Co-governance of urban green spaces is increasingly important for resilient human settlements, yet the gap between participation intention and actual behavior remains insufficiently understood in high-density urban contexts. In this study, public participation refers to multiple forms of green space co-governance, including advisory, monitoring, financial, online, planting, and volunteer activities. Using survey and spatial data from 1474 residents across 334 spatial grids in Beijing, this study examines how spatial conditions are associated with the intention-behavior gap. Participation intention shows clear spatial clustering, whereas actual participation behavior is more fragmented. The results show that green space density is positively associated with participation intention, while park accessibility and public transport availability are more closely related to actual behavior. Cross-level interactions indicate that the associations between pro-environmental values and participation outcomes vary with accessibility and mobility conditions, especially at the behavioral stage. The intention-behavior gap also varies across socio-economic, attitudinal, and community profiles. Further analysis suggests that predicted participation behavior declines gradually as park distance increases, with no evidence of a distinct threshold. Guided by an exposure-access-mobility logic, the findings suggest that spatial conditions are associated with intention formation and with residents’ practical opportunities to encounter and engage in co-governance activities in everyday urban life. Improving accessibility and connectivity may help reduce everyday barriers and support participatory equity in high-density green space co-governance.

Tea cultivation is a cornerstone of the livelihoods of millions of rural households worldwide. To mitigate the threat posed by tea plantation expansion to global biodiversity, land-sharing practices have been proposed as a promising approach to balancing tea production with biodiversity conservation. While many studies have evaluated the effects of land sharing on agricultural production and ecosystems, few have explored its broader impacts on sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly in the context of tea plantations. In this study, we examined the effects of land-sharing practices implemented by tea plantations in Wuyishan National Park, China, on four sustainable development goals and their interrelationships: SDG 1 (income), SDG 3 (well-being), SDG 15 (willingness for wildlife conservation), and SDG 16 (support for the national park). Our findings show that conventional tea plantations contributed to SDG 1 and SDG 3 but had a significant negative impact on SDG 15. In contrast, the adoption of land-sharing practices in tea plantations enhanced SDG 1, but adversely affected SDG 16, and contributed little to SDG 3 and SDG 15. These results suggest that eco-friendly land-sharing practices in tea plantations enhanced economic benefits, but they unintentionally weakened community support for the national park, generating complex impacts on the interrelationships among the sustainability goals. The approach and findings from this study provide valuable tools and insights for designing targeted strategies that can effectively leverage land-sharing for sustainable tea productions in China and beyond.

Enhancing the value of agricultural products from protected areas has emerged as a key strategy for supporting local communities while balancing conservation and economic development. This study investigates how different types of information influence consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for products certified by national parks. Using honey from China's Giant Panda National Park as a case study, we conducted a field experiment with Beijing residents to examine how messaging focused on biodiversity conservation, rural community support, or a combination of both impacted their WTP for the product. The results reveal that messages emphasizing biodiversity conservation significantly increase consumers' WTP, whereas messages highlighting rural community support do not have a similar effect. Furthermore, combining both types of messages does not yield additional benefits, potentially due to information overload or reduced message clarity. These findings underscore the importance of clear and targeted messaging in motivating consumers to support eco-friendly products and provide actionable insights for fostering conservation-oriented markets.

In China, the Power Plant Coal Consumption strategy is a unique national policy that integrates non-fossil electricity into energy consumption statistics through a virtual coal-fired transformation process. This approach is tailored to China's coal-dominant energy landscape and offers significant advantages for the country's energy management. Technically, it tends to overestimate total energy consumption and the share of non-fossil energy on a national scale; however, its impacts vary across provinces. These variations can lead to distortions in incentives for energy-saving initiatives at both national and provincial levels. Potential distortions include favoring coal over renewables, inconsistent regional accounting for identical non-fossil electricity deployment, and limitations in capturing the growth of non-fossil electricity. Institutionally, self-measured and unpublished key parameters such as net calorific values and conversion factors can introduce further incentives for data distortion, indirectly impeding the expected transition toward low-carbon energy sources. This study contributes by offering deeper insights into energy statistical methods and providing new knowledge on indicator-induced low-carbon transitions. Finally, several policy recommendations are proposed to better align energy statistical methods with energy-saving initiatives during China's low-carbon transition.

