Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant rich in bioactive compounds, among which chicoric acid is the predominant phenolic constituent found in the leaves and roots. Owing to its structure derived from caffeic and tartaric acids, chicoric acid exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Its biological effects include scavenging reactive oxygen species, activation of the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, and inhibition of the Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory responses. Chicoric acid also demonstrates immunomodulatory properties through regulation of macrophage and lymphocyte activity. Experimental studies indicate that chicoric acid improves insulin sensitivity, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, and reduces hepatic fat accumulation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects have also been reported. Due to these properties, chicoric acid has considerable potential for application in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical formulations, although its stability and bioavailability remain important limitations.

Satureja horvatii (Lamiaceae) is a plant species known for its essential oil rich in terpenes. Terpenes are a structurally diverse class of secondary metabolites exhibiting a wide range of biological effects, including antioxidant activity. Nicotinamide-dinucleotide-phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) is a membrane-bound electron-transport enzyme responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species that are major contributors to oxidative damage underlying various pathological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase offers a promising therapeutic strategy for combating these conditions. This study aimed to explore the inhibitory potential of S. horvatii essential oil components against NADPH oxidase through molecular docking and assess their absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) properties using in silico approaches. The molecular docking simulations were performed using the AutoDock4.2.3 software package, while the ADMET properties of compounds were evaluated using the pkCSM program. Among the 13 terpene compounds, carvacrol, alpha-terpinene, beta-caryophyllene, thymol, p-cymene, and alpha-thujene showed notable antioxidant potential, with binding energies ranging from -7.09 to -4.89 kcal/mol. The ADMET study revealed a favorable pharmacological profile for most investigated compounds, except for alpha-terpineol, carvacrol, and thymol. The computational study demonstrated that S. horvatii essential oil components may target the NADPH oxidase and offer a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of conditions associated with oxidative stress.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents one of the most significant metabolic challenges of the modern era, with more than 828 million people worldwide living with diabetes. Obesity and insulin resistance are major modifiable contributors to T2DM risk and progression, although the disease is heterogeneous and arises from complex interactions among β-cell dysfunction, hepatic glucose dysregulation, adipose-tissue dysfunction, altered incretin biology, chronic low-grade inflammation, and genetic susceptibility. In individuals with obesity and insulin resistance, progression through prediabetes to overt hyperglycaemia represents an important, although not universal, disease trajectory and provides a clinically relevant window for preventive intervention. This review examines pharmacological strategies relevant to T2DM prevention in individuals without established diabetes who have prediabetes and/or obesity associated with a high risk of progression to T2DM, with particular emphasis on incretin-based obesity pharmacotherapy. Metformin remains the glucose-lowering agent with the most established long-term evidence for diabetes prevention in selected high-risk individuals with prediabetes, acting through multiple hepatic and intestinal mechanisms involving both AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Other established antihyperglycaemic drug classes are discussed primarily to distinguish therapies with evidence for delaying progression to diabetes from agents whose principal role remains the treatment of established T2DM. SGLT2 inhibitors provide substantial cardiovascular and renal protection, although current evidence is insufficient to support their routine use solely for T2DM prevention. GLP-1 receptor agonists and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide have substantially advanced obesity pharmacotherapy, producing clinically meaningful weight loss and broader cardiometabolic benefits that may reduce progression to T2DM in high-risk individuals.Next-generation incretin-based therapies, including triple receptor agonists, may further expand therapeutic options but remain an evolving area of investigation. Lifestyle intervention and sustained weight management remain the foundation of T2DM prevention, with pharmacological strategies selected according to individual metabolic risk, obesity-related treatment indications, comorbidities, and the strength of evidence supporting diabetes prevention.

The pharmacological potential of Lamiaceae plants is primarily linked to their high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids, known for strong antioxidant properties. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of ten widely used Lamiaceae herbs—oregano, lavender, basil, savory, garden thyme, wild thyme, sage, rosemary, lemon balm, and mint—prepared as traditional infusions and microwave-assisted extracts. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using spectrophotometric assays, and total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified via spectrophotometry and HPLC. Chemometric analysis (PCA) was applied to explore correlations among antioxidant parameters. The results demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity across all samples. The IC50 for DPPH radicals was in the range from 3.73(0.13) to 8.03(0.17) μg/mL and that for ABTS radicals was from 2.89(0.12) to 8.55(0.34). The CUPRAC antioxidant assay delivered values in the range from 351.93(11.85) to 1129.68(44.46) μg TE/mg DE. The FRAP method produced values from 1.27(0.03) to 6.60(0.26) μmol Fe/mg DE. The presence of gallic acid was detected in all examined samples, with lemon balm and lavender exhibiting the highest concentrations across both applied extraction methods. Notably, lavender showed especially high levels of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorogenic acid. Microwave-assisted extraction generally yielded higher levels of bioactive compounds compared to infusion. These findings highlight the potential of Lamiaceae herbal extracts, particularly those obtained through microwave-assisted extraction, as valuable sources of dietary antioxidants for everyday use.

