Cricket (Gryllus sigillatus) meal (CM) was fed to Ross 308 broiler chickens (n = 624 total; 26 birds/pen) at dietary inclusion rates of 0% (non -medicated control; NM), 0% (medicated control; 0.05% virginiamycin, 0.03% monensin; M), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% CM (non -medicated) for 35 days to determine the impact of this novel feed ingredient on the growth, feed intake, organ indices, and meat quality of these chickens. The final average live weight of broilers fed 5% CM was lower than broilers fed the 10% CM (P < 0.05) and the 0% NM diets (P < 0.05). Total weight gain was lowest in chickens fed 5% CM (P < 0.05) and the % ratio of the weight of the small intestine to body weight of the chickens fed 5% CM was significantly higher on day 20 than that of the other treatments (P < 0.05). Meat texture and colour were not affected by dietary treatments. Cooking loss in birds fed the 10% CM diet was significantly higher than that of birds fed the 0% NM control. Feeding up to 20% CM did not alter the growth, organ indices, or meat quality of broiler chickens, although further research is required to determine whether including >20% CM in the diet will produce similar results.

There is growing interest in the food industry to develop approaches for large-scale production of bioactive molecules through continuous downstream processing, especially from sustainable sources. Membrane-based separation technologies have the potential to reduce production costs while incorporating versatile multiproduct processing capabilities. This review describes advances in membrane technologies that may facilitate versatile and effective isolation of bioactive compounds. The benefits and drawbacks of pressure-driven membrane cascades, functionalized membranes and electromembrane separation technologies are highlighted, in the context of their applications in the food industry. Examples illustrate the separation of functional macromolecules (peptides, proteins, oligo/polysaccharides, plant secondary metabolites) from complex food-based streams. Theoretical and mechanistic models of membrane flux and fouling are also summarized. Overcoming existing challenges of these technologies will provide the food industry with several attractive options for bioprocessing operations.

Pea protein films were developed using haskap (Lonicera caerulea) leaf extracts obtained from aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) and aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF), where the components from the aqueous two-phase systems were incorporated directly into the films. The films were formulated with components that were GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe): either pea protein isolate (PPI) or pea protein concentrate (PPC), glycerol as plasticizer, carboxylic acids (citric acid or malic acid) as cross-linkers, and the haskap leaf extracts comprising of bioactive compounds, ethanol, salt (sodium phosphate or ammonium sulphate), and water. Films were produced by the bench casting method, and they were assessed in terms of physical, mechanical, optical, water vapour permeability, thermal, migration, and antioxidant properties. Some formulations with the haskap leaf extracts demonstrated better water vapour permeability and flexibility with the presence of salt. The films also exhibited thermal stability as the melting temperatures were higher than 150 °C and ultraviolet absorption properties that would protect products from ultraviolet degradation. Additionally, the films allowed the migration of bioactive compounds into alcoholic and fatty food simulants, which suggests that they could extend the shelf life of perishable food and increase the antioxidant properties of the packaged products. This work also shows that post-extraction steps such as alcohol evaporation and salt precipitation are not necessary with aqueous two-phase systems and could therefore reduce associated processing costs.

Sodium alginate extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum using conventional chemical extraction (Alg-CCE), microwave-assisted extraction (Alg-MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (Alg-UAE), and a combination of both enzyme-assisted and conventional chemical extraction (Alg-EAE/CCE) methods were studied for both physicochemical properties and in vitro prebiotic activity. Alg-EAE/CCE had the highest yield, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Alg-MAE and Alg-UAE. However, total uronic acids were highest in the Alg-UAE and was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in either Alg-CCE or Alg-MAE. The average molecular weight of all extracts were within the range of 65-215 kDa and had similar dispersity index. There were no significant differences in the mannuronate to guluronate (M/G) ratio of the extracts. Higher guluronic than mannuronic acid absorbance values were observed in the extracts, thus suggesting gelling capabilities because guluronic acid preferentially binds calcium. The growth rate of Lactobacillus delbruecki ssp bulgaricus strain in supplemented growth media at 0.10, 0.30 and 0.50% (w/v), were increased in a dose-dependent manner as compared to an unsupplemented growth medium as control. Similar observations were obtained for the L. casei strain, except at the 0.50% (w/v) inclusion where the growth rate decreased. No significant impacts on short-chain fatty acids production were observed, though pH decreased further in the supplemented sodium alginate growth medium. This study indicated that alginate extracts of A. nodosum were able to show prebiotic responses in two strains of Lactobacillus although there were no significant influences of the extraction methods on the in vitro prebiotic responses.

