In 2017, Elon University became one of very few universities in the United States without a medical school to have an in‐house Anatomical Gift Program (AGP). The program accepts first‐person‐consenting individuals only and within 2.5 years has become self‐sufficient, supporting anatomy curricular needs of its physical therapy, physician assistant, and undergraduate biology and anthropology programs (n = 21 donors annually). This paper describes the timeline, costs, and benefits of developing an in‐house AGP at a university without a medical school. Policy development, public outreach, equipment needs, and cost benefits are discussed. Within 2.5 years of program opening, the AGP Director delivered 161 educational outreach presentations at 86 different venues across the state providing information on anatomical gifting. The program registered 320 individuals (60% female, 40% male) and enrolled 41 deceased donors (69% female, 31% male; average age of 74.6 at time of registration and 74.8 at donation). During the first seven months of the program, donor preparation costs (with outsourcing for transport/donor preparation/document filing/serology testing/cremation) averaged US$ 2,100 per donor. Over the past 23 months, donor preparation has been completed on site, lowering the cost per donor to US$ 1,260. Other costs include personnel salaries, legal fees, and outfitting of the anatomy laboratory and preparatory room. Program benefits include support of anatomy education on campus, assurance that all donors have given first‐person consent, and faculty/student access to donor‐determined health, social, and occupational information. Faculty, staff, and students contribute to the daily operations of the AGP.

A dose dependent satiating and thermogenic effect of animal-based protein has been observed, however, less is known wherever plant-based protein elicits same response. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a breakfast meal containing varying doses of plant-based soy protein (SP) on appetite profile, hormone response, energy metabolism and energy intake. METHODS:Seventeen participants (age: 27 ± 7 y, body fat: 21.5 ± 6.9%) in randomized order consumed one of three isoenergetic liquid breakfast meals (482 ± 5 kcals): high SP (HSP; 50 g), low SP (LSP; 25 g) and control (CON; 50 g carbohydrate) followed by an ad libitum lunch 3 h later. Appetite profile was measured before, immediately after and hourly during the 3 h postprandial period. Plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin were measured before, at 30 and 180 min. RESULTS:Energy intake at lunch per kilogram of body weight was significantly higher after CON (11 ± 3.6 kcal/kg) compared to HSP (9.1 ± 3.0 kcal/kg) but not compared to LSP (10.2 ± 2.7 kcal/kg). Participants hunger was higher, whereas, satiety and fullness were lower after CON (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed in leptin or insulin responses between meals, however, a significant change over time was observed for insulin (p = 0.02) but not leptin (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION:Liquid breakfast meals with higher dose of soy protein reduced energy intake when adjusted by body weight at lunch and was rated as more satiating compared to an isoenergetic CON meal.

