Abstract At a time of increasing political polarization and rapidly accelerating climate change, it is important to build public knowledge and empathy toward nature to foster behavioral changes; however, addressing a knowledge deficit can be insufficient to affect these changes. To leverage the intersection of science, art, and intergenerational learning to move toward such outcomes, we describe here a multi‐part public outreach initiative. Briefly, this initiative was designed to build community knowledge and empathy with the ocean while encouraging curiosity and enjoyment in science learning. This involved interactive tabling at the local farmers market, as well as a marine biology‐themed scavenger hunt through which participants collected plankton‐themed trading cards from local businesses. Through the scavenger hunt, families learned about various plankton groups in coastal Georgia, resulting in approximately 256 participating individuals in one month. The activity was accessible across age groups, gamified science learning, and enhanced intergenerational learning. We believe such activities could be more broadly applicable, and so also provide recommendations for orchestrating similar science communication campaigns. Such marine‐focused education is particularly important in landlocked cities where interactions with the ocean may be limited, and can hopefully instill an ongoing interest in marine sciences and empathy for ocean conservation efforts.

Seagrass meadows are globally distributed coastal ecosystems that provide habitats for diverse species and facilitate ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling. However, factors linked to human activities and climate change are causing seagrass decline worldwide, thus impacting benthic community structure and ecosystem functioning. Although macrofaunal communities in seagrass habitats are well studied, the structure and function of bacteria/archaea and microeukaryote assemblages remains underexplored. In this study, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding (16S and 18S rRNA genes) to analyze bacteria/archaea (16S), microeukaryotes (18S raw sediment), and meiofauna (18S Ludox) communities in seagrass and bare sediment habitats across three sites along an estuarine gradient in Bodega Harbor, California. We found that microbial and microeukaryote communities were primarily structured by site as a response to the environmental gradient (e.g., sediment properties), whereas meiofauna responded more strongly to the presence of seagrass. Beta diversity showed strong differentiation among estuarine sites, while alpha diversity varied within sites, with bare sediments often displaying higher diversity. Network analysis revealed significant co-occurrences between bacteria and nematodes, including chemosynthetic symbiont-bearing lineages in mudflats and stress-tolerant bioindicators. Our findings underscore the importance of environmental gradients and microhabitat features in shaping benthic biodiversity in temperate seagrass ecosystems. Furthermore, it highlights potential microbial-nematode associations, likely a response to environmental variation . By integrating multiple benthic components, our study advances understanding of biodiversity drivers in temperate estuarine seagrass habitats and provides new insights on microbial community structure in these ecosystems.

Abstract Microbial symbioses drive the evolutionary and functional diversification of eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protists to large invertebrates. However, our knowledge of host-associated assemblages (the “holobiont”) is limited in microscopic animal phyla with a body size <1mm, due to practical challenges such as low biomass and difficult taxonomy of host species. Marine nematodes represent an ideal case study for rapidly advancing our knowledge of bacterial-animal symbioses, representing a globally abundant invertebrate group with strong links to terrestrial and model organism species within the same phylum. Here, we sequenced the holobionts of 220 marine nematodes and generated 815 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of host-associated bacteria/archaea. Our data indicates that 20-34% of marine nematodes harbor an obligate intracellular symbiont, often with multiple endosymbionts co-occurring within the same host. Three bacterial phyla (Pseudomonadota Bacteroidota, and Verrucomicrobiota) account for three-quarters of all nematode-associated MAGs, and the majority of these holobiont MAGs represent deeply divergent lineages in the prokaryotic tree of life. The Flavobacteriaceae (a core microbiome taxon in C. elegans and other terrestrial nematodes), were consistently recovered across phylogenetically diverse marine nematode lineages, suggesting evolutionary conservation of holobiont taxa across marine and terrestrial environments. We also report a novel chemoautotroph family ( Ca. Thionematobacter) recovered from nematode hosts in both deep-sea and shallow-water habitats, and report the first confirmed instance of Cardinium endosymbionts from marine invertebrates. Finally, ∼65% of nematode-associated MAGs are able to degrade chitin, via hexosaminidase, implying that benthic invertebrate holobionts make significant contributions to global carbon cycling. These results underline the importance of evaluating symbiosis in microscopic marine invertebrates, and accelerating our understanding of animal evolution and ecosystem dynamics in vast benthic habitats.

