This study aimed to phenotypically and genotypically detect beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli in the feces of wild and migratory birds residing in or passing through the Marmara Region during seasonal migration. A total of 272 fresh fecal samples were non-invasively collected and grouped as follows: (1) resident wild waterfowl, (2) resident urban birds (e.g., pigeons, crows, sparrows), (3) migratory birds overwintering in Turkey, and (4) migratory birds staying during spring and summer. Samples were cultured on MacConkey agar with and without cefotaxime (1 mg/L). Carbapenem resistance was assessed using the Modified Hodge Test; none of the 212 isolates tested positive. Among the 272 birds sampled, 62 (22.8

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major global One Health challenge, with increasing recognition of the role of wildlife in the environmental circulation of resistant bacteria. Wild birds, particularly those inhabiting urbanized migratory bottlenecks, may act as sentinels reflecting anthropogenic selective pressures. However, the relative contribution of migratory behaviour versus local environmental exposure to AMR carriage in avifauna remains insufficiently characterized. Methods A total of 339 fecal samples were collected from 44 avian species during migration periods in Istanbul, Turkey. E. coli isolates were identified using standard bacteriological methods and an automated identification system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using 16 agents representing six antimicrobial classes. Selected antimicrobial resistance genes were screened by PCR, and resistance patterns were compared according to migratory status. Results Escherichia coli was recovered from 46 of the 339 samples (13.5%). Phenotypic resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was observed in 65.2% of isolates. A high proportion of isolates exhibited increased tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations exceeding epidemiological cut-off values, indicating non-wild-type phenotypes. No resistance to colistin or meropenem was detected, and none of the isolates were classified as ESBL-producing or multidrug-resistant. Although no statistically significant differences were detected between migratory and resident bird groups with respect to overall AMR prevalence, 83.3% of the detected resistance genes were identified in isolates from resident or mixed-status birds. Conclusions The findings suggest that local environmental exposure in urban areas may play a more significant role than long-distance migratory movements in the acquisition of AMR markers in wild birds. Simultaneously, the identification of non-wild-type tigecycline phenotypes highlights their consideration in comprehensive One Health monitoring initiatives for wildlife.

BACKGROUND:Subclinical mastitis is the predominant form of mammary inflammation in dairy buffaloes and remains a diagnostic challenge under field conditions. OBJECTIVES:This study assessed milk C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in relation to somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological findings in Anatolian and Italian Mediterranean buffaloes. METHODS:Milk samples were collected from 160 individual mammary lobes and classified as subclinical mastitis-positive or healthy based on combined cytological and bacteriological criteria. SCC was determined using an automated cell counter, microbiological examination was performed by conventional culture and identification methods, and milk CRP concentrations were quantified by a sandwich ELISA. RESULTS:SCC was significantly higher in subclinical mastitis-affected mammary lobes than in healthy controls in both breeds (p < 0.001). Mean SCC values were 1616.05 ± 167.04 ×103 cells/mL and 1245.98 ± 82.90 ×103 cells/mL in subclinical mastitis samples from Anatolian Mediterranean and Italian Mediterranean buffaloes, respectively, whereas corresponding control values were 285.48 ± 19.96 ×103 cells/mL and 254.45 ± 21.44 ×103 cells/mL (p < 0.001). Bacterial growth was detected only in samples classified as subclinical mastitis, with Staphylococcus aureus identified as the most frequent isolate. Mean milk CRP concentrations were significantly higher in subclinical mastitis samples compared with controls, with values of 196.26 ± 3.44 ng/mL and 205.45 ± 5.89 ng/mL in subclinical mastitis samples from Anatolian Mediterranean and Italian Mediterranean buffaloes, respectively, versus 162.16 ± 4.95 ng/mL and 158.22 ± 3.32 ng/mL in control samples (p < 0.001). Breed did not influence milk CRP concentrations within the same mastitis status. CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate that milk CRP reflects mammary inflammatory activity and provides information complementary to SCC in the evaluation of subclinical mastitis in dairy buffaloes.

