L’arrivée de milliers d’immigrants qui n’ont ni le français ni l’anglais comme langue maternelle depuis les années 1990 n’est pas restée sans effet sur la géographie des langues dans la région de la capitale nationale. Comment le français a-t-il évolué dans la région d’Ottawa-Gatineau en leur présence? Jusqu’à quel point l’équilibre fragile qui s’y était construit entre le français et l’anglais au fil du temps a-t-il été affecté par leur poids grandissant? C’est à ces questions que cet article cherche à répondre, en s’appuyant sur l’analyse des transformations de l’espace du français, langue maternelle, au cours des 25 dernières années dans la région. Nous nous intéressons aussi aux possibilités nouvelles offertes par le territoire à la rencontre entre francophones et allophones, et à la capacité de la communauté francophone d’intégrer ultimement une partie de ces derniers. Les résultats présentés augurent d’un avenir plutôt sombre du français, surtout du côté ontarien de la frontière.

We examine the social mobility of the second generation in the Toronto metropolitan area by analyzing whether the adult children of immigrants live in more affluent and desirable neighbourhoods than the first generation. Using 2016 census microdata, we compare the social characteristics of census tracts where immigrants and the second and third‐plus (3+) generations concentrate. The index of dissimilarity indicates the degree of residential separation among generations and for five ethno‐racial second‐generation groups: Chinese, South Asian, Black, Southern European, and Northern and Western European. The empirical findings show that the neighbourhoods where the first generation is over‐represented are less affluent than those where the second and 3+ generations concentrate, with the largest improvements in social status occurring between the first and second generations. Although they frequently live in more distant suburban neighbourhoods than the first generation, the second generation still tends to live in inner and outer suburbs more than the exurban 3+ generation. For the second generation, the degree of residential concentration varies across ethno‐racial groups with persistent segregation marking the residential locations of racial minorities. The findings highlight the variegated geographies and social mobility of the second generation in Canada's largest metropolitan area.

The arrival of thousands of immigrants whose mother tongue is neither French nor English since the 1990s has not been without effect on the geography of languages in the National Capital Region. How has French evolved in the Ottawa-Gatineau region in their presence? To what extent has the fragile balance that had been built up between French and English over time been affected by their growing weight? This article seeks to answer these questions based on an analysis of the transformations in the space of French as a mother tongue over the past twenty-five years in the region. We are also interested in the new possibilities offered by the territory for the encounter between francophones and allophones, and in the capacity of the francophone community to ultimately integrate one part of the latter. The results presented in this paper point to a rather bleak future for French, especially on the Ontario side of the border.

International migration, movements of people who leave one country to settle in another, has stimulated a voluminous and growing geographical literature that examines the volume and diversity of migration flows, their meanings for migrants and the societies where they settle, and representations of migration. Contemporary international migration is characterized by increasing spatial variegation and complexity that extend its historical foundations in colonization and imperialism. Globalization, in particular, has encouraged the growth of temporary migration, the feminization of migration, the rise of environmental migrants, and the challenges of increasing ethnoracial diversity. Geographical analysis has been particularly significant in explaining international migration flows and how state representations of migrants are linked to recent efforts to secure national borders.

Work is an important location for examining the heterogeneity of contemporary urban societies that are being transformed by migration, aging, and economic restructuring. At work locations, people from different ethnic and racial groups often encounter one another, regardless of whether they live in close proximity. Work is also a frequent site of discrimination, particularly for racial minorities. This study evaluates ethno-racial heterogeneity by documenting the spatial patterns of workplace location for ethno-racial groups in Toronto. We also compare and contrast the degree to which racial minorities experience discrimination at work. Based on our findings that underline a strong association between discrimination, racial minority status, and ethno-cultural group identification, we argue that it is important to examine critically the ways in which discrimination persists in racially and ethnically diverse work locations.