The potential of the isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) process as a sustainable method for recovering value-added bio-products from invasive European green crab was investigated.

Small- and large-scale biochar-based filtrations were conducted to investigate the potential of biochar as a low-cost renewable filtration medium in aquaponics. The small-scale experimental design investigated the effects of 2 biochar media sizes (1 - 3 mm [referred to as fine biochar] and 3 - 5 mm [referred to as coarse biochar]), 3 biochar bed heights (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 cm) and 3 loading rates (5, 10 and 15 m(3)/m(2)/d) on particle size distribution as well as turbidity removal efficiency. Both biochar sizes (fine and coarse) were able to clarify fish effluent. However, fine biochar led to better filtration characteristics compared to coarse biochar. Results indicated that biochar filter bed heights and loading rates affected the filtration performances. Using deeper filters combined with lower loading rates led to greater removal of suspended particles and turbidity compared to shallower filters and/or higher loading rates. Results from the large-scale filtration, using a mixture of fine and coarse biochar media (size of 1 - 5 mm), revealed that the ideal loading rate for maximizing the removal of turbidity from fish effluent in high-intensity aquaponic system for production of Nile tilapia and greenhouse plants (with 80 m(3) total volume of water, 40 kg/m(3) average stocking density and 15 kg/d feeding rate) was 10 m(3)/m(2)/d. This study suggests that biochar-based filtration could be incorporated into aquaponics as a polishing step before sending the water to plant growth systems.

The incorporation of bioactive macromolecules from natural sources into marketable functional foods and nutraceuticals is of major significance to the agri-food sector. Interest in this area of research stems from the application of purified bioactive macromolecules in enhancing food quality and as an alternative to some pharmaceutical drugs for delivery of potential health benefits, with less associated adverse effects. To obtain bioactive macromolecules of high quality, appropriate use of extraction techniques and its influence on sensory and physicochemical properties is paramount. With the advent of technology-aided processes, there has been remarkable improvement in the extraction efficiency of these bioactive agents. An overview of the influence of these new techniques on extraction efficiency and physicochemical properties of proteins, lipids and fibers, which this detailed review provides, will prove to be a valuable resource to food industries aiming to maximize production of bioactive macromolecules from natural sources as well as the scientific community.

The extraction of chitin and its derivatives, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides (COS) from lobster shell by-products and their hypocholesterolemic property through bile acid sequestration were studied. Chitin was extracted from lobster shells using chemical methods. The purity and recovery rate of extracted chitin were 96.4 and similar to 94%, respectively, from tail shells. Chitosan was derived from chitin with a high degree of deacetylation and a molecular weight> 500 kDa. Pepsin and papain were used as a combined enzymatic system for hydrolysis of chitosan, which yielded 13% COS. The enzymatically prepared COS had net positive zeta (zeta) potential of +37.6 mV, bimodal molecular weight distribution, and showed the highest bile acid-binding capacity with sodium deoxycholate at 50 mg/mL. Results indicated that COS may have different binding reactions with multiple mechanisms with the bile acids compared to chitin and chitosan. The results suggested that the lobster shell-derived chitin, chitosan and COS could be promising compounds for use in the management of hypercholesterolaemia through binding with bile acids.

The influence of conventional and novel extraction technologies on the structure-prebiotic activity relationship of fucoidan extracts was investigated. Fucoidan extracted from conventional chemical (Fuc-CCE), microwave-assisted (Fuc-MAE), ultrasound-assisted (Fuc-UAE) and enzyme-assisted (Fuc-EAE) extractions were characterized and investigated for in vitro prebiotic activity. Fuc-CCE had significantly higher extract yield when compared to Fuc-MAE, Fuc-UAE, and Fuc-EAE. However, there were no significant differences in fucose and galactose contents of the extracts. Sulphate levels of Fuc-MAE and Fuc-CCE were significantly higher than those of Fuc-UAE and Fuc-EAE. Also, Fuc-MAE had significantly lower average molecular weight and higher dispersity index compared to the other extracts. Fucoidan-supplemented MRS broth from all four methods significantly (p < 0.05) increased growth rates of Lactobacillus delbruecki ssp bulgaricus compared to the un-supplemented medium. However, there was no significant difference in the growth rates of the extracts. For the L. casei strain, there was no significant difference between the supplemented and un-supplemented media. However, Fuc-MAE-supplemented media resulted in a 24.5% increase in growth rate, at 0.5% w/v concentration, compared to the un-supplemented medium. The growth rates of fucoidan extracts were comparable to that of the commercial prebiotic, inulin, thus strengthening the in vitro prebiotic claim for the fucoidan extracts. Overall, the results indicated that Fuc-MAE had better physicochemical characteristics (fucose and galactose, sulphate, molecular weight and dispersity index), but had no significant advantage over the other extracts based on in vitro prebiotic activity.