The study's objective was to identify beta-lactamase-resistant Escherichia coli both phenotypically and genotypically in the feces of resident wild birds and passing migrants in the Marmara region. The study involved 272 noninvasively collected fresh fecal samples. The birds of interest were categorized into four groups, assuring that each group comprised 68 samples as follows: Group 1 = resident wild waterbirds; Group 2 = urban resident terrestrial birds; Group 3 = winter migrants; and Group 4 = summer migrants. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and ampicillin Class C (AmpC) beta-lactamase positivity of E. coli isolates grown on cefotaxime-supplemented MacConkey agar were assessed by phenotypic screening and confirmation tests in sixty-two (62/272; 22.8%) out of 84 E. coli strains, irrespective of group-wise distribution. Fifty of these E. coli strains were positive for ESBL, 7 for AmpC, and 5 showed both ESBL and AmpC activities. E. coli isolates were detected in fifty-nine (21.7%) of 272 birds, and 57 of these 59 birds were positive for ESBL, six for AmpC, and six for both ESBL and AmpC. Modified Hodge Test revealed no carbapenemase production. Forty-eight out of 84 E. coli isolates grown on cefotaxime-supplemented MacConkey agar were positive for ESBL, three for AmpC, and 5 for both ESBL and AmpC-encoding genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The distribution of genes was blaCTX−M (n = 50), blaSHV (n = 2), and blaOXA10 (n = 10) for ESBL and blaMOX (n = 6) and blaCIT (n = 2) for AmpC. Carbapenemase genes (blaKPC, blaVIM, blaOXA, blaNDM−1) were undetected. According to the group and species-wise findings, Group 1, predominantly in seagulls, harbored the highest rates of ESBL- and/or AmpC-producing E. coli isolates. Considering that the seagull species that feed on human, animal, and agricultural waste products mainly through garbage dumps are widely distributed in Istanbul, the antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains collected from wild birds is considered to be of human and/or animal origin.

The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of Escherichia coli in shrimps and mussels, and to determine the distribution of β-lactam, aminoglycoside, quinolone, and multi-drug resistance phenotypically and genotypically in E. coli isolates obtained from mussels and shrimps in Istanbul. Faecal samples were collected from mussels (n = 96) and shrimps (n = 96) from the Marmara Sea coastline and fish markets in Istanbul. For the detection of antibiotic susceptibilities, seven antibiotic groups were used. β-lactamase, aminoglycoside, and quinolone genes were also determined. A total of 34 (17.7%, 15 shrimps, and 19 mussels) E. coli were isolated, and 17 (50%) were found to be resistant to one or more antimicrobials. The highest resistance was seen against aminoglycosides with 11 isolates (32.35%), followed by quinolones with 10 isolates (29.41%) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) with 4 isolates (11.76%). Multi-drug resistance was detected in 5 isolates (14.7%) from 3 shrimp and 2 mussel samples. The prevalence of ESBL genes was demonstrated at 3.84% in mussels and shrimp samples. There were no AmpC and carbapenemase-producing genes. These samples harbored blaCTX-M-1 (n = 3) and blaTEM (n = 4). Ten isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides genotypically. Resistance genes detected were strB in 2 isolates, aadA in 5, strB and aadA together in 3, ANT('')-Ia, aphA1 and aphA2 simultaneously in 3, aphA1 in 1, aac(3)-IIa in 1 isolate. aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was detected in only one of 10 phenotypically resistant isolates to quinolones.

