Introducción: En Colombia, luego de procesos judiciales derivados de casos de violencia directa y estructural que tuvieron como víctimas a estudiantes, se promulgó la Ley 1620 de 2013; a pesar de la existencia de la política pública, este flagelo persiste. Objetivo: Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio que determina la percepción de estudiantes y docentes de educación media sobre la implementación de la política pública de convivencia escolar y mitigación de la violencia escolar en el municipio de Tunja, Colombia. Metodología: Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios, los cuales se aplicaron, uno a 1074 estudiantes de noveno, décimo y undécimo grado de escuelas públicas y privadas, y el otro cuestionario se aplicó a 50 docentes adscritos a estos cursos. Resultados: En cuanto a la percepción sobre la implementación de la política, se encontró que existe una diferencia significativa entre las respuestas de estudiantes y docentes en el factor de socialización del procedimiento (t = 3,207, p = 0,002 <0,005) en los aspectos de fortalecimiento e impacto percibido no hubo diferencias significativas. Conclusión: Existen diferencias en la percepción que ambos grupos tienen respecto a la implementación de la Ley de Convivencia Escolar en sus Instituciones Educativas. Se evidenció que los docentes tienen una percepción más positiva que los estudiantes sobre la implementación de la política.

Objectives: The objectives of this research are to identify social skills and bullying among high school students. The particular objective consists in locating the correlation between the social skills that the student presents in relation to the bullying that exists in educational institutions. Methodology: We work with high school students, Goldstein's Social Skills Checklist is applied, it contains six areas, which are obtained by answering fifty items with a Likert scale, with options of never, rarely, sometimes, frequently. and always. With a score of 1,2,3,4. And 5 respectively. Likewise, the Cisneros Bullying Self-Test is used. It contains three harassment indicators and eight areas. It presents fifty items on a Likert scale, with three response options, never, rarely and many times, with a score of 1, 2 and three respectively. Reliability and correlation will be obtained from the results. Contribution: Identifying bullying and its form of existence will allow prevention and treatment of the phenomenon by improving the social skills of secondary school students.

Drug repurposing is a valuable source of new antivirals because many compounds used to treat a variety of pathologies can also inhibit viral infections. In this work, we have tested the antiviral capacity of four repurposed drugs to treat Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) infection in cell cultures. BUNV is the prototype of the Bunyavirales order, a large group of RNA viruses that includes important pathogens for humans, animals and plants. Mock- and BUNV-infected Vero and HEK293T cells were treated with non-toxic concentrations of digoxin, cyclosporin A, sunitinib and chloroquine. The four drugs inhibited BUNV infection with varying potency in Vero cells, and all except sunitinib also in HEK293T cells, with digoxin rendering the lowest half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Since digoxin rendered the best results, we selected this drug for a more detailed study. Digoxin is an inhibitor of the Na+/K+ ATPase, a plasma membrane enzyme responsible for the energy-dependent exchange of cytoplasmic Na+ for extracellular K+ in mammalian cells and involved in many signalling pathways. Digoxin was shown to act at an early time point after viral entry reducing the expression of the viral proteins Gc and N. Effects on the cell cycle caused by BUNV and digoxin were also analysed. In Vero cells, digoxin favoured the transition from G1 phase of the cell cycle to S phase, an effect that might contribute to the anti-BUNV effect of digoxin in this cell type. Transmission electron microscopy showed that digoxin impedes the assembly of the characteristic spherules that harbour the BUNV replication complexes and the morphogenesis of new viral particles. Both BUNV and digoxin induce similar changes in the morphology of mitochondria that become more electron-dense and have swollen cristae. The alterations of this essential organelle might be one of the factors responsible for digoxin-induced inhibition of viral infection. Digoxin did not inhibit BUNV infection in BHK-21 cells that have a digoxin-resistant Na+/K+ ATPase, which suggests that the effects of the blockade of this enzyme is a key factor of the antiviral activity of digoxin in BUNV-infected Vero cells.

