-S bonds of polysulfides, which lowers the reaction energy barrier during the reduction of polysulfides and oxidation of Li2S, facilitating the deposition and dissociation of Li2S. Moreover, the NPC layer and highly conductive CoFe alloy ensure timely lithium-ion sources during the polysulfide conversion process. Consequently, the CoFe@NPC-modified separator can effectively utilize active material and suppress polysulfide shuttle, bringing about improved performance of Li-S batteries. These batteries demonstrate a high initial discharge specific capacity of 1242.94 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C and excellent long-term cycling stability with a capacity decay of only 0.033% per cycle over 400 cycles. Furthermore, the pouch cell with an initial capacity of 178.8 mAh shows stable cycling for over 60 cycles, highlighting the potential practical application of Li-S batteries. This work provides a proposal for the design of separator modification materials for practical Li-S batteries.

The Zebra (Na-NiCl2) batteries are regarded as a promising option for large-scale electrical energy storage due to their plentiful electrode material resources, high energy density, and safety features. In the cathode of Zebra battery, the nickel powders serve as both an active material and a conductive agent. In practice, its amount is significantly greater than its theoretical usage, often exceeding three times the theoretical amount. Hence, the presence of ultra-excessive nickel results in high material costs, posing obstacles to the wider implementation of Zebra batteries. To address this problem, we introduce hollow nickel source as active material to improve the nickel utilization in Zebra battery. In this work, we assemble Zebra batteries using nickel hollow spheres (NHS) with sizes of similar to 200 nm, similar to 500 nm, similar to 1 mu m and similar to 5 mu m as nickel source. The battery using NHSs with a size of 1 mu m exhibits the best cycling performance and the lowest polarization voltage. By reducing the Ni(NHS, similar to 1 mu m)/NaCl mass ratio to 1.0, 60% theoretical capacity can be achieved after 170 cycles at 260 degrees C, which surpasses the traditional batteries using solid nickel source at the same Ni/NaCl ratio. This performance is comparable to that of traditional solid nickel sources with a mass ratio of 1.5 to NaCl. Therefore, using NHS as the nickel source in Zebra batteries reduces nickel usage by 33% without compromising performance.

Silicon-based composite materials hold great promise as potential anode alternatives for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by the sluggish diffusion kinetics of lithium ions and significant volume expansion effects, which severely limit their actual capacity and cycle performance. This study describes the development of a novel Si@Sn-SnO2@carbon composite, which exhibits a synchronous buffering effect, thereby enabling high reversible capacity and stable LIBs. In this composite structure, a consistent 5-10 nm thick Sn-SnO2 layer is coated onto the nano-Si surface, and a uniform 7-10 nm thick amorphous carbon layer is applied to the outermost layer, creating a double-layer core-shell architecture. The innovative composite electrode offers several advantages: it adapts well to stress and maintains structural integrity, thereby preventing agglomeration and polarization during cycling. Additionally, it facilitates rapid lithium-ion diffusion and efficient electronic transfer, which contribute to high rate capabilities and ultra-stable cycle performance. The study also demonstrates the performance of a full battery incorporating this material, showcasing acceptable electrochemical characteristics. The research findings indicate that the Si@Sn-SnO2@C nanocomposite material developed in this study holds substantial potential for the practical application of high specific energy LIBs.

A biodegradable gel polymer electrolyte based on biodegradable polyurethane (PU) coated polydopamine (PDA) was synthesized through a low-cost and simple phase inversion method for developing high-performance sodium batteries. The PU polymer substrate possesses satisfactory tensile strength and brilliant elasticity benefited from a rigid-flexible bifunctional structure, which can resist the deformation and penetration induced by the sodium dendrite. In the meantime, the ion transference number of the gel polymer electrolyte can reach up to 0.70 due to dissociation of sodium salts by polar groups on PDA@PU. Moreover, the PDA coating layer can provide higher surface energy and conjugate effect on the liquid electrolyte to construct an unblocked sodium ion transfer channel, avoid leakage risk of liquid electrolyte, and reduce side reactions at the interface. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the PU substrate and the PDA coating layer, the gel polymer electrolyte enabled sodium battery with Na3V2(PO4)(3) (NVP) cathode shows a capacity retention as high as 84% after 1000 cycles at 2 C. This work demonstrates that the synthesized gel polymer electrolyte has a surprising prospect for practical application to guarantee the high toughness and fast ion conduction simultaneously required at relatively high charge-discharge rate.