One of the biggest problems in the modern world is environmental pollution. All organisms are affected by the resulting pollution, albeit at different levels. One of the most important causes of pollution is the stable and non-perishable compounds formed due to heavy metals used in a wide range of environments. Heavy metal pollution, especially in the seas, causes cumulative accumulations in aquatic life, food and other products obtained from aquatic life, in living things that consume these products, and related diseases. The most critical sign of heavy metal pollution in water is the resistance formed against heavy metals in bacteria living in these waters. To determine the resistance to heavy metals in bacteria, the presence of resistance to Copper, Mercury and Manganese heavy metals in E. coli isolated from 18 mussels and 16 shrimps was genotypically investigated. For this purpose, the presence of pcoR genes for the determination of copper resistance, merA for the determination of mercury resistance, and mntR for the determination of manganese resistance was investigated in both plasmid and genomic DNA. As a result of the study, resistance genes were detected against heavy metals in 31 (91.17%) of 34 E. coli isolates examined. The presence of the pcoR gene (copper resistance) was found in 2 isolates (5.88%), the merA gene (mercury resistance) in only one isolate (2.94%) and the mntR gene (manganese resistance) in 8 isolates (23.52%). While pcoR and merA genes were not observed together in any isolates, pcoR and mntR genes were detected together in the genetic material of 10 isolates (29.41%). In comparison, mntR and merA genes were detected together in the genetic material of 7 isolates (20.58%). In 3 samples, all of the resistance genes against heavy metals were detected (8.82%).

Sürüngenler günümüzde popüler eşlikçi hayvanlardan biri olarak yerini almaktadır. Ektotermik yapıya sahip olmaları ve sağlıklı yaşayabilmek için spesifik bakım koşulları gerektirmeleri bu türleri diğer popüler türlerden ayırmakta ve aynı zamanda sürüngenlerin beslenebilmeleri için şartlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu şartlar sağlanmadığında yeterli immun cevap geliştiremedikleri için hastalıklar görülebilmektedir. Sürüngenler yeterli immun potansiyale sahip oldukları zamanlarda mikobakterileri organizmalarında kendileri etkilenmeden taşıyabildiklerinden, uygun olmayan şartlar karşısında mikobakteriozis gelişebilmekte, bunun sonucunda yüksek miktarda etkeni saçabilmektedirler. Zoonoz bir hastalık olması sebebiyle mikobakteriozis insan sağlığı için de oldukça önemli bir hastalıktır. Sürüngenlerin vücutlarından saçılan mikobakteriozis etkenleri çevre koşullarına dayanıklı olmaları sebebiyle çevrede uzun süre canlılıklarını sürdürebilmekte, infekte hayvan ortamdan uzaklaştırılsa bile yaşam alanlarında, altlıklarda ve ekipmanlarda bulunabilmektedirler. Mikobakteriozis gelişmiş sürüngenlerle temas, yaşam alanı temizliği ve bakımları esnasında hayvanlardaki ve ortamdaki ve ekipmanlardaki mikobakteriozis etkenleri insanlara temas ve mekanik taşıyıcılar yoluyla bulaşabilmekte ve insanlarda granülamatoz lezyonlar gelişebilmektedir. Hayvanlarda etkin bir tedavinin olmaması ve antemortem teşhisin oldukça zor olmasından dolayı günümüzde mikobakteriozis önemli sürüngen hastalıklarından biri olarak kalmaktadır. Bu makalede, bir sarı sıçan yılanında görülen mikobakteriozis için uygulanan post-mortem teşhis yöntemleri, histopatolojik inceleme yöntemi, etkenin izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu sunulmuş, farklı identifikasyon yöntemleri ve ante-mortem teşhis için yapılabileceklerden bahsedilmiştir. Mikobakteriozisin etkenleri, hazırlayıcı faktörler, hastalığın gelişimi, sürüngen ve insan sağlığı açısından önemi değerlendirilmiştir.