This article compares feelings of discomfort and experiences of discrimination attributed to racial and ethnic difference among visible minorities and two white groups: Europeans and white charter individuals. In conducting the analysis, attention is given to the role of location by examining how responses vary in three types of locations in Canada: large and diverse metropolitan areas, smaller second-tier cities, and towns and rural areas. Using the Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS) as the principal data source, the results of descriptive and explanatory multivariate analyses are presented. Logistic regression analyses confirm that race frequently is interpreted as underlying experiences of discomfort and discrimination in Canada, with visible minorities much more likely to report racial and ethnic discomfort and discrimination than the two white groups. While location is not strongly related to racial and ethnic discrimination, it has a significant impact on reports of discomfort. Residents of Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver are more likely to report racial and ethnic discomfort than those living in non-metropolitan areas. As others have reported in Australia and Great Britain, living in diverse social environments where negotiation of difference is an everyday necessity heightens discomfort. The findings highlight geographical variations in the lived experience of multiculturalism that warrant further investigation.

We say a subset Σ ⊆ FN of the free group of rank N is spectrally rigid if whenever T1, T2 ∈ cv N are ℝ-trees in (unprojectivized) outer space for which ‖σ‖T1 = ‖σ‖T2 for every σ ∈ Σ, then T1 = T2 in cv N. The general theory of (non-abelian) actions of groups on ℝ-trees establishes that T ∈ cv N is uniquely determined by its translation length function ‖⋅‖T : FN → ℝ, and consequently that FN itself is spectrally rigid. Results of Smillie and Vogtmann, and of Cohen, Lustig and Steiner establish that no finite Σ is spectrally rigid. Capitalizing on their constructions, we prove that for any Φ ∈ Aut (FN) and g ∈ FN, the set Σ = {Φn(g)}n∈ℤ is not spectrally rigid.

Recently, the media have expressed concern about the apparent concentration and social isolation of immigrants in central and inner suburban neighborhoods in large Canadian cities. This paper compares and contrasts the frequency and nature of neighborhood-based social contacts among three cohorts of immigrants distinguished by their period of arrival in Canada and Canadian-born individuals. We begin by outlining the family, friend, and acquaintance relationships that immigrants build and argue that their networks are culturally diverse and dominated by acquaintances. In this context, intense friendships rarely develop between neighbors, even for recent newcomers. Rather, neighboring consists mainly of casual interactions between individuals that often involve the provision of mundane forms of assistance. Despite their fleeting and routine qualities, social relations with neighbors lead the vast majority of people to express strong levels of belonging to their neighborhoods. As a consequence, we argue that the neighborhood is an underestimated locale for understanding social inclusion.

Discomfort and discrimination experienced by racial minorities is of growing concern. Perceived racial discrimination and discomfort raise questions about social cohesion in pluralist democracies such as Canada and the United States, particularly in immigrant gateway cities that are increasingly heterogeneous. Little research has examined metropolitan variations in perceived discomfort or discrimination despite their distinct social, economic, and housing characteristics and varied histories of inter-group relations. Using the Ethnic Diversity Survey, a population survey that provides detailed information about individuals’ experiences of racial discrimination and discomfort, we describe the frequency of racial discomfort and discrimination reported by Canadian- and foreign-born ethnic and racial minority groups living in major gateway cities. Using logistic regression, we investigate how social and demographic characteristics such as ethnoracial identity and behaviours such as involvement in ethnic organisations influence experiences of discrimination and discomfort in Montréal, Toronto, and Vancouver. The determinants of perceived discrimination and discomfort vary across metropolitan areas. Consequently, we suggest that an appreciation of geographies of discrimination should inform public policy responses.