Seagrass meadows are globally distributed coastal ecosystems that provide habitats for diverse species and facilitate ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling. However, anthropogenic activities and climate change are causing seagrass decline worldwide, broadly impacting ecosystem functioning. Although macrofaunal communities in seagrass habitats are relatively well studied, benthic microbial assemblages (including microeukaryote groups such as protists and microbial metazoa) remain underexplored. In this study, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to characterize assemblages of bacteria/archaea (16S rRNA gene), microeukaryotes (18S rRNA amplified from raw sediment), and meiofauna (18S rRNA amplified from sieved and Ludoxed sediment fractions) in seagrass fields and bare sediment habitats at three sites along an estuarine gradient in Bodega Harbor, California. We found that microbial and microeukaryote communities were primarily structured by location, with sediment properties (sand vs silt/clay proportions) being the main driver of community assemblages. Habitat type was a secondary factor influencing benthic fauna, with bare sediments typically displaying higher biodiversity than seagrass beds, except at Westside Park mudflats, where bare sediments showed significantly reduced diversity compared to all other sampling locations. The differential recovery of nematode bioindicator taxa, including Terschellingia, Daptonema, Viscosia, Microlaimus, and Spilophorella, suggested that abiotic factors, such as physical disturbance, pollution, or oxygen dynamics, may influence the success of specific taxa at each site. Finally, nematode-bacterial co-occurrence networks confirmed known symbiotic associations and suggest additional taxonomic relationships to explore in future studies. Our findings underscore the importance of environmental gradients and microhabitat features in shaping benthic biodiversity in temperate seagrass ecosystems.IMPORTANCESeagrass meadows, which sustain a wide variety of plant and animal life, are vital coastal habitats. These submerged ecosystems support biodiversity, coastal protection, biogeochemical cycling, and carbon storage. However, seagrass habitats worldwide are declining due to pressures from climate change and human activity. This study characterizes the microbial and microeukaryote communities (including microbial animals with a body size <1 mm) that inhabit and surround temperate seagrass meadows in Bodega Harbor, California. Our findings demonstrate that location is a primary factor that determines microbial communities inhabiting sediments at each site, with habitat type (bare sediment vs seagrass beds) exerting a secondary influence on the biodiversity and distribution of microbial species. By using nematode bioindicator taxa and nematode-bacterial co-occurrence patterns, our results also suggest specific environmental factors that shape sediment biodiversity, including tidal cycles, oxygen, sulfur, and decaying organic matter. A comprehensive understanding of the variation within benthic communities associated with seagrass habitats can significantly enhance conservation and restoration efforts for seagrass meadows.

Effective species conservation and management requires comprehensive biomonitoring, enhanced by combining traditional and newer methodologies, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) analyses. A seasonal pulse of spawning adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was detected by normalised eDNA 12S reads from metabarcoding, which facilitated estimation of spatial patterns in salmon biomass. A strong relationship was found between normalised reads in the lower section of the River Conwy (Wales, UK) and whole-river adult biomass (estimated from rod catch data and a fish counter), explaining 61% of the variation in a linear regression. Moreover, the positive linear relationship between adult biomass and partial effect on normalised reads occurred after the biomass estimate exceeded 1500 kg, indicating a threshold where normalised reads become representative of biomass. The relationship observed between normalised reads and biomass, as well as the unique profiles of normalised reads at each of the sites, supports the hypothesis of limited eDNA transport among sampling sites that were 2-4 km apart. River pH showed a significant non-linear relationship with normalised reads, with a peak in partial effect on normalised reads at pH 6.5. Partial effect on normalised reads also showed a positive linear relationship with flow (discharge), while also peaking at the highest average monthly air temperatures (14°C). These trends are contrary to what would be expected from eDNA decay, dilution or transport, demonstrating that metabarcoding is robust to such influences, reinforcing the interpretation of trends driven by Atlantic salmon ecology and physiology. For example, pH effects reflect beneficial conditions for eggs and perhaps habitat preference for spawners, flow effects reflect the annual return of salmon during higher flows which aid upstream migration, tributary entry and spawning, and, finally, temperature effects reflect higher metabolic rates and greater shedding of eDNA.