Objectives: The general objective is to prevent bullying among middle and high school adolescents. The specific objective are: 1) Identify the level of bullying among middle and high school adolescents. 2) Promote peaceful social relationships among middle and high school adolescents. Methodology: The type of research is quantitative, not experimental, descriptive, and comparative. In order to identify the level of bullying in middle and high school adolescents, the Cisneros School Bullying self-test was applied to students. Contributions: The main contribution is the identification of bullying among middle and high school adolescents, thus proposing programs for the formation of relations based on peace and conflict resolution in a peaceful way among adolescents from middle and high school, thereby will offer the prevention of antisocial and criminal behaviours, training people capable of generating social skills for coexistence.

Objectives: The objective of the research is to analyze posthumous letters that allow describing thoughts oriented to the child's adaptability deficit, identifying the most common risk factors presented in adolescents. Methodology: The paradigm used is through a quali-quantitative approach - mixed approach and non-experimental design, through a cross-sectional study that allowed establishing the prevalence of frequencies of risk indicators. The sample consisted of posthumous letters from five adolescents who accentuated the suicidal act with an average age of 14 years and 8 months, in the year 2020. For this reason, the sample was of intentionality characteristics, integrating the categories of the posthumous letters allowing establish theoretical conceptions and practical implications, evaluating them by contextual analysis through Python programming phase and Matplotlib libraries. Contribution: One of the main contributions of the research is to address the risk factors of adolescents from posthumous letters in order to establish mental health intervention guidelines for the prevention of suicidal acts in minors.

The adolescent manifests a set of interests that, through school violence, make up behavioral and emotional conflicts in the course of development and social adjustment, therefore, the description and measurement of the main types of violence projects a danger in school areas, especially due to the normalization of such aggressiveness. Objective: to diagnose the type of aggressive behavior of adolescents aged 12 to 15 years, through screening tests, thus integrating focus groups within an institutionalized educational framework, through a study quantitative type of descriptive-transversal cut, not experimental. Methodology: To achieve the objective, various evaluation techniques were used, the first was Resolution and perspective of school violence conflict, followed by the Instrument for School Harassment and Violence (AVE), which based the diagnosis phase in an analyzed sample of n = 568 students. Contribution: the high level of parenting neglect could be identified, as well as the deterioration of self-concept, suicidal ideas and lack of attachment to parental figures.

Emerging viruses are a major threat to human health. Recent outbreaks have emphasized the urgent need for new antiviral treatments. For several pathogenic viruses, considerable efforts have focused on vaccine development. However, during epidemics infected individuals need to be treated urgently. High-throughput screening of clinically tested compounds provides a rapid means to identify undiscovered, antiviral functions for well-characterized therapeutics. Repurposed drugs can bypass part of the early cost and time needed for validation and authorization. In this review we describe recent efforts to find broad spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We have chosen several candidates and propose strategies to understand their mechanism of action and to determine how resistance to antivirals develops in infected cells.

The objective of the present investigation is to evaluate cognitive, motor and emotional aspects of preschool children in order to identify risk factors within the development in the second childhood. The problem of various factors directly influences the school culture, in this way, the study was based on mentioned evaluations, with students who presented behavioral problems, in order to find indicators that explain the type of behavior performed by the minor that causes disturbance in the school context in the teaching process. For this, the methodology used was of a non-experimental qualitative / transversal type, through a non-probabilistic sampling of the type subject. The contribution obtained within the investigation is observed with quantifiable linear frequency data (92%), the direct influence of the inappropriate behavior of minors related to domestic violence, using the school context as a means of affective and effective protection, not obtaining significant data in cognitive areas.