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennesVolume 49, Issue 4 p. 418-419 Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban, 1900–1960 Brian Ray, Brian Ray University of OttawaSearch for more papers by this author Brian Ray, Brian Ray University of OttawaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 November 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2005.0105g.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume49, Issue4December 2005Pages 418-419 RelatedInformation

Ca1−xCdxS as fine particle layers with well defined processing behave reproducibly as bright ultraviolet (370 and 405 nm) at x ∼ 0.001 − 0.01 and broad band visible emitters with a wavelength maximum dependence on CdS concentration over the range x = 0.05 to 0.20. These characteristics occur under both electron beam and tuned 250–300 nm UV light excitation as phosphors compatible with a range of display configurations.

Syntel™ LLC is the developer of a mail presorting application called AutoMail®, which needs to alter bank statements that are being printed. For this and other applications, it is sometimes impossible to exert any control over the document creation software, but changes to the printed documents must nevertheless be made. The purpose of this project is to retrieve data which has been sent to the Microsoft Windows® printing subsystem, parse the data, ® modify sections of text contained within each document, and continue the print process, leaving the document unmolested except for the altered sections of text. This is done by processing Enhanced MetaFile (EMF) documents, and generating XML documents formatted to be easily read by the software modules responsible for actually altering the text data. During some phase of the print process on Microsoft Windows® Operating systems, each page will exist as an EMF document. Each EMF document consists of a number of entries describing drawing operations. Those drawing operations which are found to pertain to text output in the important spatial regions of the document are converted to plain text. This text, along with certain formatting and positioning information, is written to the XML file. All other drawing operations are included in the XML file as "Black Box" entities, so that the document can be repackaged after processing. Repackaging is accomplished by creating new text drawing operations, reinserting the other drawing operations, and using the Windows® API to print the resulting EMF document.

Computerized documents are created using a wide variety of software and exist in a wide variety of formats, which usually causes difficulties for any application system which is intended to process documents after their initial creation. Extracting text data from files in various file formats and placing it in a designated template file for further processing enables companies to manage documents more efficiently and effectively. The current Syntel™ AutoMail® System extracts and processes data from ASCII text and database files. The main goal of this project is to develop a system suitable for installation on end-user machines which will hook in to the Windows XP print processing system and extract data from the print data stream which are stored in the spool directory. The software will then allow the user to view the pages as they will appear on the printer and select the portions of the page which are exported to a file in a Syntel™ format for further processing such as insertion of additional text and barcodes into the file and post-verification of the data.

Le processus d'émigration produit un profond bouleversement des liens interpersonnels. L'arrivée dans un nouveau pays oblige à une reconstruction souvent presque complète des réseaux de sociabilité et d'entraide. Par l'entremise de l'étude des communautés ethniques, des chercheurs et des chercheuses ont mis en évidence l'importance des affinités ethnoculturelles dans la création des réseaux personnels après l'arrivée dans un nouveau pays. Cependant, ces travaux se sont rarement attardés sur la reconstruction du processus même de création des réseaux à partir d'expériences individuelles. En 1996, notre équipe a réalisé une enquête auprès d'immigrantes d'origine latino-américaine, polonaise et indienne, arrivées à Montréal entre 1988 et 1991 et mères de jeunes enfants. À l'aide d'instruments d'enquête quantitatifs et qualitatifs, nous avons retracé l'histoire de la construction du réseau social de ces femmes depuis leur arrivée au pays, à travers l'analyse des événements familiaux, résidentiels et professionnels vécus au cours de ces années. Nous présentons ici une synthèse du processus de création des réseaux sociaux de ces femmes et analysons en particulier l'influence de certains facteurs sur ce processus tels que l'origine ethnique, la proximité résidentielle et le vécu d'événements particuliers.

© 2004 Fannie Mae. Todos los derechos reservados. 3900 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20016-2892 La publicación Fannie Mae Papers es una serie de documentos de difusión ocasional sobre temas de política dirigidos a todos los interesados en cuestiones de vivienda. PA PERS De la casa natal a la casa propia: inmigración y la posibilidad de ser propietario de vivienda en las zonas urbanas de los Estados Unidos