Pseudoalteromonas is known to form symbiotic relationships with various marine invertebrates, but association with nematodes has not been well-explored. Here, we report the genome sequences of two Pseudoalteromonas strains isolated from a predatory marine nematode (Oncholaimidae) collected from Tybee Island, GA, that will facilitate the study of nematode-bacterial interactions.

In metabarcoding studies, Linnaean taxonomy assignments of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) or Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) underpin many downstream bioinformatics analyses and ecological interpretations of environmental DNA (eDNA) datasets. However, public molecular databases (i.e., SILVA, EUKARYOME, BOLD) for most microbial metazoan phyla (nematodes, tardigrades, kinorhynchs, etc.) are sparsely populated, negatively impacting our ability to assign ecologically meaningful taxonomy to these understudied groups. Additionally, the choice of bioinformatics parameters and computational algorithms can further impact the accuracy of eDNA taxonomy assignments. Here, we use two in-silico datasets to show that taxonomy assignments using the 18S rRNA gene can be dramatically improved by curating Linnaean taxonomy strings associated with each reference sequence and closing phylogenetic gaps by improving taxon sampling. Using free-living nematodes as a case study, we applied two commonly used taxonomy assignment algorithms (BLAST+ and the QIIME2 Naïve Bayes classifier) across six iterations of the SILVA 138 reference database to evaluate the precision and accuracy of taxonomy assignments. The BLAST+ top hit with a 90% sequence similarity cutoff often returned the highest percentage of correctly assigned taxonomy at the genus level, and the QIIME2 Naïve Bayes classifier performed similarly well when paired with a reference database containing corrected taxonomy strings. Our results highlight the urgent need for phylogenetically-informed expansions of public reference databases (encompassing both genomes and common gene markers), focused on poorly sampled lineages which are now robustly recovered via eDNA metabarcoding approaches. Additional taxonomy curation efforts should be applied to popular reference databases such as SILVA, and taxon sampling could be rapidly improved by more frequent incorporation of newly published GenBank sequences linked to genus and/or species level identifications.

Despite growing insights into the composition of marine invertebrate microbiomes, our understanding of their ecological and evolutionary patterns remains poor, owing to limited sampling depth and low-resolution datasets. Previous studies have provided mixed results when evaluating patterns of phylosymbiosis between marine invertebrates and marine bacteria. Here, we investigated potential animal-microbe symbioses in Pseudoalteromonas, an overlooked bacterial genus consistently identified as a core microbiome taxon in diverse invertebrates. Using a pangenomic analysis of 236 free-living and invertebrate-associated bacterial strains (including two new nematode-associated isolates generated in this study), we confirm that Pseudoalteromonas is a novel symbiont with substantial evidence of phylosymbiosis across at least three marine invertebrate phyla (e.g., Nematoda, Mollusca, and Cnidaria). Patterns of symbiosis were consistent irrespective of geography (including in Antarctica), with FISH images from nematodes indicating that bacterial symbionts form biofilms in the mouth and esophagus. The evolutionary history of Pseudoalteromonas is marked by substantial host-switching and lifestyle transitions, and host-associated genomes suggest that these bacteria are facultative symbionts involved in nutritional mutualisms. In marine environments, we hypothesize that horizontally-acquired symbionts may have co-evolved with invertebrates, using host mucus as a physical niche and food source, while providing their animal hosts with Vitamin B, amino acids, and bioavailable carbon compounds in return.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) data make it possible to measure and monitor biodiversity at unprecedented resolution and scale. As use-cases multiply and scientific consensus grows regarding the value of eDNA analysis, public agencies have an opportunity to decide how and where eDNA data fit into their mandates. Within the United States, many federal and state agencies are individually using eDNA data in various applications and developing relevant scientific expertise. A national strategy for eDNA implementation would capitalize on recent scientific developments, providing a common set of next-generation tools for natural resource management and public health protection. Such a strategy would avoid patchwork and possibly inconsistent guidelines in different agencies, smoothing the way for efficient uptake of eDNA data in management. Because eDNA analysis is already in widespread use in both ocean and freshwater settings, we focus here on applications in these environments. However, we foresee the broad adoption of eDNA analysis to meet many resource management issues across the nation because the same tools have immediate terrestrial and aerial applications.