Reptiles are one of the popular companion animals today. The fact that they are ectothermic and require specific care conditions for a healthy life distinguishes these species from other popular species and also creates conditions for reptiles to be cared. When these conditions are not met, diseases can be seen because they cannot develop an adequate immune response. When reptiles have sufficient immune potential, they can carry mycobacteria in their organisms without being affected, so mycobacteriosis can develop in the face of unsuitable conditions, and as a result, they can shed high amounts of agents. Mycobacteriosis agents shed from the bodies of reptiles can survive in the environment for a long time due to their resistance to environmental conditions, and they can be found in living spaces, litters and equipment even if the infected animal is removed from the environment. During contact with reptiles with mycobacteriosis, habitat cleaning and maintenance, mycobacteriosis agents in animals and in the environment can be transmitted to humans through contact and mechanical carriers, and granulomatous lesions may develop in humans. Mycobacteriosis is a very important disease for human health as it is a zoonotic disease. Today, mycobacteriosis remains one of the important reptile diseases due to the lack of effective treatment in animals and the difficulty of antemortem diagnosis. In this article, a case of mycobacteriosis in a yellow rat snake presented. Post-mortem diagnostic methods for mycobacteriosis, histopathological examination method, isolation and identification of the agent is presented, different identification methods and what can be done for ante-mortem diagnosis are mentioned. Reptile mycobacteriosis agents, the predisposing factors, the development of the disease, the importance of reptile and human health were evaluated.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hemoplasma species in cats by real-time PCR and to determine the distribution of the species. Furthermore, it was aimed to evaluate factors that are thought to be important in the epidemiology of the disease in cats statistically. For this purpose, blood samples from 246 cats were examined for Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominitum (CMhm), Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis (CMt) by real-time PCR. CMhm was detected in 20 (8.13%), CMt was detected in 3 (1.22%), and Mhf was found in 2 (0.81%) of 246 cats. At least one of the hemoplasma species was detected in 21 (8.54%) of 246 cats, and two different hemoplasma species were detected in 4 (19.05%) of 21 cats diagnosed with hemoplasma. The relationship between PCR positivity, the contact of cats with other cats (p = 0.02) and the detection of the intraoral wound (p = 0.001) was found to be statistically significant. The statistical significance of contact with other cats in the formation of the disease was revealed. The strong relationship between the presence of intraoral lesions and hemoplasma infection was revealed for the first time. Studies involving epidemiological data and their relationship with clinical findings should be continued.

Mastitis is the most important disease in dairy cattle industry because of its high economic losses both in herd management, milk and milk products. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (IPPVO) Para immune activator as a prophylaxis against mastitis and as the therapy for subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The prophylactic effects of IPPVO were investigated in California mastitis test (CMT). Healthy Holstein cows were divided into A1 (n = 30) and A2 (n = 30) subgroups. In addition, 90 subclinical mastitis Holstein cows were divided into subgroups of B1, B2, and B3 to investigate the efficacy of IPPVO treatment. A significant difference in CMT levels was observed (p ˂ 0.01) 30 day after treatment in A groups. The difference in somatic cell count (SCC) levels between the A groups 15, 30 day after treatment was significant (p ˂ 0.01). The results of the CMT among the B groups showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The results of the SCC tests showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) among the B groups on days 0, 9 and 15 after treatment. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (n = 53) and Escherichia coli (n = 30) were the most prevalent bacteria isolated in this study. In conclusion, IPPVO, although had no additional effect when used in combination with antibiotics could possibly be used instead of antibiotics and to protect cattle from subclinical mastitis, however, it is not known how long this prophylaxis effect could last.

