目的 观察肺炎患者口咽部菌群分布情况,探讨肺炎患者与健康人群口咽部菌群分布差异.方法 采集细菌性肺炎稳定期患者(29例)和健康人群(31例)咽拭子进行细菌培养,并对其咽部菌落进行计数和菌种鉴定.结果 肺炎患者咽拭子培养中主要致病菌和条件致病菌检出种类和检出率较健康者明显增加,肺炎组与健康组相比需氧菌与厌氧菌的菌群密度具有上升趋势,使用t检验计算结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在可培养的肺炎组人群口咽菌群中肺炎链球菌检出率最高,其次为微球菌、副溶血链球菌、甲型链球菌;在健康体检人群口咽部菌群中甲型链球菌检出率最高,其次为奇异变形杆菌、微杆菌属、轻型链球菌、颗粒链球菌.结论 与健康对照组相比,肺炎患者口咽部菌群分布紊乱,且肺炎组患者呼吸道菌群数量明显增多.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution has become a serious problem in China. This study aims to elucidate the toxicity mechanism of PM2.5. Protein levels were detected by western blotting and RT-qPCR, and cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that exposure to PM2.5 induces cell cycle arrest and downregulation of the expression of cyclin D1 protein. Moreover, the protein expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) enzyme was found to be downregulated and the mRNA expression of TS was upregulated after PM2.5 exposure. Knockout of TS gene promoted cell cycle arrest and downregulation of the expression of cyclin D1 protein after PM2.5 exposure. Our data further revealed that PM2.5 exposure downregulates the expression of TS and cyclin D1 partially through the downregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/P70S6K1 signaling pathway. Thus, these findings indicate that PM2.5-induced cell cycle arrest might be due to the downregulation of mTOR/P70S6K1 signaling pathway, and thus inhibits the expression of TS protein.

Fine particulate matter is a global challenge to human health. We investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of fine particulate matter on respiratory tract microecology in a lung injury mouse model. BALB/c mice were randomized into exposed and control groups. We found that the levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I was increased following the PM2.5 exposure. 16S rRNA sequencing of respiratory tract lavage fluid confirmed that the composition of the respiratory tract microecology was altered by the exposure. Lactobacillus was the most abundant of bacterial species present. Collectively, these results establish a link between exposure to fine particulate matter and alterations to the respiratory tract microecology. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms may lead to treatment strategies in lung injury.

目的 探讨在沈阳市夏、冬两季不同空气污染程度条件下,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(C()PD)急性发作期患者上呼吸道菌群的改变,了解明确暴露于不同大气污染天气下,患者口咽部、呼吸道黏膜微生物菌群的动态变化,为由大气污染引起的呼吸道感染防治提供科学依据.方法 选取2017年11月-2018年1月,以及2018年7月-9月沈阳市某三甲医院呼吸科COPD急性发作期各30例患者的咽拭标本,对需养菌和厌氧菌进行分离培养、纯化、16S rDNA鉴定.结果 分析沈阳市两季节C()PD急性发作期65～85岁患者的咽后壁菌落,得到夏季大气污染情况较轻空气中颗粒物质较少时,需氧菌的优势菌以口腔链球菌为主,厌氧菌以微小消化链球菌为主;空气污染较重的冬季需氧菌的优势菌以灰色奈瑟菌为主,厌氧菌以韦荣球菌为主.结论 相比于夏季,冬季患者咽后壁的菌群多样性更为丰富,优势菌与夏季也有不同,考虑与季节不同空气污染程度不同有关.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malignant tumors in Shenyang and provide basis for the prevention of related diseases. Methods According to the statistics of deaths caused by malignant tumor among the residents in Shenyang from 2013 to 2015 provided by the Disease Control Center of Shenyang, and χ2 test were conducted to analyze the related impacts of the death of malignant tumors in the city. Results The crude mortality rate of malignant tumors from 2013 to 2015 was 220. 95/100 000 ( 128. 73/100 000 for males and 92. 20/100000 for females). There was significant difference in the mortality between 2013 and 2015 ( χ2= 6. 826, P ＜ 0. 05). Lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer and bowel cancer were common malignant tumors in Shenyang. Lung cancer was the disease with the highest mortality rate in Shenyang in the three years ( 228. 57/100 000). The number of deaths from malignant tumors in the group aged 70 ～ 79 years increased significantly. The mortality rate of malignant tumor in the male population during 2013 and 2015 was higher than that in the female population ( χ2= 2. 687, P＞ 0. 05). The death rate of malignant tumor increased significantly with the increase of age. Conclusion The number of deaths by cancer among the residents in Shenyang is increasing year by year. Lung cancer is the leading malignant tumor in Shenyang. It may be related to local air pollution, food and barbecue, drinking, and the immunity of the elderly. It is suggested that the local authorities should strengthen the screening and publicity of cancer prevention and control, so as to create a healthy and green living environment for the citizens.