Introduction: Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, owing to its bioactive components, with flavonoids and phenolic acids being the most significant. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are increasingly used as an alternative to conventional solvents in the extraction of active compounds, thanks to their non-toxicity.Goal: To investigate the efficiency of flavonoid and phenolic acid ultrasound extraction from chicory herb and root using NADES and to compare the results with extracts obtained using conventional solvents–70% ethanol, methanol, and water.Material and methods: A total of sixteen samples were examined, eight samples of chicory herb and eight samples of chicory root. Extraction was performed using five different NADES, 70% ethanol, methanol, and water. NADES were prepared by mixing and heating. The content of phenolic acids and flavonoids was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: Ten bioactive compounds were identified and quantified in the analyzed extracts: phenolic acids gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, para-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid and epicatechin quercetin, and naringenin from flavonoids. In eight out of ten extracts obtained using NADES, the content of bioactive compounds was significantly higher compared to extracts obtained using conventional solvents–70% ethanol, methanol, and water.Conclusion: In this study, the efficiency of extracting phenolic acids and flavonoids from the root and herb of chicory using NADES was analysed and confirmed. The use of novel green solvents resulted in significantly higher yields of phenolic compounds compared to conventional solvents.

Combining advanced extraction technologies with non-pollutant solvents represents a sustainable approach toward valorizing medicinal plants and aligns with the principles of green chemistry. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to extract bioactive compounds from the underexplored leaves and bark of Salix amplexicaulis Bory & Chaub. Additionally, the potential of NADES as sustainable alternatives to conventional solvents was assessed through a comparative evaluation of MAE-NADES with MAE–water and traditional ethanol maceration. NADES based on lactic acid–glycerol, lactic acid–glucose, glycerol–glucose, and glycerol–urea were synthesized by heating and stirring. Willow extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD, resulting in the identification and quantification of seven phenolic acids and four flavonoids. Lactic acid–glucose (5:1)-based NADES extracted the highest number of phenolics in the greatest amount from the bark and leaves of S. amplexicaulis. MAE-NADES offers a fast, cost-effective preparation, high extraction efficiency, and environmentally friendly properties, opening new perspectives on the valorization of S. amplexicaulis in the pharmaceutical field. Furthermore, NADES provide a promising alternative to water and toxic organic solvents for extracting bioactives.

Nucleotide diphosphate hydrolase type 5 (NUDT5) plays a significant role in the estrogen-signaling pathway and is overexpressed in breast cancer. This study aimed to explore the anti-breast cancer potential of quercetin and its 52 structural analogs by targeting the NUDT5 enzyme using the in silico molecular docking method. Moreover, Molecular Mechanics/General Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) calculations were performed for compounds with superior binding affinity scores than quercetin. Their drug-likeness, according to Lipinski's rule of five, water solubility, and Caco-2 permeability were predicted. In addition, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profile was determined for the top-scoring compounds from the docking studies and MM/GBSA calculations, as well as for those that complied with the rules of Lipinski and exhibited high permeability. The obtained results showed that all the tested ligands interact with the active site of NUDT5. Their binding energies ranged from -11.24 to -7.36 kcal/mol. The MM/GBSA calculations further supported the binding affinity predictions. ADMET analysis enabled the selection of compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in comparison to quercetin. Quercetin analogs L1 and L28 were identified as promising anti-breast cancer drug candidates worthy of further experimental evaluation.

