The present paper provides the detailed list of the specimens of Lycopodiaceae from the Guianas that we checked during the preparation of our paper published in 2020, as well as their distribution maps. A total of 603 specimens have been studied corresponding to 28 taxa in five genera (Lycopodiella, Lycopodium, Palhinhaea, Phlegmariurus, Pseudolycopodiella). An additional species, Phlegmariurus tenuicaulis, is added and the combination of Pseudolycopodiella meridionalis var. mesetarum, which was invalid in our previous paper, is here validated.

We here provide a taxonomic and nomenclatural update of the Prodromus of the Bolivian fern flora published between 2017 and 2019. We describe one new species (Elaphoglossum neglectum F.B.Matos & R.C.Moran), provide four new combinations (Argyrochosma flavens (Sw.) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler, Ceradenia werffii (L.E.Bishop) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler, Enterosora dudleyi (L.E.Bishop) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler, Phlegmariurus aristei (Nessel) B.Øllg.), report 13 new species records for Bolivia, delete 4 species from the Bolivian list, and update the names of 17 species previously known from Bolivia. With these new records and species, the number of fern and lycophyte species known from Bolivia increases by 10 to 1210.

The present paper provides keys to the genera and species of Lycopodiaceae for 6 genera and 40 species recorded from Panamá. The treatment includes nomenclature, descriptions of species and information about distribution and habitats, and notes on problems of species delimitation and infraspecific variation. All species are illustrated, and representative specimens are cited.

Recent floristic surveys in Ecuador and Peru have found many disjunct species between the Guyana Shield and the Cordillera del Cóndor. Here, we report the occurrence of another disjunct species between these two ranges, Pseudolycopodiella iuliformis (Underw. & F.E. Lloyd) Holub, recently discovered in the Cordillera del Cóndor range. We present a morphological description, photographic documentation, and an updated distribution map. In addition, we highlight the morphological differences between P. iuliformis and its congeners historically recorded for Ecuador and Peru. This research highlights an urgent need for further exploration of the Cordillera del Cóndor range, as it seems likely, based on our findings and those of previous floristic surveys, that additional disjunct species are likely to be found in the area.

Following the treatment of the Colombian species belonging to the genus Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae, subfamily Huperzioideae) by Øllgaard (2019), the present study deals with the remaining genera of the family, belonging to the subfamilies Lycopodioideae (Austrolycopodium, Diphasiastrum, Diphasium, and Lycopodium s.str.,) and Lycopodielloideae (Lycopodiella s.str., Palhinhaea, and Pseudolycopodiella).

The present paper provides keys to the genera and species of Lycopodiaceae for the 5 genera and 25 species recorded from Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The treatment includes nomenclature, descriptions of species, and information about distribution and habitats, and notes on problems of species delimitation and infraspecific variation. All species are illustrated, and representative specimens are cited.

Abstract The subfamily Huperzioideae of the Lycopodiaceae includes 41 species in Brazil. The genus Huperzia is represented by a single species, and Phlegmariurus has 40 species. They occur in most habitat types with a humid climate, from tropical lowland forest, to montane forest, and campo vegetation in the highlands. There are 25 endemics, more than half of the species. The present treatment includes nomenclature, descriptions and illustrations of all species, and a key for their identification. Reference collections are cited and summarize the distribution of the species and document their identity. Short discussions deal with problems of species delimitation and compare closely related species.

This article presents the results of a study of a large material of Colombian Lycopodiaceae, describing 75 species of the genus Phlegmariurus, some of them subdivided into several varieties. Their nomenclature, distribution and habitats are indicated, and problems of species delimitation and infraspecific variation are discussed. All species are illustrated, and studied specimens are cited. An attempt has been made to group the species, mainly following the clades of recent molecular studies. The following taxa are described as new to science: Phlegmariurus cocuyensis, P. cruentus var. exilis, P. cruentus var. illimitatus, P. idroboi, and P. josesantae.

The Neotropical clade of the lycophyte genus Phlegmariurus is comprised of an estimated 150 described species and exhibits exceptional morphological and ecological diversity. Because of their simple morphology, frequent convergent evolution, and the recentness of the group's diversification, the delimitation of species and species groups has remained challenging. Here, we present a robustly support phylogeny of Neotropical Phlegmariurus based on six chloroplast markers and ca. 70% of known species, and use ancestral character state reconstruction to investigate morphological evolution in the clade, and define natural species groups. The Neotropical species of Phlegmariurus form a clade that also includes a small number of Afro-Madagascan species. A morphologically and ecologically variable group of species from southeastern Brazil form a monophyletic group and represent a parallel radiation to principally Andean lineages. Species groups in Neotropical Phlegmariurus that were previously recognized based on morphology are not monophyletic. We find support for 11 morphologically cohesive and well-supported species groups. Morphological homoplasy is common in Phlegmariurus and complicates infrageneric classification of the Neotropical taxa. Our results provide a useful framework for identifying species groups and understanding patterns of morphological evolution in Neotropical Phlegmariurus. The radiation of the Brazilian species remains poorly understood and requires further study.