O uso qualificado de bens culturais e a sua consequente preservação constituem-se em grandes desafios para governos e comunidades neste início de século. As estratégias culturais de salvaguarda dos patrimôniosforam cada vez mais desafiadas pelo jogo plural de uma nova perspectiva histórica. Em nossos dias a reconstituição sistemática de modos de vida de uma época anterior, através de espaços e trocas sociais converte o campo da memória em teatro preferencial de uma busca objetiva de conhecimento. As ruínas do antigo Engenho São Jorge dos Erasmos, monumento nacional dos mais relevantes, atualmente categorizado como museu universitário a céu aberto, constitui complexo arquitetônico único em território brasileiro.Além disso, transformou-se na última década em patrimônio diferenciado, abarcando múltiplos campos de conhecimento. O remanescente do antigo engenho encontra-se em lugar privilegiado, como bem tombado nas instâncias federal (1963), estadual (1974) e municipal (1990). Este texto discute as ações educativas realizadas ao longo dos últimos 15 anos neste espaço e sinaliza os projetos que ajudaram a consolidar sua vocação pedagógica.

ABSTRACT The mature envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the surfaces of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells and virions is derived from proteolytic cleavage of a trimeric gp160 glycoprotein precursor. In these studies, we compared the conformations of cleaved and uncleaved membrane Envs with truncated cytoplasmic tails to those of stabilized soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 Env trimers. Deletion of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail did not significantly affect the sensitivity of viruses with the HIV-1AD8 Env to inhibition by antibodies or a CD4-mimetic compound. After glutaraldehyde fixation and purification from membranes, a cleaved Env exhibited a hydrodynamic radius of ∼10 nm and an antibody-binding profile largely consistent with that expected based on virus neutralization sensitivity. The purified cleaved Env trimers exhibited a hollow architecture with a central void near the trimer axis. Uncleaved Env, cross-linked and purified in parallel, exhibited a hydrodynamic radius similar to that of the cleaved Env. However, the uncleaved Env was recognized by poorly neutralizing antibodies and appeared by negative-stain electron microscopy to sample multiple conformations. Compared with membrane Envs, stabilized soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 Env trimers appear to be more compact, as reflected in their smaller hydrodynamic radii and negative-stain electron microscopy structures. The antigenic features of the soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 Env trimers differed from those of the cleaved membrane Env, particularly in gp120 V3 and some CD4-binding-site epitopes. Thus, proteolytic maturation allows the membrane-anchored Env to achieve a conformation that retains functional metastability but masks epitopes for poorly neutralizing antibodies. IMPORTANCE The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into host cells is mediated by the envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the surface of the virus. Host antibodies elicited during natural HIV-1 infection or by vaccination can potentially recognize the Env spike and block HIV-1 infection. However, the changing shape of the HIV-1 Env spike protects the virus from antibody binding. Understanding the shapes of natural and man-made preparations of HIV-1 Envs will assist the development of effective vaccines against the virus. Here, we evaluate the effects of several Env modifications commonly used to produce Env preparations for vaccine studies and the determination of structure. We found that the cleavage of the HIV-1 Env precursor helps Env to assume its natural shape, which resists the binding of many commonly elicited antibodies. Stabilized soluble Envs exhibit more compact shapes but expose some Env elements differently than the natural Env.

Recent analysis of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) dynamics showed that the unliganded Env trimer can potentially sample three conformations: a metastable "closed" conformation (State 1), an "open" CD4-bound conformation (State 3), and an intermediate "partially open" conformation (State 2). HIV-1 evolved several mechanisms to avoid "opening" its Env in order to evade immune responses such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which preferentially targets Envs in the CD4-bound conformation on the surface of infected cells. Here we took advantage of a well-characterized single-residue change in the gp120 trimer association domain to modify Env conformation and evaluate its impact on ADCC responses. We found that cells infected with viruses expressing Env stabilized in States 2/3 become highly susceptible to ADCC responses by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. Our results indicate that the conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells has a significant impact on ADCC responses.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo diagnosticar y analizar la utilización de redes sociales por parte de adolescentes (12-15 años) residentes en la ciudad de Zacatecas, Zacatecas. Para cumplir el objetivo se utilizó un método de tipo mixto con un muestreo de 322 sujetos de instituciones educativas de nivel básico en secundarias. En la muestra estudiada se pudo detectar en términos de porcentajes de frecuencia lineal una gran influencia en el uso de los medios de comunicación para desarrollar conductas inapropiadas a su nivel de desarrollo cognitivo, madurativo y social; asociándose a conductas de riesgo como lo son el acoso cibernético (83%), el sexting (72%) y grooming (47%), entre otros.