BackgroundAs the number of health care education programs, fresh tissue labs, research opportunities, and anatomy education programs rises so does the need for human donor resources.1 Most US medical schools rely on anatomical gift programs (AGPs) for donors to support curricular needs. Physician Assistant (PA) and Physical Therapy (PT) education programs rely heavily on medical schools and state anatomy boards for these needs, while very few have in‐house willed body programs.2,3In 2016, Elon University became one of very few non‐medical schools to have its own in‐house AGP to meet the anatomy curricular needs of its PT, PA, and undergraduate biology programs.PurposeDescribe the costs and benefits involved in developing a non‐medical school, in‐house anatomical gift program to support the curricula for PT, PA and biology education.MethodsData on public education outreach, registrant demographics, and benefits to curricula are reported. Cost/benefit analysis is presented for the first year of the program.ResultsElon University's curricular need for full enrollment is 19 donors per year. Within one year of opening donor enrollment the program has registered 90 participants, 9 of whom have deceased (7 female and 2 male donors; average age at time of death 74.4) and will support anatomy education in 2018. At the time of writing, program registrants include 62% female (avg 72.8 yrs) and 36% male (avg 75.5 yrs) registrants. All donations are first‐person consent.In the past year the AGP Director has visited 65 venues in a 45‐mile radius of campus (n=1520 participants) to provide educational outreach on anatomic gifting. This equates to a 6% return in registration from educational outreach efforts. Registrants (n=82) report reasons for donating as: contributing to student learning 68.3%; contributing to medical research 17%; doing something good 11%; and giving back to Elon 9.8%.Cost for in‐house donor preparation (with outsourcing for donor transport/document filing) is $965 / donor excluding personnel time. Other costs include a full‐time AGP director salary, cost of faculty/lab manager training in anatomical embalming, and $32,000 to outfit the anatomy lab prep room with donor storage, hydraulic lift, embalming table, and embalming unit. Benefits include sustainable and ethical support of anatomy education on our campus with first person, consent driven donation and access to donor‐determined health, social, and occupational information.The university and surrounding community have been involved in the AGP's development from the onset. Start‐up costs are phased in to accommodate growth of the AGP. Anatomy faculty/staff are invested in the success of the AGP and contribute to policy development, outreach, and donor care. Students have been involved since the program's conception to offer insight and support educational outreach.Discussion/ConclusionsThus far in implementation the program's costs are outweighed by its projected long‐term benefits. Curricular needs are supported at nearly 50% in the first year. A team approach has been successful, with faculty, staff, and students contributing to the development and operation of the AGP. Administrative/community support are essential to a successful program. Registrants' reasons for donation are in keeping with current cultural trends to support education and research. Cost/benefit analysis of the program will continue.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) experience a greater fall risk than healthy individuals of the same age. Obesity has been associated to an even greater fall risk in persons with COPD. Gait abnormalities such as an increasing step width has also been associated with severity of COPD. Recent research has shown that a high intensity intervention decreases step width in persons with COPD. However, no research has been done to investigate possible difference in gait pattern between persons with COPD who have obesity and those who have a healthy body mass index (BMI). PURPOSE: To investigate differences in gait pattern between people with COPD who have obesity and those who have a healthy BMI. METHODS: 9 persons with COPD who have a BMI in the Obese category (OBMI) and 5 persons with COPD who have a BMI in the healthy category (HBMI) participated. Participants completed 5 trials of walking forward at a comfortable pace on pressure-sensor walkway. Velocity, cadence, step width, stride length, and stance % were measured as average of 5 trials and compared between groups using a 2-tailed independent samples t-tests or a Mann-Whitney U test depending on normality. Hedges’ effect size was also calculated. RESULTS: OBMI group walked with wider steps showing a trend towards statistical significance (OBMI: 15.7±4.9cm; HBMI: 9.9±2.5cm; p=0.053). No other variables were significantly different between the groups. Effect sizes ranged from trivial (0.05 for cadence) to large (1.08 for step width). CONCLUSION: A wider step gait in OBMI may be related to increased fear of falling. Research with greater sample size must be done to further investigate the how obesity affects gait patterns in persons with COPD.

The purpose of the study was to examine dietary intake, body composition and bone mineral density changes at the beginning and end of a competitive season in female athletes of sports that have been less represented in the literature. NCAA Division I basketball (n=10) and softball (n=10) players mean age (20±1 years) completed 3-day food records at the beginning and end of season. Body composition and bone mineral density were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mean energy intake was significantly lower at the beginning compared to the end of the season (1925±466 vs. 2326±782 kcals/day; p=0.02). Lean, fat, and total body mass, and total and regional BMD were unaltered from the beginning to the end of season (p>0.05). Macronutrient consumption by percentage did not change across the season (p>0.05) with aggregate data equalling 3.5±1.3, 1.2±0.6, and 1.2±0.5 g/kg/day for carbohydrate, fat, and protein respectively. Carbohydrate and protein intakes were below the recommended levels. Low intake of fibre (17±6.3 g/day) and high sodium (3700±1120 mg/day) also raise concerns. Despite no major alterations in body composition or BMD many female athletes’ diets in the sports investigated while living on campus failed to meet recommended intake levels suggesting maximal athletic performance and health parameters may be stunted due to poor nutrient choices.

BACKGROUND:This study examined the effects of balance training routine, using both sides utilized balance trainer (BOSU) and aerobic step (STEP) on postural sway and functional ability in middle-aged women. METHODS:Twenty-seven females participated in the study, age 40.6±12.0 years, body mass 72.0±14.0 kg, height 164.0±7.7 cm, BMI 26.5±4.5 kg/m2, and relative body fat 33.1±7.4%. Participants were divided into two groups and performed progressive exercise routine on either STEP or BOSU for three weeks. Pre- and post-test consisted of Postural Sway Test performed on the Biodex Balance System, Functional Ability Test, Sit and Reach Test and Plank. RESULTS:A significant time effect was observed for both groups for sway index(P=0.029) and center of pressure antero-posterior (AP) displacement (P=0.038) but not for sway area or medio-lateral (ML) displacement (P>0.05). In addition, BOSU group had significantly lower Sway Index(P=0.048) and ML range (P=0.035) scores when vision and surface was altered compared to STEP group. A significant time effect was observed in walking-up the stairs (P=0.020), sit and reach test (P=0.035), and plank (P<0.001), but not for walking down the stairs. However, no other significant interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS:Programs that incorporate multisensory balance training have a potential to induce adaptive responses in neuromuscular system that enhances postural control, balance and functional ability of women. The training using BOSU may help improve static balance and functional ability in women.