This research aimed to investigate the diversity of faecal enterococci isolated from wild birds, to detecttheir antibiotic resistance patterns and to determine their distribution of genes related to vancomycin resistance. Additionally, to investigate their virulence factors that are important in the development of the disease. One hundred seven cloacal/rectal samples were inoculated onto Enterococcus Agar, and presumptive colonies were identified and confirmed by PCR. Multiplex PCR assays were used to screen vanA, vanB, vanC1 and vanC2/3. The virulence-related genes; ace, gelE, efa and agg were determined by PCR. Among the 103 enterococci, 62 E.faecalis, 23 E.faecium 3 E.gallinarum, 2 E.durans, 1 E.casseliflavus and 12 Enterococcus spp. were identified. Of the 103 enterococci, 26 were found to be resistant against to three or more antibiotics. The highest percentages were detected for chloramphenicol (52%), tetracycline (33%) and erythromycin (30%). Two E.gallinarum isolates were harboring three virulence factors, and one isolate was carrying a single virulence factor. There is no virulence factor in the E.casseliflavus isolate. Also, vanA and vanB genes were not found. Forty-two of 103 enterococci were harboring virulence factors, more frequently in E.faecalis. Forty-two enterococci carried efa A, 31 isolates carried gel E, and ace was found in 18 isolates. Virulence gene agg was not detected. When the results of the study were evaluated in general, multiple drug resistance was described as 25%. Considering the risk of polluting the water resources of wild animals, it is suggested that the continuity of this type of epidemiological study in wildlife animals is necessary. In conclusion, the wild birds may act as substantial reservoirs carrying antimicrobial resistance among enterococci and estimate the potential risk for man, pets and farm animals.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the presence of Pasteurella multocida in the swab samples taken from the oral cavity of cats, and to determine the capsular type and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. For this purpose, swab samples taken from 300 cats were inoculated onto Knight's selective enriched medium and blood agar for isolation of P. multocida. Followingafter capsular typing of the isolates by PCR, the susceptibilities of the isolates to ceftiofur, clindamycin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol were examined by the disk diffusion method. The relationships between oral colonization and various physiological and behavioral variables were evaluated, statistically. P. multocida was isolated from 48 (16%) of the samples and all strains were typed as capsular type A. While all of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin and susceptible to enrofloxacin, 8,33% tetracycline resistance was also remarkable. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MDR) was detected in 27% of the isolates. The colonization of P. multocida was found to be statistically significant in cats under the age of 1 and in cats living outdoors. The importance of antibiotic resistance observed in bacteria with a zoonotic character such as P. multocida should not be ignored since it poses a threat to public health. It was concluded that, in this study determination of tetracycline resistance, which has started to be reported in feline Pasterurella multocida isolates in recent years, and detection of multiple antibiotic resistance in 27% of isolates, was extremely important for public health.

The increase of antimicrobial resistance in companion animals has already been reported worldwide; however, there is a deficiency of data and studies focusing on the resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from Passeriformes and Psittaciformes which regarded to be among the most common and popular pet/companion bird species. For this reason, the current research was aimed to evaluate the presence of E. coli isolates from apparently healthy companion birds and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Two hundred sixty-five cloacal swab samples collected from apparently healthy companion birds (116 parakeets, 59 canaries, 56 parrots, 30 Indian nightingales, 3 finches, and 1 Golden finch) were examined by conventional bacteriological procedures for the identification of E. coli. Susceptibilities against 16 antimicrobials from 8 different classes and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was also determined. Moreover, all isolates were analysed by PCR assays for ESBL, Metallo-beta-lactamases, serin-carbapenemase, AmpC beta-lactamase, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and aminoglycoside resistance genes. E. coli were isolated from 37.7% of the samples. Majority of the isolates were found resistant to tetracycline (84%) followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (46%), streptomycin (34%), and kanamycin (25%). Eleven parakeet and 2 parrot isolates were found resistant to all quinolone class antimicrobial agents, and three parakeet isolates showed resistance to all aminoglycosides. Additionally, 67% of the isolates exhibited multi-resistance, defined herein as 3 or more antimicrobial classes. PMQR determinants (qnrB and qnrS) were determined in 3 E. coli isolates from a parrot and two parakeets. Furthermore, seven aminoglycoside resistance genes [aac(3)-IIa(aacC2), strA, strB, aadA (aadA1 or aadA2), aphA1, aphA2, and ant(2 '')-Ia(aadB)] were found in 3 parakeet isolates. Also, the most promising result of this study is that ESBL production was not determined phenotypically and genotypically. Here, we present the first report that various aminoglycosides and quinolone resistance genes of E. coli isolates from parakeets, and a parrot was present in Turkey. In summary, the consequences of the current research emphasise that the companion birds may act as substantial reservoirs carrying antimicrobial resistance and estimate the potential risk for humans, it is critical to define their role as reservoirs. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.