La obesidad se ha convertido en un serio problema salud a nivel mundial, siendo un factor independiente de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular. En tal sentido, para evaluar la frecuencia de alteraciones geométricas cardiacas en pacientes obesos con o sin síndrome metabólico y otros factores de riesgo CV, se realizó un estudio en 28 participantes obesos y 13 no obesos como grupo de comparación que acudieron en forma voluntaria a la Unidad de Farmacología Clínica del Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCLA a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario para determinar otros factores de riesgo CV y se les realizaron los siguientes exámenes: triglicéridos, colesterol total y fraccionado, creatinina, glicemia en ayunas e insulina mediante la técnica de ELISA, además se les practicó un ecocardiograma transtoráxico. La población obesa, sedentaria en su totalidad, mostró significativamente mayores valores en las dimensiones del septum interventricular (SVI), de la pared posterior del ventrículo izquierdo (PPVI), y del diámetro de la aurícula izquierda (AI); El 25% de la población obesa presento remodelamiento concéntrico y un 4% presentó hipertrofia excéntrica. 32,14% de los obesos presentó síndrome metabólico, 64,29% dislipidemia, 21% hipertensión arterial y 28,57% hábitos tabáquicos. Los individuos varones que reportaron hábitos tabáquicos presentaron mayores dimensiones en el GRP que en los no fumadores Conclusión: Se encontraron alteraciones morfológicas leves del ventrículo izquierdo en los pacientes obesos, la presencia de hábitos tabáquicos en varones parece agravar dichas alteraciones

ABSTRACT HIV-1-infected cells presenting envelope glycoproteins (Env) in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to avoid the exposure of Env ADCC epitopes by downregulating CD4 and by limiting the overall amount of Env on the cell surface. In HIV-1, substitution of large residues such as histidine or tryptophan for serine 375 (S375H/W) in the gp120 Phe 43 cavity, where Phe 43 of CD4 contacts gp120, results in the spontaneous sampling of an Env conformation closer to the CD4-bound state. While residue S375 is well conserved in the majority of group M HIV-1 isolates, CRF01_AE strains have a naturally occurring histidine at this position (H375). Interestingly, CRF01_AE is the predominant circulating strain in Thailand, where the RV144 trial took place. In this trial, which resulted in a modest degree of protection, ADCC responses were identified as being part of the correlate of protection. Here we investigate the influence of the Phe 43 cavity on ADCC responses. Filling this cavity with a histidine or tryptophan residue in Env with a natural serine residue at this position (S375H/W) increased the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. Conversely, the replacement of His 375 by a serine residue (H375S) within HIV-1 CRF01_AE decreased the efficiency of the ADCC response. Our results raise the intriguing possibility that the presence of His 375 in the circulating strain where the RV144 trial was held contributed to the observed vaccine efficacy. IMPORTANCE HIV-1-infected cells presenting Env in the CD4-bound conformation on their surface are preferentially targeted by ADCC mediated by HIV-positive (HIV+) sera. Here we show that the gp120 Phe 43 cavity modulates the propensity of Env to sample this conformation and therefore affects the susceptibility of infected cells to ADCC. CRF01_AE HIV-1 strains have an unusual Phe 43 cavity-filling His 375 residue, which increases the propensity of Env to sample the CD4-bound conformation, thereby increasing susceptibility to ADCC.