Impaired respiration reduces firefighters' work capacity. This study evaluated the effect of menthol lozenge on respiratory and perceptual responses during exercise in a hot environment. Ten participants wearing firefighter protective gear performed two repeated exercise and rest trials in a counter-balanced order. Exercise consisted of two bouts of 20-min treadmill exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake and one bout of 20-min stepping exercise at a wet bulb global temperature of 35 degrees C. Participants either took 10-mg menthol or control lozenges prior to the beginning of each exercise bout. Respiratory gas exchange, heart rate, thermal sensation, and breathing comfort were continuously recorded. Menthol lozenges significantly increased pulmonary ventilation (menthol: 45.0 +/- 6.6 L.min(-1) vs. control: 41.4 +/- 5.8 L.min(-1) and menthol: 52.7 +/- 9.7 L.min(-1) vs. control: 46.5 +/- 7.0 L.min(-1), for the 1st and 2nd treadmill exercise, respectively) and oxygen consumption (menthol: 26.7 +/- 2.0 ml.g(-1).min(-1) vs. control: 25.2 +/- 2.3 ml.g(-1).min(-1) and menthol: 28.8 +/- 2.3 ml.g(-1).min(-1) vs. control: 26.9 +/- 1.9 ml.g(-1).min(-1), for the 1st and 2nd treadmill exercise, respectively) (p<0.05). The effect of menthol on respiration disappeared during the stepping exercise (p>0.05). The ventilatory equivalents though were not different throughout the exercise (p>0.05). Ratings of thermal sensation and breathing comfort were not different (p>0.05). It was concluded that menthol could alter breathing pattern and increase respiratory responses during strenuous exercise in the heat. There was no favorable effect of menthol on respiratory or perceptual responses under exercise-heat stress.

Many athletes avoid using mouthguards because they believe that they impair their ability to breath and negatively affect performance. Recently, some manufacturers have developed "vented" mouthguards (VentMGs) to address this concern. The purposes of this investigation were to describe the impact of a commercially available "vented" boil-and-bite mouthguard on the physiological responses to graded exercise and to determine whether the use of the same mouthguard influences performance during traditional physical agility tests. Recreationally trained males (n = 15) (age = 24 ± 1 year; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 43.5 ± 1.9 ml·kg·min; body mass index = 25.2 ± 0.9) completed 3 randomly assigned trials where they wore no mouthguard (control), a traditional mouthguard (TradMG), or a VentMG. During each trial, subjects completed a modified maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer and a series of physical agility tests (40-m dash, vertical leap, broad jump, 3-cone drill, and shuttle run). No differences were seen between control and the TradMG in any cardiorespiratory measures at any time during the maximal exercise test. Ventilation and blood lactate were lower (p ≤ 0.05) during VentMG at 200 W and at MAX; however, no differences in (Equation is included in full-text article.)were observed. Although TradMG had no impact on physical agility, VentMG produced a higher (1.9 cm; p = 0.03) vertical leap than control. Both mouthguard conditions negatively affected perceptions of breathability, comfort, and ability to communicate, but no differences existed between the 2 conditions. These findings confirm that TradMG has no negative impact on physiological function during exercise and physical agility; however, VentMG may have a positive impact at higher workload and on vertical leap.

The purpose of this study was to compare three recovery methods: control (CON), lower-body vibration (LBV) and LBV+ local muscle cooling (LBVC) on lower-body performance, perceived recovery, and muscle soreness. Physically active male volunteers (n=8) in a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design, completed three sets of squats to fatigue, each recovery treatment, and two Wingate Anaerobic Tests. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (HR) were measured after fatiguing exercise, recovery treatment and Wingate Anaerobic tests. Peak and mean power, fatigue index, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), and comfort levels were compared between each treatment. In Wingate 1, no significant differences (p=0.42) were found among CON, LBV, or LBVC regarding peak power (1119±239, 1097±225, and 1146±260 W, respectively), mean power (p=0.32), or fatigue index (p=0.47). In Wingate 2, no significant (p=0.17) differences were found among CON, LBV, or LBVC regarding peak power (1042±228, 1078±233, and 1110±268 W, respectively), mean power (p=0.38), or fatigue index (p=0.15). A significantly better (p=0.01) perceived recovery was observed after LBV (6±1) and LBVC (6±1) compared to CON (4±1). The study findings support psychological but not performance enhancing benefits after the use of LBV and LBVC as recovery methods.