In the food and pharmaceutical industries, green technologies refer to the use of methods and materials that do not negatively impact the environment and offer safety advantages. The aim of this paper is to extract methylxanthine derivatives from food and beverage samples using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (UAE-DES), ultrasound (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and traditional extraction with chloroform. A chemometric tool was applied for data analysis and molecular docking was used to predict neuroprotective potential. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was employed for methylxanthines determination. The results showed that green approaches effectively extracted theobromine (1,3-dimethylxanthine) and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) from food and beverages, with UAE-DES emerging as the most effective technique. Caffeine's high binding energy (–6.7 kcal/mol) against the adenosine receptor (A2A) observed by molecular docking suggested that it may have neuroprotective effects and could be used in multiple fields with promising future development possibilities. According to the results, the application of DESs as high dissolving, low cost, and environmental-friendly solvents has significant potential in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are now widely recognized as a new class of ionic liquid analogues and have large-scale usage as green solvents. Due to their superior characteristics compared to traditional organic solvents, DESs are increasingly being used. The aim of the work was to examine the effectiveness of DES extractants of phenolic compounds from monocomponent teas from plants of the Lamiaceae family produced at the Institute for the Study of Medicinal Plants, “Dr. Josif Pančić”. Ten samples of herbal drugs (basil, thyme, savory, oregano, sage, thyme, mint, lavender, rosemary, and lemon balm) were tested. Extraction was performed with two types of DESs (a mixture of menthol and methylsalicylate (1:1) and a mixture of menthol and dodecanoic acid (2:1)), as well as microwave and traditional extraction. The content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the tested preparations was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Menthol–methylsalicylate and menthol–dodecanoic acid mixtures showed significant efficiency in the isolation of quercetin and naringenin from herbal drugs, while the effectiveness of the menthol–methylsalicylate mixture stands out in the isolation of chlorogenic acid and cinnamic acid from all samples, as well as rosmarinic acid from basil. The concentration of quercetin ranged from 0.2035 to 0.7543 mg/g of the drug for the menthol–methylsalicylate mixture, and from 0.1189 to 0.2025 mg/g of the drug for the menthol–dodecanoic acid mixture. In this study, an environmentally friendly, economical, and efficient extraction based on menthol and methylsalicylate, and also menthol and dodecanoic acid, was applied. Based on the results presented, DESs may be useful in the isolation of target compounds from plants. This research represents an excellent basis for further research and testing of other green solvents as new extractants.

Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don is widely used as a liver stimulant and diuretic, as well as an antioxidant, antiallergenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, choleric, and antihypertensive agent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the different extracts of H. italicum and to determine the relationship between total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Plant material was pulverized to be 0.3 and 2 mm, and the extraction was obtained with 5 mL of different ethanol concentrations (30, 40, 50, 60, 96%, v/v) and water during different periods (10, 30, 60 min and 24 h) and with concentrated methanol (95%, v/v), dichloromethane, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane during 10 and 30 min due to solvents volatility. Extracts were evaporated on the rotary evaporator. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined via spectrophotometric measurement, and antioxidant capacity was investigated by the inhibitory activity of DPPH radicals. The group of 92 extracts described through their TPC, flavonoids, yield, and IC50 values were subjected to PCA and HCA analysis. PCA and HCA were performed using Statistica v 10.0 software. The number of phenolic compounds ranged from 2.58 ± 0.1 to 43.60 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g of dry extract, and total flavonoids content ranged from 0.25 ± 0.01 to 23.96 ± 0.19 mg QE/g of dry extract. All extracts showed good antioxidant activity with an IC50 value in the range from 4.92 ± 0.2 to 231.12 ± 1.9 μg/mL. PCA and HCA analysis were performed on the whole data set comprising 92 extracts for both particle sizes (s0.3 and s2) as well as heat map analysis. It was found that the increased time of extraction, concentration of ethanol, and degree of fragmentation enhances the quality of the extracts in terms of phenolic component content and antioxidant effects. Applied chemometric analysis contributed to the extraction conditions grouping, overview, and selection in order to distinguish the extracts with the promising TPC, flavonoids, yield, and IC50 values.

Willow bark (Salix spp., Salicaceae) is a traditional analgesic and antirheumatic herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of leaf and bark extracts of six species of the genus Salix obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and to examine the inhibitory potential of target bioactive compounds against two inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), through in silico molecular docking. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts was estimated using spectrophotometric methods and the antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging assays. Chemical profiling of extracts was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to differentiate the sample extracts based on their phytochemical profiles and amounts of target bioactive compounds. Chemical composition varied among the analyzed willow species and also among the plant organs of the same species. The major bioactive compounds of the extracts were salicin, chlorogenic acid, rutin and epicatechin. The extracts exhibited significant DPPH● and ●OH scavenging activities. Results of molecular docking revealed that chlorogenic acid had the highest binding affinity toward TNF-α and IL-6. UAE extracts represent valuable sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.