The present research centers its attention on the detection of violence, which, despite all the attempts made by public and private institutions to prevent this type of behavior, remains one of the big problems in relation to gender studies. For this, it was designed a questionnaire based on the "violentometro", which has three levels of violence in order to establish the reliability and validity of this, obtaining the sample of students from the Autonomous University of Zacatecas. The instrument consists of 30 items, integrated in Likert scaling, divided into 10 indicators for each level raised in the category of violence that are located in relation to their degree (low, medium and high). To achieve this objective, the type of study was the non-experimental, descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional study. By obtaining the reliability by the Alpha Cronbach coefficient, reaching a reliability of .970, it could be possibly to verify the high confidence levels of the applied instrument. In relation to levels of violence, the questionnaire shows a higher level of low violence exercised lightly, obtaining a level of reliability in this area of .814 and in "high" violence; it obtained .766 in relation to the reliability. For this reason, that the data obtained is reliability, and it is pointing violence in the lower category as being more frequent.

The binding of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) to the receptors CD4 and CCR5 triggers virus entry into host cells. To identify Env regions that respond to CCR5 binding, HIV-1 was serially passaged on a CD4-positive canine cell line expressing progressively lower levels of CCR5. HIV-1 replication was observed in cells expressing ~1300 CCR5 molecules/cell. Env changes that conferred this low-CCR5 replication phenotype were located outside of the known CCR5-binding region of the gp120 Env subunit and did not apparently increase CCR5 binding affinity. The adaptation-associated changes, located in the gp120 α1 helix and in the gp41 HR1 heptad repeat and membrane-proximal external region (MPER), enhanced HIV-1 replication in cells at all levels of CCR5 expression. The adapted Envs exhibited a greater propensity to undergo conformational changes, as evidenced by increased exposure of conserved regions near the CD4- and CCR5-binding sites.

Interactions between the gp120 and gp41 subunits of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer maintain the metastable unliganded form of the viral spike. Binding of gp120 to the receptor, CD4, changes the Env conformation to promote gp120 interaction with the second receptor, CCR5 or CXCR4. CD4 binding also induces the transformation of Env into the prehairpin intermediate, in which the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) coiled coil is assembled at the trimer axis. In nature, HIV-1 Envs must balance the requirements to maintain the noncovalent association of gp120 with gp41 and to evade the host antibody response with the need to respond to CD4 binding. Here we show that the gp41 HR1 region contributes to gp120 association with the unliganded Env trimer. Changes in particular amino acid residues in the gp41 HR1 region decreased the efficiency with which Env moved from the unliganded state. Thus, these gp41 changes decreased the sensitivity of HIV-1 to cold inactivation and ligands that require Env conformational changes to bind efficiently. Conversely, these gp41 changes increased HIV-1 sensitivity to small-molecule entry inhibitors that block Env conformational changes induced by CD4. Changes in particular gp41 HR1 amino acid residues can apparently affect the relative stability of the unliganded state and CD4-induced conformations. Thus, the gp41 HR1 region contributes to the association with gp120 and regulates Env transitions from the unliganded state to downstream conformations.IMPORTANCE The development of an efficient vaccine able to prevent HIV infection is a worldwide priority. Knowledge of the envelope glycoprotein structure and the conformational changes that occur after receptor engagement will help researchers to develop an immunogen able to elicit antibodies that block HIV-1 transmission. Here we identify residues in the HIV-1 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein that stabilize the unliganded state by modulating the transitions from the unliganded state to the CD4-bound state.