Marbofloxacin is one of the fluoroquinolones developed exclusively for veterinary medicine. The primary aim of the present study is to identify and assess evidence for marbofloxacin’s clinical efficacy in the treatment of urinary tract infections in small animal practice. The study included 118 dogs and 123 cats that were referred to the Internal Medicine Department with lower urinary tract symptoms. We excluded animals that had received antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory therapy in the previous 15 days. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical findings, urinalysis, and imaging. Rectal temperature, appetite, urinary signs, and abdominal pain were monitored during two visits (day 0 and 14). The timetable depended on the diagnosis of the following: two urinalyses, two bacterial examinations, and antibacterial susceptibility testing were performed for each case. Bacterial UTI were confirmed in 36 dogs and 28 cats. Urine samples were collected on day 0, which demonstrated the presence of various bacteria, with a marked predominance of P. mirabilis and coagulase-positive Staphylococci in canine and feline urine samples, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results revealed 25 (65.7%) of dog isolates and 24 (85.7%) of cat isolates were susceptible to marbofloxacin. Treatment of UTIs is generally challenging for the small animal practitioner. Because of the need for long-term antimicrobials, bacterial culture and susceptibility tests are especially important for successful treatment. Marbofloxacin can be part of an effective treatment of UTIs in dogs and cats.

Exotic pet animal ownership is on the rise all over the world. Regardless of being companion animals which are important subjects in veterinary medicine, they also play a role in the transmission of diseases to other animals and human beings. Therefore, veterinarians are expected to have the knowledge and good practice in exotic pet medicine. This survey was performed among small animal practitioners with the aim of identifying their self-evaluation of competency and knowledge about the exotic pet medicine in Istanbul. As a data collection tool, a three-part questionnaire developed by the researchers was used in the current study. The first part of the survey covered demographic variables of respondents; the second part consisted of 6 questions, which examine the self-evaluation of small animal practitioners on competency and knowledge about the exotic pet medicine practice. The third part consisted of 8 Likert type questions about the husbandry, transmission, prevention, diagnosis and therapy of the diseases for the four different exotic pets including fish, turtle, other reptiles and bird. The results showed that approximately 80% of the respondents consider that exotic pet disease is essential regarding veterinary medicine. Thirty-five percent of the veterinarian said that they were not sure about "what is an exotic pet disease" while, 53% of them responded that question, as they did not have any knowledge about the exotic pet diseases. For the 91.4% of the clinics investigated, the exotic animals as a patient were 1-10% or less than 1% of all the patients. It has shown that 42.4%, 32%, 16.9%, and 8.7% of the exotic pets' species examined were birds, turtles, the other reptiles, and 8.7% fish, respectively. Ninety percent of the veterinarians consider that they did not get enough education about the exotic pet animal practice during their undergraduate study at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul. It has been determined that more than half of the participants (65%) were considered themselves as having adequate knowledge of the husbandry, transmission, prevention, diagnosis and therapy of the diseases of the birds. However, they did not have enough experience about turtle, other reptiles and fish. As a conclusion, the results indicated the importance of education, specialisation and practice on potential exotic pet species.

The intramammary administration of platelet concentrate is expected to treat subclinical mastitis and prevent disease recurrence effectively; therefore, it was aimed to evaluate its efficacy in terms of somatic cell count (SCC) and Milk Amyloid A (MAA) measurements. A total of 120 cow mammary lobes with subclinical mastitis were randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: Antibiotic Group (ABG, n=40), Platelet Concentrate Group (PCG, n=40) or Combined Group (CG, n=40). Platelet concentrates were prepared by the double centrifugation method from blood collected from donor cows. All groups received intramammary treatments for 3 days. Analysis of MAA using a commercially available ELISA method and measurement of SCC were performed from milk samples collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Treatment success and absence of recurrence were found to be statistically significant for all three treatment protocols (P<0.001). It is concluded that intramammary platelet concentrate administration can be an effective alternative to intramammary antibiotic use for the treatment of subclinical mastitis.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of Brachyspira pilosicoli colonization in dogs, to determine its prevalence and to investigate the relationship between colonization and various physiological, pathological and behavioural variables such as diarrhoea, age, sex and contact with other animals.For this purpose, faecal specimens were collected from 192 dogs (96 with diarrhoea and 96 healthy controls).Faecal samples were specifically cultured for Brachyspira species.10 presumptive Bra-chyspira spp.isolated, biochemical and enzymatic properties of the isolates were evaluated and identified using PCR.The prevalence of B.pilosicoli was found as 4.68% (n = 9).The relationship between diarrhoea and B.pilosicoli colonization in dogs has been shown to be statistically significant (P <0.001).The presence of contact with other dogs and B.pilosicoli colonization were statistically significant (P = 0.033).There was no statistical relationship between age and sex with colonization.