Fish protein hydrolysates were prepared through microbial-assisted fermentation (using Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici), and compared to the conventional chemical-assisted hydrolysis (using formic acid). The effects of processing method (chemical and microbial), temperature (30 degrees C and 37 degrees C), lactose concentration (5% and 10%, w/w) and duration (1-9 days) on dynamics of proteolysis and kinetics of fermentation were investigated. For all the treatments, the residual dry matter reached a constant level after 3 days of processing indicating a rapid liquefaction of fish biomass. Regardless of the processing method, the degree of hydrolysis rapidly increased in the first 3 days and stabilized thereafter reaching more than 40%. The bioprocessing of fish by-catch for 6 days at 37 degrees C using 1% (w/w) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and 5% (w/w) lactose as a substrate were the optimum conditions for maximizing the release of peptides through the microbial-assisted fermentation. The optimum conditions for the chemical-assisted hydrolysis were 6 days at 30 degrees C using 2% (w/w) formic acid.

This chapter presents a detailed discussion on the various proteins, peptides and amino acids, their chemical composition, extraction processes, health prospects, industrial applications, and sustainability of seaweeds as raw materials.

This study compares a cost-effective microbial method, involving lactic acid (LA) fermentation, with the conventional formic acid (FA) treatment and Flavourzyme (FL) enzymatic hydrolysis for valorizing Atlantic salmon processing waste (Viscera). LA and FA processing approaches relied on production (LA) or addition (FA) of organic acids to lower the pH and activate the inherent proteases in these tissues, whereas FL processing was carried out at the optimum conditions for Flavourzyme (37 degrees C, pH 7.0). Highest protein hydrolysate fraction recovery (approximate to 57%) was seen in LA fermentation, while FA processing resulted in the highest protein levels (approximate to 87%) in the recovered hydrolysate fraction and lowest residual fraction (approximate to 4%). In general, FL processing demonstrated higher Fe(II) chelation (73%) and ferric reducing capacity (27 mM glutathione equivalent) whereas LA-hydrolysates showed enhanced sacrificial antioxidant properties. Findings from this study would have implications on the application and production of salmon-based protein hydrolysates, especially, from the perspective of their functionality. Practical applicationsPeptides derived from natural sources such as fish products have been extensively reported to exert antioxidant activity that mitigates oxidative stress and providing beneficial effects to human health as well as food storage. Several sources of proteins are being explored for the production of biologically active peptides. Utilizing by-product streams such as fish processing waste is especially attractive as these are cheaper and rich sources of protein. Therefore, utilizing marine bioprocessing waste for the production food-grade protein hydrolysates is promising, especially in Atlantic Canada.

Prebiotics enhance immune response through the modulation of intestinal microbial activities, production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), direct interaction with toll-like receptors and mucin production. These non-digestible food components are known to be resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis by digestive enzymes and are utilized as carbon source for the growth of beneficial bacteria population through the process of fermentation. Brown seaweed polysaccharides (BSP) have been described as emerging prebiotics due to their potential to stimulate gut microbiota activities at in vitro and in vivo stages. This review therefore examines evidence of the relationship between the prebiotic capacity of BSP, their structure, extraction, and possible mechanisms of immunomodulation.