With the development of human society and the progress of industrial technology,air pollution has become a global social pollution problem.Ozone,as a free strong oxidant in the air,its occurrence has gradually replaced PM2.5 as the primary pollutants in the city,which causes immaterial harm to the health of the crowd.At present,a large number of studies have confirmed that near-surface layer of ozone can cause oxidative stress,inflammation,DNA damage and other immune response,have a direct impact on human respiratory system.For this cutting-edge issue,the article reviews the research progress on source of ozone,physical and chemical properties of ozone,ozone pollution monitoring at home and abroad,effect of ozone on the respiratory system,provide a theoretical basis for preventing ozone-induced respiratory disease.

目的 了解沈阳市呼吸系统疾病的主要死因及发展趋势,为加强沈阳市呼吸系统疾病的防治提供科学依据.方法 收集由沈阳市疾病预防控制中心提供的沈阳市居民病伤死亡原因年报表资料,采用SPSS 20.0统计软件包对2011-2015年沈阳市呼吸系统疾病的死亡率进行x2检验和趋势x2分析.结果 2011-2015年沈阳市因呼吸系统疾病引起死亡15 202例,平均死亡率为81.17/10万,不同年份死亡率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男性年平均死亡率为93.31/10万,女性年平均死亡率为69.48/10万,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).呼吸系统疾病死因顺位前3位依次为肺炎、慢性下呼吸道疾病和呼吸系统的其他疾病,占呼吸系统总死亡的99.09％.肺炎死亡率为第1位死因,男性死亡率为52.71/10万,女性死亡率为35.21/10万.≤64岁死亡率较低,≥65岁死亡率明显增加,＞85岁人群死亡率达到2 253.34/10万.结论 呼吸系统疾病是沈阳市居民的主要死亡原因之一,以肺炎、慢性下呼吸道疾病和呼吸系统的其他疾病为主,主要发生在＞65岁人群.

随着社会发展与工业技术的进步,大气污染已经成为全球性的社会公害问题.吸附着多种有害物质和致病菌的空气颗粒物质能够进入气道并沉积在肺泡腔中,改变呼吸道微生态环境引起炎症反应,对机体健康造成不利影响.本文对人体产生不利影响的空气颗粒物质的主要特性和来源、呼吸道微生态的平衡与失调、空气颗粒物质对呼吸道微生态的影响、益生菌的应用等方面进行详细综述.

目的 研究暴露于PM2.5后的肺癌荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群发生的急性改变.方法 18只Bac裸鼠随机分为PM2.5暴露组和对照组,每组9只.全部裸鼠应用A549细胞腋下注射后,饲养1周让其适应环境,第2周开始于动式染尘暴露仓中暴露染尘,对照组暴露于生理盐水.每天暴露2h,每周暴露6d,共暴露3周.利用16S rDNA分析技术对粪便标本的PCR产物进行高通量测序.结果 暴露于PM2.5的肺癌荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群结构发生改变,与对照组荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群相比,其厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门细菌显著减少,而致病菌变形菌门细菌增加.结论 PM2.5可以导致肺癌荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群失衡.

为探讨大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对肽基-脯氨酰顺/反异松酶(PIN1)和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶B(Akt)在肿瘤发生中的影响,揭示PM2.5对人体健康的不利影响,为日后研究提供有益资料.本研究将Wistar大鼠暴露于PM2.5中2～4周,使用MASSON染色的方法观察其肺组织胶原产生情况,用Western blot、Real-time qPCR检测肺组织以及H292细胞中PIN1的mRNA和蛋白质变化情况;不同浓度PM2.5(0、100、200 μg/mL)处理H292细胞24 h后,使用Western blot方法检测p-Akt的表达情况.结果显示随PM2.5暴露时间的延长大鼠肺组织中胶原产生受到抑制,PIN1的蛋白表达在组织和细胞中随暴露时间的延长和浓度的增加均下调(P＜0.05),PIN1的mRNA表达均上调(P＜0.05);p-Akt表达随PM2.5浓度的浓度的增加受到抑制(P＜0.05).研究发现PM2.5能够在蛋白水平抑制PIN1以及p-AKT的表达.

[Objective] To understand the epidemiological characteristics of malignant tumor deaths in Shenyang City of Liaoning Province,provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.[Method] According to the death data of malignant tumor in Shenyang City from 2011-2015,which were collected from the Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,the crude mortality of malignant tumor,age mortality and top ten death indexes of malignant tumors were analyzed by the descriptive statistics method.[Results] From 2011-2015,the mortality of malignant tumor in Shenyang City was 206.42/1akh in 2011 (244.12/1akh in males,169.95/lakh in females),215.01/lakh in 2012 (255.77/1akh in males,175.65/1akh in females),21.61/1akh in 2013 (127.13/1akh in males,174.88/1akh in females),22.15/1akh in 2014(129.43/1akh,92.05/1akh in females),225.14/1akh in 2015 (129.64/1akh in males,95.5/1akh in females).Lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,colon cancer were common malignant tumors in Shenyang City,and lung cancer was the disease with the highest mortality rate in Shenyang City from 2011-2015.The death cases of malignant tumors in 50-60 and 70-80 year-old age groups significantly increased.[Conclusion] From 2011-2015,the mortality rates of malignant tumors in males are all higher than those in females,and the deaths of malignant tumors increase with age significantly.Lung cancer is the top cause of death in Shenyang City.It is suggested that the screening of malignant tumors should be strengthened to reduce the epidemic situation of malignant tumors in Shenyang City.