The present research was aimed to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes isolated from symptomatic dogs and cats, within a 15-year-period, in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. Dermatological specimens were collected from 1504 dogs and 846 cats, which were presented clinical signs of ringworm. Direct microscopy and mycological cultures were performed. The fungal growth rate was detected at 8.2% and 22.8% from dogs and cats, respectively. Microsporum canis was the most frequently isolated species followed by Trichophyton spp., M. gypseum , T. mentagrophytes , M. nanum , other Microsporum spp. moreover T. tonsurans . The cats less than two-year age and more than ten-year age showed a statistically significant higher isolation rate of infection ( p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the age of the dogs and the dermatophyte isolation rate and between the gender of the dogs and cats and the dermatophyte isolation rate. As a conclusion, the data suggest an updated report on local epidemiology and define potential etiologic agents.

In this study, we aimed to investigate four antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) [beta-lactams resistant genes (bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-m)), and tetracycline resistant genes (tetA and tetB)] in Escherichia coli isolates by PCR. For this purpose, samples were collected with refuse sampling technique (AK1, AK2, AK3, AK4) from Narman Landfill (NL, Erzurum, Narman) and from surface water of streams (D1, D2, D3, NI, N2) and around the natural environment of landfill (C1, K1), seasonally. Firstly, we used culture-dependent methods and molecular techniques to detect and quantify antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Escherichia coli. Results showed that tested tetA and tetB genes have been detected in all landfill samples, suggesting that landfill served as ARGs reservoir. tetA was detected from the isolates from stations K1 and D3 in 2012; tetB were detected from stations K1 and D2 in 2012 and from D3 in 2013. bla(SHV) and bla(CTX)-M were not detected from any of the stations. Especially, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have been detected in all landfill area (mostly in animal wastes and clinical wastes), and in surface water of streams near the landfill. The main pathways of spread of ARGs', found in and around landfill facilities, are thought to occur through environmental factors like leachate, surface waters and storms. Additional transmission vectors can be considered birds, insects and animals of the local environment.

The present study was designed to evaluate the wound healing activity of the extracts from Quercus coccifera L. Q. coccifera L. is used in the treatment of burns and wounds in traditional medicine. Although the wound healing activities of various Quercus species have been demonstrated previously, no scientific report has been published on the wound healing potential of Q. coccifera L. The purpose of the present study was to contribute to elucidate the mechanism of the wound healing effect of Q. coccifera L. and to contribute the development of an effective therapeutic agent from this plant. The effects of aqueous (AE) and methanolic (ME) extracts from the stem parts of Q. coccifera L. on different phases of wound healing process were investigated on 3T3-Swiss albino mouse fibroblasts and murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell line. Fibroblast proliferation was significantly promoted by AE and ME up to 136.8% and 163.38% at 200 mu g/mL concentrations, respectively. Also, our results demonstrated that the rate of wound closure was stimulated by AE (18.6%-52.1%) and ME (23.9%-76.41%). AE and ME showed the highest activities on hydroxyproline synthesis (9.43 and 15.6-fold compared with control) at 200 mu g/mL concentration. Both extracts potently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in RAW 264.7 macrophages, at all tested concentrations. Phenolic content of ME (165.88 +/- 2.32 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) was higher than AE (67.58 +/- 0.91 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), as well as the 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed that ME has more potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 58.7 +/- 2.42 mu g/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged between 0.25 and 250 mu g/mL, against all tested strains. Extracts from Q. coccifera L. have antioxidant and antibacterial potential and accelerated the wound healing process evidenced by enhanced fibroblast proliferation, wound closure rate, collagen synthesis and reduced inflammation. Our results indicated that Q.coccifera L. has immense scope as an effective source to develop a therapeutic agent against skin wounds. The results of this study also have provided scientific basis for the traditional use of Q.coccifera L. as a wound healing agent.