为探索适合中国城市的生活垃圾收费模式,构建基于环境经济政策功能和成本收益的分析框架,文章梳理了全球城市生活垃圾收费模式及其应用范围.从资金筹集功能、行为调节功能、政策资源投入 3个维度评价了每种模式的优缺点和适用性.分析了中国城市垃圾收费现状,发现定额收费是当前的主体模式,计量收费的趋势已经显现.从经济、财政、规模、管理能力、减量压力等维度构建评估指标体系,在城市层面进行聚类分析.结果表明,中国应建立多种收费模式并存、梯级搭配、向计量收费动态转型升级的格局,在这个过程中降低计量收费政策的成本、实现较大的政策净收益至关重要.

Central transfer payment for the key ecosystem zones has become the most funded payments for ecosystem services program in China. The ecological fiscal transfer (EFT) aims to improve the eco-environmental quality of the targeted counties by providing supplementary fiscal funds, though not strictly specifying the usage. This study employs a time-varying difference-in-difference strategy to investigate the impact of EFT on environmental outcome by using a comprehensive county-level dataset covering 1949 counties from 2004 to 2015. Estimates show that the policy had a positive impact on local air quality, whereas the dynamic effect is diminishing. The policy effect is achieved through more stringent environmental regulation and stricter industrial access. Reduction of industrial dust emission is more noticeable than that of sulfur dioxide. There is an economic scale effect that the scale of a county can increase effectiveness of EFT on air quality improvement, whereas an opposite development stage effect will undermine its effectiveness. Heterogeneities were detected concerning transfer intensity, intervention period, geographical region, and ecosystem type. These findings facilitate a deep understanding how EFT could play a significant role in protecting local environment in large developing countries. Several policy implications are drawn to enhance the effectiveness of the largest EFT program.

Unit pricing for domestic waste, or pay-as-you-throw (PAYT), affords a promising policy option for waste classification and reduction at source. As an emerging economy, China intends to adopt the sophisticated instrument of unit pricing. The public attitude to this policy is of high relevance for its actual implementation. For the first time in China, this paper quantitatively examined the acceptability of the policy among urban residents by randomly delivering 632 questionnaires by taking Beijing, a megacity expected to introduce the practice, as an example. Based on the ordered logit model, determinants of acceptability were empirically tested including intrinsic, external and demographic factors. The results show that the acceptability rate of PAYT in Beijing is less than half, with the proportion of firm support reaching only 42.6%. The respectively low acceptability rate indicates substantial compliance costs, due to intensive resistance to policy implementation and more resources to be invested to promote acceptability. Empirical analysis further indicates that (1) regarding demographic features, aged or less educated residents tend to accept unit pricing, (2) as for intrinsic factors, a friendly environmental attitude, deeper understanding of charging policy and better social perception can significantly improve the public acceptability of the policy, and (3) in terms of external factors, better property services and transparent funding mechanisms play significant roles in enhancing public acceptability. These findings are further confirmed by replacing the dependent variable with either the willingness to pay for household waste disposal or the acceptability of the operated sewage treatment fee. The status of residents’ preference for specific pricing methods is further investigated with underlying reasons being revealed. For developing regions with an urgent demand for waste reduction, it is proposed to install unit pricing in time to avoid possible growing social acceptability costs. Specific measures are proposed including changes in intrinsic factors, paying attention to focus groups, and building social consensus for unit pricing.