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 403-413, 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary behaviors, body composition, and potential cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among college club rugby team players. 15 athletes completed demographics, three 24-hour dietary recalls, body composition and blood lipid profile assessments following an overnight fast. Mean ± SD age of participants was 20 ± 1 years; weight 81 ± 16 kg; BMI 25.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2; body fat 13 ± 5%; total cholesterol 133 ± 37 mg/dl; high-density lipoprotein 49 ± 18 mg/dl; low-density lipoproteins 77 ± 26 mg/dl; triglycerides 86 ± 34 mg/dl. The results of dietary analysis indicated that carbohydrates comprise 44 ± 3% (3.2 ± 0.2 g/kg), proteins 21 ± 5% (1.5 ± 0.4 g/kg), and fats 34 ± 3% of the total calories. Mean intake of total fat and saturated fat exceeded recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) were met for most of the micronutrients excluding vitamin A 557 ± 157 μg/dl (61% RDA) vitamin E 6 ± 0.5 μg/dl (40% RDA) and potassium 2267 ± 613 μg/dl (50% RDA) while mean intake for sodium 4276 ± 437 mg/dl was 285% recommended. In addition, mean intake of fiber 18 ± 5 g was 55% below that recommended. At present, most of the participants were at low risk for developing CVD. However, continuous high intake of total and saturated fat, sodium and low fiber may lead to increased risk for developing CVD.

This study examined the separate effects of caffeine and menthol on cognition and mood during simulated firefighting in the heat. Participants (N = 10) performed three trials in a counterbalanced order, either with 400 mg caffeine, menthol lozenges, or placebo. The simulated firefighting consisted of 2 bouts of 20-min treadmill exercise and one bout of 20-min stepping exercise in the heat with two brief 15-min rest periods between each exercise phase. Exercise induced significant dehydration (>3%) and elevated rectal temperature (>38.9 °C), for all three conditions. Neither caffeine nor menthol reduced perceived exertion compared to placebo (p > 0.05). Mood ratings (i.e., alertness, hedonic tone, tension) significantly deteriorated over time (p < 0.05), but there was no difference among the three conditions. Simple reaction time, short-term memory, and retrieval memory did not alter with treatments or repeated evaluations. Reaction accuracy from a math test remained unchanged throughout the experimental period; reaction time from the math test was significantly faster after exposure to the heat (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, exhaustive exercise in the heat severely impacted mood, but minimally impacted cognition. These treatments failed to show ergogenic benefits in a simulated firefighting paradigm in a hot environment.

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(1) : 33-44, 2014. The purpose of this study was to compare three types of recovery methods: control (CON), lower-body vibration (LBV) and upper-body vibration (UBV) on upper-body performance, perceived recovery, and muscle soreness. Eight physically active male volunteers participated in the study. In a crossover study design, participants completed three sets of push-ups to fatigue, a given recovery treatment, and two upper-body Wingate Anaerobic Tests to assess peak and mean anaerobic power. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (HR) were measured after fatiguing exercise, the recovery treatment and maximal performance test. In Wingate 1, no significant mean differences (p > 0.05) were found among CON, LBV, or UBV in peak power (560 ± 121, 594 ± 116, and 588 ± 109 W, respectively), mean power, or fatigue index. In Wingate 2, no significant mean differences (p > 0.05) were found among CON, LBV, or UBV in peak power (570 ± 151, 557 ± 71, and 564 ± 120 W, respectively), mean power, or fatigue index. In addition, no significant mean difference (p > 0.05) was observed in perceived recovery and muscle soreness (p > 0.05). In conclusion, findings of the present study suggest no psychological or physiological benefits using LBV and UBV as a recovery modality