The aim of the study was to find out the association between air pollution and meteorological conditions with the death of residents living in Shenyang due to malignant tumors. Tumor related death data of residents of five urban districts in Shenyang were obtained from Shenyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Daily temperature, pressure, wind speed and humidity data of Shenyang from 2010 to 2015 were obtained from Shenyang Meteorological Bureau. Urban air pollution data were obtained from the Shenyang Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau of China. All data were analyzed by the Poisson regression model. During the period from 2010 to 2015, the number of deaths among malignancies in Shenyang was 215,141,000, and the death rate of malignancies in Shenyang was increasing year by year from 2010 to 2015. Mortality rate is higher in men than in women, and mortality rate increased with aging and the highest mortality rate was observed in the 75–80 years age group. Average concentration of aerodynamic diameter of <10 µm particles, the aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 µm particles, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was 122.37, 74.75, 79.36, and 47.65 µg/m3, respectively. After control of confounding factors, it was observed that every 10 µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 is followed by the 0.024% (95% confidence interval: 0.005% and 0.043%) increase of malignant tumor mortality rate. The results show that the increase of air pollution is related to the number of malignant tumors-related deaths in Shenyang, China, and season, sex and age are also influencing factors.

To investigate the effect of atmospheric PM2.5exposure on acute spleen injury in Wistar rats PM2.5 winter and summer mixed membrane retained by the laboratory.Rats were randomly divided into experimental group and control group (n＝8) .The rats in the experimental group were treated with 5 h/week for 2 weeks at a dose of 750 μg·mL-3PM2.5, 4 h/d.The rats were sacrificed 24 h after the end of dust, and the supernatant of spleen and cells were collected.HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes of spleen.The levels of H2O2in spleen were detected.Cell viabitity assay and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of Bax and BcL-2 in spleen cells.HE staining results showed that PM2.5can increase spleen germinal center of lymphocytes. The body weight of experimental rats in PM2.5-exposed group was significantly lower than that in control group ( P＜0.05).PM2.5can increase the level of H2O2in spleen supernatant.The results of spleen cell viability and apopto-sis showed that PM2.5exposure could inhibit the proliferation of splenocytes and up-regulate the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes.PM2.5can cause oxidative damage of spleen, promote the level of oxidative stress, the inflammato-ry reaction, increase the ability of spleen cells, and finally produce some damage to the spleen.

目的 了解暴露PM2.5后的Bac荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群组成的变化.方法 采用A549细胞对30只Bac裸鼠进行肺内注射,饲养1周适应环境,第2周开始进行暴露染尘与对照暴露生理盐水组实验,共暴露1、4、8周.采用口鼻暴露仓进行小鼠染尘与生理盐水暴露操作,每周暴露6d,每天2h,建立大气污染暴露荷瘤裸鼠模型,5只未做处理的Bac荷瘤裸鼠作为空白对照组.采集裸鼠晨起新鲜粪便样品,抽提其中微生物总基因组DNA,采用Ⅱ代基因测序技术对粪便样品进行16S高变区扩增测序,划分可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),使用I-Sanger分析平台对所有OTU进行物种注释与评估、物种组成分析、样本比较分析等,运用R Studio软件对数据进行统计学分析.结果 厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门在PM2.5暴露组、生理盐水对照组和空白对照组均为最优势菌门.PM2.5暴露组与生理盐水对照组及空白对照组相比厚壁菌门减少,拟杆菌门增加.结论 PM2.5暴露减少Bac荷瘤裸鼠肠道菌群丰度,破坏肠道菌群平衡,在一定程度上可抑制有益菌的繁殖,并使致病菌数量增加.

中国当前大气污染形势严峻,以北京为首的重污染城市逐渐增多,这一日益突出的环境问题已严重威胁到人们的身体健康和生活质量.本文综述对人体健康影响最大的可吸入细颗粒物PM2.5的理化特性、主要来源及多环芳烃对人体的影响.PM2.5携带有毒有害物质进入人体呼吸系统,并对呼吸系统疾病产生影响的研究进展,如PM25使肺炎受感染比率上升,增加肺部促炎因子的反应与释放,加重支气管哮喘疾病严重程度,激发和诱导气道炎性和氧化损伤,增加慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者住院率,恶化氧化应激状态等影响进行了综述.