The presence of emerging substances in surface water is of a great concern knowing they are the main source for community water supply needs. This study describes the development, optimization and application of an analytical method for the determination of ibuprofen in the Danube samples. Caffeine concentrations, as an indicator of human waste, were determined and maximum risk indexes for aquatic organisms were calculated. The Danube samples were collected from ten representative locations. A Solid-phase extraction was used for ibuprofen and caffeine separation and the analysis was performed by High-performance liquid chromatography method. Ibuprofen concentrations ranged (30.62-111.40) ng/L and caffeine (305.94-375.97) ng/L. Low risk on aquatic organisms was determined for ibuprofen and potential sublethal effect for caffeine was obtained. The results indicated that ibuprofen was effectively separated from other substances in the samples under defined chromatographic conditions for short period of time (4 minutes). Applied HPLC method showed good repeatability, accuracy, selectivity and robustness. Further studies including continuous monitoring of caffeine in the Danube are necessary in order to assess the real risks and possible prevention.

Willow bark extract (Salix spp., Salicaceae) has been used since ancient times as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent. In this paper, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was applied for the extraction of little-studied leaves and bark of six different species of the genus Salix with potential medicinal value. MAE extracts were evaluated in terms of their content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, selected phenolic constituents (salicin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, naringenin) and antioxidant activity. Extracts with the highest content of target compounds were assessed for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential. Chemometric analysis was performed to identify clusters of samples based on the quantities of target phenolic compounds. Chemical composition varied among the analyzed species, as well as between leaves and bark of the same willow species. The extracts exhibited significant scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals. Chemometric tools enabled selection of species and plant part (leaf or bark) with the most favorable chemical profile, which could be further explored as sources of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes.

During the study period, inadequate nutritional habits such as skipping of breakfasts, insufficient consumption of fruit, vegetables and dairy products and excessive fast-food consumption may develop. Understanding undesirable dietary patterns in adolescents is one of the measures in prevention of many diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate differences in dietary habits among students from medical and non-medical faculties at Universities in Novi Sad. The research was conducted in May 2018 and included 514 students aged from 19 to 24 (133 males and 381 females) from 4 faculties (Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Technology) whose study programs contain nutritional items. The original anonymous questionnaire was used. Statistical processing was done in SPSS20. Results showed that 50% of students have 3 meals and only 10% have all 5 meals during the day. Student from Technology faculty in the large percentage (12%) constantly eat during the day in comparison with other faculties (4-5%). One half of students have breakfast every day, while a little less than 5% never has breakfast. Regarding the food types, only 5% of the participants consumed vegetables and only 6% of them consumed fruits more than once a day with statistical significance between faculties (p < 0.01). At the same time, 92% of participants consumed meat a few times a week and 77% of participants consumed fish at least once a week. Water consumption higher than 2 l daily was reported by only one third of the students (faculty differences were statistically significant p < 0.05) although 85% of participants reported water as their first choice of drinks. Results indicate presence of differences in dietary habits among students from different faculties. The necessity of education should be directly focused on increasing proper nutrition habits among students especially in study programs which contain nutritional items.