AbstractAnthropogenically forced changes in global freshwater biodiversity demand more efficient monitoring approaches. Consequently, environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is enabling ecosystem-scale biodiversity assessment, yet the appropriate spatio-temporal resolution of robust biodiversity assessment remains ambiguous. Here, using intensive, spatio-temporal eDNA sampling across space (five rivers in Europe and North America, with an upper range of 20–35 km between samples), time (19 timepoints between 2017 and 2018) and environmental conditions (river flow, pH, conductivity, temperature and rainfall), we characterise the resolution at which information on diversity across the animal kingdom can be gathered from rivers using eDNA. In space, beta diversity was mainly dictated by turnover, on a scale of tens of kilometres, highlighting that diversity measures are not confounded by eDNA from upstream. Fish communities showed nested assemblages along some rivers, coinciding with habitat use. Across time, seasonal life history events, including salmon and eel migration, were detected. Finally, effects of environmental conditions were taxon-specific, reflecting habitat filtering of communities rather than effects on DNA molecules. We conclude that riverine eDNA metabarcoding can measure biodiversity at spatio-temporal scales relevant to species and community ecology, demonstrating its utility in delivering insights into river community ecology during a time of environmental change.

Microbial and microeukaryotic communities are extremely abundant and diverse in soil habitats where they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning and services that are essential to soil health. Soil biodiversity is influenced by above-ground (vegetation) and below-ground factors (soil properties), which together create habitat-specific conditions. However, the compound effects of vegetation and soil properties on soil communities are less studied or often focused on one component of the soil biota. Here, we integrate metabarcoding (16S and 18S rRNA genes) and nematode morphology to assess the effects of habitat and soil properties shaping microbial and microeukaryotic communities as well as nematode-associated microbiomes. We show that both vegetation and soil properties (soil bulk density) were major factors structuring microbial and microeukaryotic communities in semi-arid soil habitats. Despite having lower nutrients and lower pH, denser soils displayed significantly higher alpha diversity than less dense soils across datasets. Nematode-associated microbiomes have lower microbial diversity, strongly differ from soil microbes and are more likely to respond to microscale variations among samples than to vegetation or soil bulk density. Consequently, different nematode lineages and trophic groups are likely to display similar associated microbiomes when sharing the same microhabitat. Different microbiome taxa were enriched within specific nematode lineages (e.g. Mycobacterium, Candidatus Cardinium) highlighting potentially new species-specific associations that may confer benefits to their soil nematode hosts. Our findings highlight the importance of exploring above- and below-ground effects to assess community structure in terrestrial habitats, and how fine-scale analyses are critical for understanding patterns of host-associated microbiomes.

Despite efforts from scientists and regulators, biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate. Unless we find transformative solutions to preserve biodiversity, future generations may not be able to enjoy nature’s services. We have developed a conceptual framework that establishes the links between biodiversity dynamics and abiotic change through time and space using artificial intelligence. Here, we apply this framework to a freshwater ecosystem with a known history of human impact and study 100 years of community-level biodiversity, climate change and chemical pollution trends. We apply explainable network models with multimodal learning to community-level functional biodiversity measured with multilocus metabarcoding, to establish correlations with biocides and climate change records. We observed that the freshwater community assemblage and functionality changed over time without returning to its original state, even if the lake partially recovered in recent times. Insecticides and fungicides, combined with extreme temperature events and precipitation, explained up to 90% of the functional biodiversity changes. The community-level biodiversity approach used here reliably explained freshwater ecosystem shifts. These shifts were not observed when using traditional quality indices (e.g. Trophic Diatom Index). Our study advocates the use of high throughput systemic approaches on long-term trends over species-focused ecological surveys to identify the environmental factors that cause loss of biodiversity and disrupt ecosystem functions.