Nickel-rich layered oxide cathode material LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These cathode materials possess high theoretical specific capacity, fast electron/ion transfer rate, and high output voltage. However, their potential is impeded by interface instability, irreversible phase transition, and the resultant significant capacity loss, limiting their practical application in LIBs. In this work, a simple and scalable approach is proposed to prepare gradient cathode material (M-NCM) with excellent structural stability and rate performance. Taking advantage of the strong coordination of Ni2+ with ammonia and the reduction reaction of KMnO4, the elemental compositions of the Ni-rich cathode are reasonably adjusted. The resulted gradient compositional design plays a crucial role in stabilizing the crystal structure, which effectively mitigates Li/Ni mixing and suppresses unwanted surficial parasitic reactions. As a result, the M-NCM cathode maintains 98.6% capacity after 200 cycles, and a rapid charging ability of 107.5 mAh g-1 at 15 C. Furthermore, a 1.2 Ah pouch cell configurated with graphite anode demonstrates a lifespan of over 500 cycles with only 8% capacity loss. This work provides a simple and scalable approach for the in situ construction of gradient cathode materials via cooperative coordination and deposition reactions.

While the formation of an inorganic‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role, the persistent challenge lies in the formation of an organic‐rich SEI due to the high solvent ratio in low‐concentration electrolytes (LCEs), which hinders the achievement of high‐performance lithium metal batteries. Herein, by incorporating di‐fluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC) as a non‐solvating cosolvent, a solvation structure dominated by anions is introduced in the innovative LCE, leading to the creation of a durable and stable inorganic‐rich SEI. Leveraging this electrolyte design, the Li||NCM83 cell demonstrates exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 82.85% of its capacity over 500 cycles at 1 C. Additionally, Li||NCM83 cell with a low N/P ratio (≈2.57) and reduced electrolyte volume (30 µL) retain 87.58% of its capacity after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. Direct molecular information is utilized to reveal a strong correlation between solvation structures and reduction sequences, proving the anion‐dominate solvation structure can impedes the preferential reduction of solvents and constructs an inorganic‐rich SEI. These findings shed light on the pivotal role of solvation structures in dictating SEI composition and battery performance, offering valuable insights for the design of advanced electrolytes for next‐generation lithium metal batteries.

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) can be developed on a large scale to achieve low-cost and high-capacity energy storage systems. Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) can relieve volatilization of liquid electrolyte, adapt to volume changes in electrodes, and better satisfy the requirements of long-term SMBs. Herein, a dense polyurethane-based GPE modified with polyacrylonitrile is synthesized by rapidly swelling two-component polyurethane/polyacrylonitrile electrospun fiber film. Compared to traditional porous GPEs obtained by swelling porous matrixes, the fiber film provides uniform high Na+ flux inside GPE due to its partial solubility property and ability to dissociate salts. Therefore, it can reduce the polarization effect and induce uniform metal deposition under high current in conjunction with its constructed hybrid N/F-containing solid electrolyte interface (SEI) that possesses low ionic diffusion barrier. The study demonstrates that GPE has an ionic conductivity of 1.816 mS cm(-1) at 20 degrees C and an ion transference number of 0.53. The full battery (NVP/GPE/Na) assembled with this GPE and Na3V2(PO4)(3) (NVP) cathode shows 90.8% capacity retention rate after 1000 cycles at 10 C. Considering the convenient preparation and outstanding electrochemical performances of the obtained GPE, it can also be matched with other electrodes in the future to expand the application of sodium-based batteries.