This study examined two active coolings (forearm and hand cooling, and neck cooling) during a simulated half-time recovery on thermoregulatory responses and subsequent soccer-specific exercise performance. Following a 45-min treadmill run in the heat, participants (N= 7) undertook 15-min recovery with either passive cooling, forearm and hand cooling, or neck cooling in a simulated cooled locker room environment. After the recovery, participants performed a 6x15-m sprint test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (YYIR1) in a temperate environment. During the 15-min recovery, rectal temperature fell significantly (p< 0.05). Neither active coolings induced further reduction in rectal temperature compared to passive cooling. No effect of active coolings was found in repeated sprint test. However, neck cooling reduced (p< 0.05) the thermal sensation (TS) compared to passive cooling during the 15-min recovery. Active coolings attenuated (p< 0.05) the sweat rate compared to passive cooling: 1.2 +/- 0.3 l center dot h(-1) vs. 0.8 +/- 0.1 l center dot h(-1) vs. 0.8 +/- 0.3 l center dot h(-1), for passive cooling, forearm and hand cooling, and neck cooling, respectively. For passive cooling, elevated sweat rate resulted in higher (p< 0.05) dehydration (2.1 +/- 0.3%) compared to neck cooling (1.5 +/- 0.3%) and forearm and hand cooling (1.4 +/- 0.3%). YYIR1 was improved (p< 0.05) following forearm and hand cooling (869 +/- 320 m) and neck cooling (814 +/- 328 m) compared to passive cooling (654 +/- 311 m). Neck cooling (4.6 +/- 0.6) reduced (p= 0.03) the session TS compared to passive cooling (5.3 +/- 0.5). These results suggest that active coolings effectively improved comfort and sweating response, which delayed exercise-heat induced performance diminish during a second bout of exercise.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3 types of warm-up (WU) on swimming performance, reaction time, and dive distance. In repeated-measures counterbalanced design, National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers (n = 16) used 3 WUs before performing 50-yd (45.7-m) freestyle swim trials. The WU consisted of (a) no WU, (b) short WU (50-yd at 40% of swimmers' maximal effort and 50-yd at 90%), and (c) regular WU (usual precompetition WU). The mean 50-yd time was significantly faster (p = 0.01) after the regular WU (24.95 ± 1.53 seconds) when compared with that of the short WU (25.26 ± 1.61 seconds). However, individual data indicated that 19% of the participants performed their best in the 50-yd category after short, 37% after no, and 44% after regular WU. Heart rate was significantly higher (p = 0.01) after regular WU (100 ± 13 b·min(-1)) when compared with that of the no WU category (88 ± 18 b·min(-1)). However, no significant differences among WUs were found for reaction time (p = 0.96), rating of perceived exertion post 50-yd time trial (p = 0.11), dive distance (p = 0.67), or stroke count (p = 0.23). In conclusion, the average regular WU was better than short or noWU to achieve the fastest mean time in the 50-yd freestyle; however, some individual performances were faster after WUs different from their regular approach.

This study compared physiological responses and total work tolerance time following forearm submersion (FS) or leg submersion (LS) in cool water, after performing work in a hot environment while wearing fire fighting protective clothing (FPC). Participants walked at 3.5 mph on a treadmill in a hot environment (WBGT 32.8 ± 0.9°C) until a rectal temperature (Trec) of 38.5°C was reached. Participants were then subjected to one of two peripheral cooling interventions, in a counterbalanced order. Forearms or lower legs were submerged in water (16.9 ± 0.8°C) for a total of 20 min, followed by a work tolerance trial. Results indicated no significant difference (p = 0.052) between work tolerance time (LS = 21.36 ± 5.35 min vs. FS = 16.27 ± 5.56 min). Similarly, there was no significant difference for Trec (p = 0.65), heart rate (HR) (p = 0.79), mean skin temperature (Tsk) (p = 0.68), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.54). However, LS ratings of thermal comfort (RTC) at Minute 14 (p = 0.03) were significantly lower for LS (10 ± 1) vs. FS (12 ± 1). Results indicate little difference between FS and LS for physiological measures. Despite a lack of statistical significance a 5-min (24%) increase was found during the work tolerance time following LS.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that cooling interventions will enhance performance during a 13-mile simulated time trial in a warm environment. METHODS: Nine trained male cyclists (peak oxygen uptake = 57.8 ± 5.0 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 3 simulated 13-mile time trials in a warm environment (26.0 ± 0.5 °C, 43.8 ± 3.0 % relative humidity) separated by 72 hours. On each occasion, participants warmed up for 10 min while wearing either an ice vest (VEST) on the torso, cooling packs wrapped around the quadriceps and calves (LEG), or no cooling apparatus (CONTROL). RESULTS: Average core and mean skin temperatures were not significantly different among treatments (all p > 0.05). Likewise, time to completion was not significantly different [39.3 ± 5.2 min (VEST), 40.0 ± 5.2 min (LEG), 41.3 ± 4.2 min (CONTROL), p = 0.25]. Despite a lack of statistical significance, the time trial was completed faster during VEST compared to CONTROL by 7 out of 9 (78%) participants with an average time 3.2 ± 1.9 min faster. Similarly, 5 out of 9 (55%) participants completed the time trial faster during LEG compared to CONTROL with an average time 5.9 ± 1.9 min faster. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest competitive cyclists may experience a modest benefit while utilizing cooling modalities during an active warm-up before a trial.