The study of microbiomes across organisms and environments has become a prominent focus in molecular ecology. This perspective article explores common challenges, methodological advancements, and future directions in the field. Key research areas include understanding the drivers of microbiome community assembly, linking microbiome composition to host genetics, exploring microbial functions, transience and spatial partitioning, and disentangling non-bacterial components of the microbiome. Methodological advancements, such as quantifying absolute abundances, sequencing complete genomes, and utilizing novel statistical approaches, are also useful tools for understanding complex microbial diversity patterns. Our aims are to encourage robust practices in microbiome studies and inspire researchers to explore the next frontier of this rapidly changing field.

The Special Issue brought together papers that highlighted the power of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data to address classic questions in ecology and evolution, and/or use models/theory to infer key ecological and evolutionary processes, and make predictions, particularly focused on metabarcoding (amplicon) datasets in conjunction with complementary -omics data types. We highlight key papers that show the power of the new technology to address questions related to: (1) community assembly, and the interplay between competition, environmental filtering, and neutral processes, that can be inferred from the data, and how these change according to environmental conditions, and across successional and extended evolutionary time. (2) Interaction networks, and how these can show predictable changes over similar spatial and temporal gradients, providing insights into questions of biotic resilience. Studies also examined (3) cross scale interactions and those involving hosts and their microbiomes, with the critical development being the ease of comparison and integration across scales of organismic complexity, allowing insights at one scale to inform the other. The approach is also amenable to (4) studies of invasive species and biotic homogenization, providing insights of shifts in alpha and beta diversity across a wide range of spatial scales.

How does the evolution of bioinformatics tools impact the biological interpretation of high-throughput sequencing datasets? For eukaryotic metabarcoding studies, in particular, researchers often rely on tools originally developed for the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) datasets. Such tools do not adequately account for the complexity of eukaryotic genomes, the ubiquity of intragenomic variation in eukaryotic metabarcoding loci, or the differential evolutionary rates observed across eukaryotic genes and taxa. Recently, metabarcoding workflows have shifted away from the use of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) towards delimitation of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). We assessed how the choice of bioinformatics algorithm impacts the downstream biological conclusions that are drawn from eukaryotic 18S rRNA metabarcoding studies. We focused on four workflows including UCLUST and VSearch algorithms for OTU clustering, and DADA2 and Deblur algorithms for ASV delimitation. We used two 18S rRNA datasets to further evaluate whether dataset complexity had a major impact on the statistical trends and ecological metrics: a “high complexity” (HC) environmental dataset generated from community DNA in Arctic marine sediments, and a “low complexity” (LC) dataset representing individually-barcoded nematodes. Our results indicate that ASV algorithms produce more biologically realistic metabarcoding outputs, with DADA2 being the most consistent and accurate pipeline regardless of dataset complexity. In contrast, OTU clustering algorithms inflate the metabarcoding-derived estimates of biodiversity, consistently returning a high proportion of “rare” Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) that appear to represent computational artifacts and sequencing errors. However, species-specific MOTUs with high relative abundance are often recovered regardless of the bioinformatics approach. We also found high concordance across pipelines for downstream ecological analysis based on beta-diversity and alpha-diversity comparisons that utilize taxonomic assignment information. Analyses of LC datasets and rare MOTUs are especially sensitive to the choice of algorithms and better software tools may be needed to address these scenarios.