Charging is a key tool for municipal solid waste management worldwide. Based on policy text analysis, the policy dynamics of waste charges are investigated in Chinese cities. Statistics show that 76.7% of prefecture-level cities have levied fees, dominated by flat charges and quasi-metering charges based on water consumption. Standard unit pricing has not been put into practice across mainland China. The determinants of collection efficiency are firstly empirically analyzed using 2006-2016 city-level dataset with Tobit model. Results show that a higher developmental level or administrative capacity of a city can significantly increase the actual amount of collected charges. The current two modes boost efficiency but provide no economic incentives for waste reduction. As the premise of upcoming unit-pricing policy, residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for waste disposal is revealed by a sample survey conducted in the capital city of Beijing and its determinants are explored with ordered-logit model. Factors such as fairness, publicity, education and information disclosure show significantly positive effects. Particularly, providing cost information of waste disposal increased the ratio of positive WTP by 57.3% and the maximum WTP by 124.5%. It is suggested that Chinese cities explore differentiated charging methods according to tailored policy objectives. For cities to raise funds, a more efficient flat charge is proposed. Cities that experience urgent waste reduction demand is encouraged to proactively explore a pattern transition toward unit pricing by disclosing cost information, conducting publicity campaign, and enhancing management capabilities.

Human–wildlife conflict is a major cause of losses resulting from the establishment of protected areas, most of which are borne by the communities within these areas. It is therefore important to establish a compensation system for such losses. This study measures the total costs of human-wildlife conflict by surveying communities within and surrounding China's Giant Panda National Park. The results show that the primary visible costs from human–wildlife conflict, which include crop loss, livestock depredation, property damage, and human fatalities and injury, were 2185.6 Yuan ($316.9) per household. Approximately 64.9% of households were affected by this conflict in 2020. For each affected household, the average visible costs per capita was 952.6 Yuan ($138.1) or 7.2% of per capita net income. When converting well-being losses caused by human-wildlife conflict into economic costs, we consider visible costs and hidden costs (e.g., transaction, opportunity, and health costs). This study shows that human–wildlife conflict reduced per capita net income by 15.3% and significantly affected household well-being. The average cost of the well-being loss caused by human-wildlife conflict was 38.5 % of per capita net income.

环境权力在多层级政府间的合理配置是构建现代环境治理体系的基石.本文基于成本收益分析建立了环境分权理论框架,聚焦中国多层级地方政府,基于环保系统人员数测算了省、市、县环境分权及其动态变化,对省级以下环境分权定量研究进行了深化拓展;利用1992-2015年面板数据的多种工具变量回归,定量评估了多层级环境分权的污染治理效果.研究发现,中国环境管理向县分权和向中央集权并存,省级、市级管理力量被相对削弱;环境权力下放至县属于"过度分权",加剧了工业污染;扩大市级环境权、特别是监测权有助于工业污染减排;环保目标责任制的强力协调"中和"了县级增污和市级减排效应.环境分权的治污效果因不同管理职能、污染物和区域迥异,其政策启示是,应探索按管理要素划分的,与区域特征、污染物类型相契合的灵活性的纵向环境权力格局.

National energy consumption data are typically adjusted upward and provincial revision downward based on the Third Economic Census, thus substantially reducing energy statistical discrepancy between China and its provinces. Examining revision effects can facilitate better understanding whether and how the revision process eliminated the fundamental roots of the discrepancy. Through multiple index decomposition methods, this study traced the overall discrepancy to raw coal consumption by energy source, coal washing by transforming process and industrial consumption by economic sector. The reduction of the discrepancy was primarily based on improvements in the data consistency for raw coal, including the input by coal washing and industrial raw coal consumption. At provincial level, unexpected operations were detected during benchmark revisions, particularly inner-provincial inconsistency and inter-provincial incoordination. We conclude that the data discrepancy was institutionally rooted and cannot be solved by benchmark revision alone. Shifting the statistical system from a hierarchical regime to a more centralized one, which would allow greater coordination during energy data accounting and revisions, can help resolve this issue fundamentally.