Tetracainium salicylate and tetracainium ibuprofenate were synthesized as active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids (API-ILs). These ILs represent a combination of a drug for local anaesthesia (tetracaine) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (salicylic acid and ibuprofen). After IL synthesis, spectroscopic investigations were performed using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to confirm their structures. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis determined the obtained thermal behaviour of the ionic liquids. Experimental density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity measurements were performed in a wide temperature range to understand the interactions occurring in the obtained pharmaceutically active ionic liquids. All experimental values were well-fitted by the empirical equations. According to the theoretical calculations, weaker interactions of tetracaine with ibuprofenate than with salicylate are found, ascribed to the decreasing molecular symmetry, weakened hydrogen bonding, and increasing steric hindrance of ibuprofenate's alkyl chain.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L) extracts showed significant antioxidant activity and represent a rich source of antioxidants that could contribute to its disease-fighting potential. Basil contains functional ingredients due to its rich content of phenolic compounds, characterized as main carriers of its antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the conditions and methods of extraction on chemical composition of basil extracts and also to find similarities or dissimilarities of the extraction procedures in the scope of determined content of functional ingredients. The determination of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) of 100 basil extracts was performed using HPLC. The concentration of phenolic acids (chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, vanillic, cinnamic and rosmarinic) varied from 0.01 to 79.88 mg/kg of dried extract (DE). Concentration of flavonoid components (quercetin, naringenin, rutin) ranged from 0.06 to 72.24 mg/kg of DE. Extraction with dichloromethane (10 min), chloroform (10 min), n-hexane (30 min) and infusion provided high content of rosmarinic acid and quercetin, but also a significant content of chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, naringenin, cinnamic and ferulic acid. Chemometric analysis indicated the most effective experimental procedure and provided an overview of their grouping in the space of the extracted ingredients. (C) 2021 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Microencapsulation represents a process that can create targeted, controlled release kinetics of drugs, thus optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Our group has investigated the impact of this technology on Wistar rats to determine pharmacological efficacy of basil extracts. Animals were treated with water extract of Ocimum basilicum in microvesicles and with combination of basil extracts and 3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-keto-5-cholanate, also known as 12-monoketocholic acid (MKC) acid in microvesicles for 7 days. Alloxan was used to induce hyperglycemia. Pharmacological effects on glycemia were evaluated by measuring blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Microvesicles were prepared using the Büchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our lab. The dose of basil extract that was orally administered in rats was 200 mg/kg and the dose of MKC acid was 4 mg/kg as per established protocols. A seven-day treatment with basil aqueous extract, as well as a combination of basil and MKC acid extract in the pharmaceutical formulation, led to a statistically significant reduction in the blood glucose concentration of animals with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia compared to pre-treatment values (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), which indicates that basil has hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects. Microvesicles, as a pharmaceutical-technological formulation, substantially enhance the hypolipidemic action of basil extract with MKC acid.

This research aimed to examine the effects of pre-treatment with basil extract, prepared as an infusion, on acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in rats. In vitro analysis of total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity was performed by spectrophotometric methods. Effects of basil extract on oxidative stress parameters, biochemical markers of liver injury, and liver morphology were determined in an in vivo model of acetaminophen-induced liver injury in Wistar rats. Total phenolic content was 52.61 ± 1.35 mg GAE/g of DE, and flavonoid content was 0.5 ± 0.2 mg QE/g of DE. IC50 values ranged from 0.22 to 45.76 μg/ml for DPPH radical, OH radical, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The extract lowered the intensity of lipid peroxidation and potentiated the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower in basil extract-treated animals in comparison to respective controls.

The possibility to prevent nutrition-related diseases that include scavenge of free radicals and to block chain reactions is very important and significant for human well-being. The aim of this study was to analyse different basil extracts, determine the relationship between total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in order to optimize its application in industry. The extraction involved different solvents (ethanol, methanol and water), extraction time (10 and 30 min and 24, 48 and 72 h), plant fragmentation level (0.3 and 2 mm) and the presence or absence of light. Antioxidant activity was investigated by applying spectrophotometric method and measuring the total phenolic and flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The content of total phenolics varied from 5.2 to 185.6 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of a dry extract and flavonoids ranged from 0.2 to 35.0 mg of quercetin per gram of a dry extract. All extracts presented a scavenging capacity and IC50 values of DPPH radical inhibition ranged from 0.04 to 12.99 μg/ml. The evaluation of experimental data for eighty basil extracts was performed by chemometric analysis showing good correlation between yield and total phenolic compounds, as well as flavonoid content and inhibition of the DPPH radical.

Willow bark (Salix spp., Salicaceae) is traditionally used to treat pain and inflammation. Salix eleagnos Scop. is a widely spread in the Republic of Serbia, yet not much studied species. The aim of this study was to define the most suitable extraction technique for achieving highest yield and antioxidant activity of S. eleagnos bark extracts, to characterize their chemical composition and to assess the most active cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 inhibitors by in silico molecular docking analysis. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of extracts obtained by maceration, ultrasound (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was carried out by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging assays. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock 4.2.3. package. Highest yield and antioxidant activity was obtained by MAE. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, caffeic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic and transcinnamic acids, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, naringenin and salicin. Docking results showed high binding affinity and good hydrogen bond interactions with active site residues of both COX-1 and COX-2 by flavonoids: quercetin, naringenin and epicatechin, and phenolic acids: rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids. These findings suggest that bark of S. eleagnos has great potential as source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. (C) 2019 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.