Bloom-forming gelatinous zooplankton occur circumglobally and significantly influence the structure of pelagic marine food webs and biogeochemical cycling through interactions with microbial communities. During bloom conditions especially, gelatinous zooplankton are keystone taxa that help determine the fate of primary production, nutrient remineralization, and carbon export. Using the pelagic tunicate Dolioletta gegenbauri as a model system for gelatinous zooplankton, we carried out a laboratory-based feeding experiment to investigate the potential ecosystem impacts of doliolid gut microbiomes and microbial communities associated with doliolid faecal pellets and the surrounding seawater. Metabarcoding targeting Bacteria and Archaea 16S rRNA genes/Archaea) and qPCR approaches were used to characterize microbiome assemblages. Comparison between sample types revealed distinct patterns in microbial diversity and biomass that were replicable across experiments. These observations support the hypothesis that through their presence and trophic activity, doliolids influence the structure of pelagic food webs and biogeochemical cycling in subtropical continental shelf systems where tunicate blooms are common. Bacteria associated with starved doliolids (representative of the resident gut microbiome) possessed distinct low-biomass and low-diversity microbial assemblages, suggesting that the doliolid microbiome is optimized to support a detrital trophic mode. Bacterial genera Pseudoalteromomas and Shimia were the most abundant potential core microbiome taxa, similar to patterns observed in other marine invertebrates. Exploratory bioinformatic analyses of predicted functional genes suggest that doliolids, via their interactions with bacterial communities, may affect important biogeochemical processes including nitrogen, sulphur, and organic matter cycling.

Doliolids often form massive blooms during upwelling conditions in sub-tropical shelves. However, their trophic role, including their nutritious fecal pellets, in pelagic marine food webs remains poorly investigated. In this study, we performed three independent feeding experiments of cultured Dolioletta gegenbauri and used qPCR analysis and 16S rRNA metabarcoding to characterize the microbial community associated with full gut (FG) and empty (EG) doliolids, fresh (FP2Hrs) and senescing (FP24Hrs) fecal pellets, and the surrounding natural seawater (SW). Bacterial abundance (i.e., 16S rRNA gene copies) in EG samples was an order of magnitude lower than in SW and three orders lower than in FP24Hrs. Diversity analyses, based on the 16S rRNA metabarcoding data, supported a richer microbial community in SW, FP2Hrs, FP24Hrs, and FG samples. Furthermore, microbial community structure was determined by sample type, with FG samples appearing more similar to either FP2Hrs or FP24Hrs. These patterns resulted from the higher number of shared ASVs and consequently the contribution of similar major bacterial taxa (e.g., Rhodobacteraceae, Pirellulaceae). These observations support the hypothesis that there are significant ecological and trophic interactions between D. gegenbauri and the ocean microbiome. Predicted gene function recovered many genes related to key processes in the marine environment and supported greater similarity between FP2Hrs, FP24Hrs, and FG samples. These observations suggest that pelagic marine bacteria are utilized by D. gegenbauri to digest captured prey particles, and the subsequent release of fecal pellets supports the rapid proliferation of distinct microbial communities which likely influence key biogeochemical processes in the ocean.

Molecular Ecology ResourcesVolume 21, Issue 5 p. 1405-1409 EDITORIAL Biodiversity monitoring using environmental DNA Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Corresponding Author nrodriguez@azti.es orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-6755 Marine Research, AZTI Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorLucie Zinger, orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-5825 Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Kinziger, orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-6230 Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorHolly M. Bik, orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-3837 Department of Marine Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USASearch for more papers by this authorAurélie Bonin, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorEric Coissac, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorBrent C. Emerson, orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-9858 Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC, La Laguna, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorCarla Martins Lopes, orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-1913 Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorTara A. Pelletier, Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA, USASearch for more papers by this authorPierre Taberlet, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorShawn Narum, Hagerman Genetics Laboratory, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USASearch for more papers by this author Naiara Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Corresponding Author nrodriguez@azti.es orcid.org/0000-0001-6735-6755 Marine Research, AZTI Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorLucie Zinger, orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-5825 Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorAndrew Kinziger, orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-6230 Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorHolly M. Bik, orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-3837 Department of Marine Sciences and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USASearch for more papers by this authorAurélie Bonin, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorEric Coissac, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorBrent C. Emerson, orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-9858 Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC, La Laguna, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorCarla Martins Lopes, orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-1913 Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorTara A. Pelletier, Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA, USASearch for more papers by this authorPierre Taberlet, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwaySearch for more papers by this authorShawn Narum, Hagerman Genetics Laboratory, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 May 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13399Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume21, Issue5July 2021Pages 1405-1409 RelatedInformation