Protected areas are an essential policy tool for biodiversity conservation in China as elsewhere, yet the impact of protected area policies on the livelihood of local households in China remains unknown. We contend that the protected area policy achieves the two goals of ecological conservation and livelihood improvement simultaneously. In this study, we empirically investigated the influence of the protected area policy on local households' risk perception, forest investment, and forest revenue. We analyzed a sample consisting of households located inside or adjacent to two protected areas, namely, Wuyishan National Park and Longqishan Nature Reserve, both in Fujian Province. A total of 211 valid questionnaires were collected in 2021, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that the establishment of protected areas has a positive impact on forest revenues, mediated by risk perception and forest investment, while the average levels of perceived damage increased and perceived security decreased due to the protected area policy. Our study has implications for policymakers seeking to improve biodiversity and household livelihood around protected areas.

完备的生活垃圾收费制度,将有助于补齐生活垃圾处置公共服务短板、推动生活垃圾处置的产业化运行.实施计量收费将为生活垃圾源头减量和分类提供经济约束,减量化效果的产生将降低垃圾处置的社会总成本.北京市在生活垃圾分类方面进行了积极探索,分类成效显著.本文以北京市为例,以社区生活垃圾计量收费政策为重点,分析了计量收费实施的总体背景、实施所需具备的条件,并提出了未来全面实施计量收费需要重点把握的三个方向.

夯实企业环保责任是构建现代环境治理体系的基石.文章基于环境管理的公共服务属性和较强的专业性,为落实《排污许可管理条例》、提高企业环境管理水平和政府的环境监管效能,提出需要在注册环境管理工程师认证基础上,依托第三方市场机构建立专业化、制度化的环保服务市场,为排污企业提供日常环境管理、编制排污许可证执行报告;政府监管部门通过购买注册环境管理工程师服务,对企业环境管理合规性和排污许可证执行报告真实性进行抽查和专业化监管.通过建立专业化环保服务市场,增强企业环境管理和政府环境监管的专业化水平,能够更好地利用市场机制保护环境、创造绿色就业,助力经济全面绿色转型和高质量发展.

To realize widespread domestic waste classification (DWC), deviation between residents' waste classification willingness (WCW) and waste classification behavior (WCB) needs to be reduced. Based on an extended framework of the theory of planned behavior, this study investigates residents' WCW, WCB and their deviation through a random face-to-face survey of 632 households in Beijing. By employing the ordered logit model, determinants have been empirically revealed. We find that there is a deviation between WCW and WCB. 54.3% of respondents reported a higher degree of WCW than that of WCB. The deviation is determined by specific external conditions, including attitudes and norms associated with other subjects that are not authoritative regulators, and the implementation of various policy instruments for DWC. The higher the satisfaction with the services of property enterprises, the higher the deviation is. The positive WCB of peers in communities failed to create positive subjective norms, but instead exacerbated free-rider phenomenon by inducing their negative WCB. Flat-rate charge, publicity measures and the effectiveness of DWC within community can significantly reduce the deviation. On this basis, policy suggestions are put forward to further reduce the deviation and improve the rate of DWC.

The link between air pollution and individual happiness is widely documented. However, the role of social engagement in pollution reduction is seldom considered in the nexus. As such, using large individual-level data from the Gallup World Poll of 151 countries for 2005–2018, this study applies a pooled cross-sectional data approach (controlling for country and year fixed effects) to examine the impact of air pollution on individual happiness and the role of social engagement in shaping the pollution-happiness relationship. The key findings of this study reveal that better air quality raises personal subjective well-being, given that the coefficient of individuals’ perceived air quality is positive and statistically significant. More importantly, social engagement in pollution reduction is found to play an important moderating role in shaping the pollution-happiness relationship. Moreover, using a series of robustness checks, such as applying an alternative measure of happiness, an alternative measure of air quality (objective air quality), and using an instrumental variable estimation approach, confirms the positive effect of air quality (perceived or objective) on improving individuals’ happiness and the moderating role of social engagement. Furthermore, this study reveals that different demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, income, marital status, and urban/rural residence) respond differently to the adverse effects of air pollution and the moderating role of social engagement in pollution reduction. Thus, some policies can be revised and proposed in light of the novel findings of social engagement. In particular, the government should take an active role in combating air pollution and improving air quality by increasing financial input and strengthening environmental protection publicity. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.