La presente investigacio?n centra su atencio?n en la deteccio?n de la violencia, que, a pesar de todos los intentos que se han realizado por parte de instituciones pu?blicas y privadas para prevenir este tipo de conducta, sigue siendo uno de los focos de alarma en lo referente a estudio de ge?nero. Para ello, se crea un cuestionario basado en el “violento?metro”, el que tiene tres niveles de violencia con la nalidad de establecer la con abilidad y validez de este, obteniendo la muestra de estudiantes de la Universidad Auto?noma de Zacatecas. El instrumento consta de 30 i?tems, integrados en escalamiento Likert, divididos en 10 indicadores para cada nivel planteado en categori?a de violencia que se ubican en relacio?n a su grado (bajo, medio y alto). Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, el tipo de estudio fue el no experimental, descriptivo-ex- ploratorio, de corte transversal. Obteniendo la con abilidad mediante el coe ciente de Alpha Cronbach, alcanzando una con abilidad de .970, comprobando los altos niveles de con anza del instrumento aplicado. En relacio?n a los niveles de violencia el cuestionario arroja un nivel ma?s alto en la violencia baja que se ejerce de forma ligera, obteniendo un nivel de con abilidad en esta a?rea de .814 y en la violencia “alta” se obtiene .766 en relacio?n a la con abilidad. Por tal razo?n, se comprueba los datos obtenidos en la con abilidad general, manifesta?ndose con mayor frecuencia la violencia en la categori?a baja. Palabras clave: Violencia, Instrumento, Confiabilidad. Abstract The present research centers its attention on the detection of violence, which, despite all the attempts made by public and private institutions to prevent this type of behavior, remains one of the big problems in relation to gender studies. For this, it was designed a questionnaire based on the “violentometro”, which has three levels of violence in order to establish the reliability and validity of this, obtaining the sample of students from the Autonomous University of Zacatecas. e instrument consists of 30 items, integrated in Likert scaling, divided into 10 indicators for each level raised in the category of violence that are located in relation to their degree (low, medium and high). To achieve this objective, the type of study was the non-experimental, descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional study. By obtaining the reliability by the Alpha Cronbach coefficient, reaching a reliability of .970, it could be possibly to verify the high confidence levels of the applied instrument. In relation to levels of violence, the questionnaire shows a higher level of low violence exercised lightly, obtaining a level of reliability in this area of .814 and in “high” violence; it obtained .766 in relation to the reliability. For this reason, that the data obtained is reliability, and it is pointing violence in the lower category as being more frequent. Keywords: Violence, Instrument, Reliability. Resumo A presente investigac?a?o centra sua atenc?a?o na detecc?a?o da viole?ncia, que, apesar de todas as tentativas feitas por instituic?o?es pu?blicas e privadas para evitar esse tipo de conduta, continua sendo um alarme constante em relac?a?o a estudo de ge?nero. Para isso, e? criado um questiona?rio baseado no “violentro?metro”, que mede tre?s ni?veis de viole?ncia, a m de estabelecer a con abilidade e validade, obtendo a amostra de estudantes da Universidade Auto?noma de Zacatecas. O instrumento e? composto por 30 itens, integrados na escala Likert, divididos em 10 indicadores para cada ni?vel gerado na categoria de viole?ncia localizada em relac?a?o ao grau (baixo, me?dio e alto). Para atingir esse objetivo, o tipo de estudo realizado foi o estudo na?o-experimental, descritivo-explorato?rio, transversal. Obtendo a con abilidade por meio do coe ciente Alpha Cronbach, alcanc?ando uma con abilidade de .970, veri cando os altos ni?veis de con anc?a do instrumento aplicado. Em relac?a?o aos ni?veis de viole?ncia, o questio- na?rio mostra um ni?vel mais alto de baixa viole?ncia que e? exercida levemente, obtendo um ni?vel de con abilidade nesta a?rea de .814 e em viole?ncia “alta” obtemos .766 em relac?a?o a? con abilidade. Por esta raza?o, se comprovam os dados obtidos em con abilidade geral, sendo a viole?ncia de categoria inferior a mais frequente. Palavras-chave: Viole?ncia, Instrumento, Confiabilidade.

El aprendizaje del bel canto, es una de las funciones artisticas complejas que se han llevado a la practica en el desarrollo institucional de tipo curricular. Una de las finalidades de integrar la formacion academica optima es el atender y reforzar la formacion integral de los docentes reflejada en los alumnos para buscar soluciones dentro de la practica docente y educativa en su conjunto. Uno de los objetivos del presente escrito es referir los numerosos elementos que se ven implicitos en el aprendizaje y adquisicion de la tecnica vocal, donde se utilizan una serie de teorias de corte estructural y musical tecnico, que permitio abordar la tematica de estudio desde perspectivas diferentes otorgando un area multidisciplinaria del aprendizaje de la tecnica vocal.