We provide a synopsis to the family Lycopodiaceae in Bolivia, including 40 species (some with varieties) in eight genera. One new species, Phlegmariurus stephani B. Ollg., is described. Keys are given to genera and species. Most relevant synonyms are mentioned, the general and Bolivian distribution and ecology is summarized, and some notes on related species are given.

This paper is an update of the list of Lycopodiaceae known from Ecuador, resulting from field and herbarium activities after the publication of the family in Flora of Ecuador (Ollgaard 1988). Several taxa have been recognized or recorded as new to the country or new to science after 1988. Two are deleted due to misidentification or absence in spite of expectation. Two species are described as new to science here. The list is arranged alphabetically according to the recent classification presented in Ollgaard & Windisch (2014).

This paper treats the Brazilian species of three genera of the Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella with four species (one endemic), Palhinhaea with six (two endemics), and Pseudolycopodiella with seven (one endemic). The species are described, and keys and illustrations, or references to illustrations for their identification are provided. The nomenclature is reviewed. Representative specimens are cited, and the general distribution and habitats are indicated. Pseudolycopodiella squamata is described as new to science.

The following species in the Lycopodiaceae are described as new to science: Palhinhaea cerrojefensis (Panama), Phlegmariurus pachyskelos (Colombia), Phlegmariurus silverstonei (Colombia), Phlegmariurus sphagnicola (Colombia), and Phlegmariurus tryonorum (Costa Rica). Phlegmariurus serpentiformis (Herter) B. Ollg. is a new combination.

Phylogeny has long informed pteridophyte classification. As our ability to infer evolutionary trees has improved, classifications aimed at recognizing natural groups have become increasingly predictive and stable. Here, we provide a modern, comprehensive classification for lycophytes and ferns, down to the genus level, utilizing a community-based approach. We use monophyly as the primary criterion for the recognition of taxa, but also aim to preserve existing taxa and circumscriptions that are both widely accepted and consistent with our understanding of pteridophyte phylogeny. In total, this classification treats an estimated 11 916 species in 337 genera, 51 families, 14 orders, and two classes. This classification is not intended as the final word on lycophyte and fern taxonomy, but rather a summary statement of current hypotheses, derived from the best available data and shaped by those most familiar with the plants in question. We hope that it will serve as a resource for those wanting references to the recent literature on pteridophyte phylogeny and classification, a framework for guiding future investigations, and a stimulus to further discourse.

Abstract This compilation of ferns and lycophytes in Brazil is an update of the one published in 2010 in Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil. The methodology consisted in collecting data from regional checklists, taxonomic revisions, and selected databases. Invited specialists improved the list accessing a website housed at the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. The results show 1,253 species: 1,111 of ferns and 142 of lycophytes. This number is 6.5% higher than the previous one (1,176 spp.). The percentage of endemic species decreased from 38.2% to 36.7%. We recognized 36 families and 133 genera (vs. 33 families, 121 genera in 2010). The 10 most diverse families are Pteridaceae (196 spp.), Dryopteridaceae (179), Polypodiaceae (164), Hymenophyllaceae (90), Thelypteridaceae (86), Aspleniaceae (78), Lycopodiaceae (64), Selaginellaceae (55), Anemiaceae (51), and Cyatheaceae (45). The three most diverse genera are still Elaphoglossum (87 spp.), Thelypteris (85), and Asplenium (74). The richest phytogeographic domain continues to be in the Atlantic Rainforest with 883 species which also has the largest number of endemic and threatened species, followed by the Amazon Rainforest (503), Cerrado (269), Pantanal (30), Caatinga (26), and Pampa (eight). Minas Gerais remains as the richest state (657 spp. vs. 580 in 2010).

Palhinhaea divaricata B. Øllg., Palhinhaea lugubris B. Øllg., Palhinhaea pseudocurvata B. Øllg., Palhinhaea reflexifolia B. Øllg., Phlegmariurus ciliatospiculatus B. Øllg. and Phlegmariurus luteynii B. Øllg. are described as new to science. Diphasium lawessonianum (B. Øllg.) B. Øllg. is a new combination, based on Lycopodium lawessonianum B. Øllg. Three subfamilies of the Lycopodiaceae: Huperzioideae, Lycopodielloideae and Lycopodioideae, first used by Wagner and Beitel (1992), are validated.

A conspectus of the Lycopodiaceae in Brazil is presented, following a generic classification based on anatomy, chromosome numbers, spores and gametophytes, as well as recent molecular studies. The species of Lycopodiaceae occurring in Brazil, traditionally treated conservatively, were grouped in three genera: Lycopodium, Lycopodiella, and Huperzia. Within each genus, the diversity (treated under various subgenera, sections, and subsections) has been discussed. In our new approach, these three genera are treated as subfamilies Lycopodiodeae (four genera in Brazil), Lycopodielloideae (three genera in Brazil), and Huperzioideae (two genera in Brazil). Branching patterns and morphological diversity of vegetative leaves and sporophylls, as well as morphology of sporangia and spores in the different groups, are discussed in a brief review. We provide keys to identification of subfamilies and genera represented in Brazil. The species of Lycopodioideae, genera Lycopodium (s.str.), Austrolycopodium, Diphasium, and Diphasiastrum (one species in the first three genera, two in Diphasiastrum - one of them new) are treated in detail, with descriptions, illustrations (or references to illustrations), and comments on habitat and distribution.