充分考虑农村"熟人社会"特点,首次采用复杂网络演化博弈模型,通过数值仿真分析了声誉损失和奖励政策对农户垃圾分类行为扩散深度的动态影响.结果表明:政府不干预时,垃圾分类将无法在农村自发持续而普遍推广;在一定范围内提高声誉损失或奖励均可显著促进农户分类;仅依靠单一政策,无法实现分类的深度扩散,若依靠声誉损失与奖励相互配合,可实现低政策强度、高扩散深度的合意效果;搭便车收益的提高会抑制垃圾分类扩散深度;注重经验学习和适应能力的EWA学习策略更有助于促进垃圾分类扩散.上述结论广泛适用于分类初始状态、学习能力、人口规模不同的农村,对中国农村垃圾分类具有普遍性的启发意义.最后,提出了充分利用"熟人社会"优势构建与农村社会经济特征相契合的垃圾分类激励政策建议.

为定量测算环境收益及其受益归宿,理解经济增长与环境保护的复杂耦合关系,匹配了中国工业企业数据库与环境统计数据库,用2011～2013年微观面板数据估计了企业治污成本函数,分介质、分行业加总得到了工业环境收益,采用受约束模型估计了其在企业利润、工资与税收间的分配.结果发现中国年度工业环境收益约9000亿元,是当年GDP和工业增加值的约2％与5％;高耗能行业占了环境收益的近70％.环境收益的最大受益方是企业职工,摄取了总额的约80％,政府是第二大获益方,进入企业利润的份额不足3％;环境收益贡献了企业工资的近25％,高耗能行业该比例达50％.环境要素的使用是增长的重要推动力,而工业的深度污染治理可能带来利益格局的不对称调整,对企业工资和就业产生重要影响,在绿色发展中应建立局部与整体、短期与长期利益的平衡机制.

一、北京市生活垃圾分类取得阶段性重大成效 在对生活垃圾分类管理长期的研究过程中,我们认识到分类难度比较大,主要表现在以下几个方面.第一,管理对象很多,而且多元化,不管是社区还是单位,最终都是要落实到每个人.每个人都是分类责任人.对象很多,意味着差异性大,如何有效管理难度较大.第二,垃圾种类较多,比如厨余、有害垃圾,4+2全品类等,每一类的分类收集、清运及处置都不一样,垃圾分类之后的处理渠道并不统一明确.

国家重点生态功能区转移支付已成为中国乃至全球最大的政府生态保护补偿项目,其资金使用对地方生态环境保护的作用尤为值得关注.为解决既有研究在研究对象和数据采用上的不足,基于包含全国区县、省级和陕西县域等多尺度数据,采用分组平均值及其变化率、统计相关性检验等评估方法,通过不同批次享受政策的县域及不同生态功能区类型县域的对比,对国家重点生态功能区转移支付在自然生态、大气、水环境3个方面的生态环境效益进行了多维度评估.研究结果表明:(1)2011-2017年,转移支付县域在生态质量上趋于稳定,部分生态类型特征的指标有向好趋势,案例和省级分析表明,转移支付与湿地覆盖率存在显著的正相关,该政策对县域生态质量的稳定和提升起到了一定积极作用.(2) 2015-2018年,转移支付政策县域PM2.5 、SO2、NO2平均浓度均呈下降趋势,大气环境改善较为显著,其中PM2.5浓度下降尤为明显且在防风固沙型生态功能区县域降幅最大.NO2浓度的下降幅度较小.(3)转移支付县域的水环境各项指标在2012-2018年波动较大,总体看水环境质量有轻微改善,不同时间享受政策县域的改善效果有所差异,2016年新增的政策县域水环境质量改善更为显著.评估结论表明,国家重点生态功能区转移支付对县域生态环境质量产生了一定积极影响,其中对大气环境质量改善最为明显,对生态和水质的改善存在较大提升空间.