Conventionally, both a working and counter electrode are housed in a single cell to form an electrochemical device for quantification of various analytes. For reductive sensing of hydrogen peroxide, however, analyte losses due to oxidation and catalytic decomposition on the counter electrode are significant, rendering such devices unsuitable for continuous monitoring of analyte concentration changes over time. Further, only chemically inert materials such as platinum can be used to construct the counter electrode, where their high cost limits potential applications. To circumvent such issues, an anion-exchange membrane was employed to fabricate a two-chamber device housing each electrode in each individual chamber, to physically prevent the counter electrode from interfering with working electrode analysis. Such a design enables the use of sacrificial anodes as the counter electrodes, thereby significantly expanding the linear range of detection, improving sensitivity, and reducing device cost.

Indigestible oligosaccharides (OSs) with specific properties are known to influence overall health status of individuals as well as that of the gastro- intestinal tract via alteration of the gut microbial composition. These biomolecules selectively stimulate proliferation of desirable bacterial species while inhibiting harmful microbes. Gut microbiota release short chain fatty acids on fermenting these OSs that also promote a healthy gut. Prebiotic activity is resultant of a synergy between the chemical nature of the OSs and the metabolic machinery of beneficial microflora in the human gut. Prebiotic effectiveness of the OSs is also dependent on processing stability during extraction and incorporation into the edible food- matrix. The present review provides a structural perspective on conventional and potential prebiotic OSs with regards to their effects on colonic microflora, stability and potential application in food systems.Practical applicationsAltering intestinal microbiota is being viewed as an active mechanism of developing immune resistance, infectious process control and overall health promotion in individuals. Food researchers and segments of the food industry are actively developing products with prebiotic properties looking to maintain health status of the populace and strengthening the competitive market. The insights from this review can drive towards developing food-incorporated prebiotic formulations from a number of different sources.

Background: Bioactive peptides have strong potential for use in functional food formulation for prevention and management of health conditions, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD). Microalgae can be used as sustainable protein sources in the production of peptide-based functional foods for preventing or treating CVD.Scope and approach: This review discusses the scientific knowledge and current trends in microalgae-derived peptides, including their chemical composition, production and potential impact in management of hypertension and oxidative stress. The prospects for commercial applications as functional food ingredients are also discussed.Key findings and conclusions: There is high potential for the production of functional foods containing microalgae-derived peptides. Peptides that inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme, and those that have antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, all of which are important in ameliorating CVD risk factors, have been successfully produced from microalgae. Future research with regards to the microalgae-derived peptides will involve the development of large-scale commercial microalgae cultivation, enhancement of protein extraction and peptide release, understanding of matrix interactions of the peptides within food products, and in vivo studies in human to validate health benefits. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Whey permeate was used as a co-substrate to replace part of the wheat for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was achieved with β-galactosidase added at the onset of the fermentation to promote whey lactose hydrolysis. Aspergillus oryzae and Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidases were two enzymes selected and used in the co-fermentation of wheat and whey permeate for the comparison of their effectiveness on lactose hydrolysis. The possibility of co-fermentations in both STARGEN and jet cooking systems was investigated in 5 L bioreactors. Ethanol yields from the co-fermentations of wheat and whey permeate were evaluated. It was found that A. oryzae β-galactosidase was more efficient for lactose hydrolysis during the co-fermentation and that whey permeate supplementation can contribute to ethanol yield in co-fermentations with wheat.

Bioinformatic tools are useful in predicting bioactive peptides from food proteins. This study was focused on using bioinformatics and peptidomics to evaluate the specificity of peptide release and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in a peptic digest of potato protein isolate. Peptides in the protein hydrolysate were identified by LC-MS/MS and subsequently aligned to their parent potato tuber proteins. Five major proteins were selected for further analysis, namely, lipoxygenase, α-1,4-glucan phosphorylase, annexin, patatin, and polyubiquitin, based on protein coverage, abundance, confidence levels, and function. Comparison of the in silico peptide profile generated with ExPASy PeptideCutter and experimental peptidomics data revealed several differences. The experimental peptic cleavage sites were found to vary in number and specificity from PeptideCutter predictions. Average peptide chain length was also found to be higher than predicted with hexapeptides as the smallest detected peptides. Moreover, PTMs, particularly Met oxidation and Glu/Asp deamidation, were observed in some peptides, and these were unaccounted for during in silico analysis. PTMs can be formed during aging of potato tubers, or as a result of processing conditions during protein isolation and hydrolysis. The findings provide insights on the limitations of current bioinformatics tools for predicting bioactive peptide release from proteins, and on the existence of structural modifications that can alter the peptide bioactivity and functionality.