Recent progress in the experimental capabilities of the LMJ-PETAL laser facility is reviewed. Updates on the indirect-drive D2 implosion experiments and equation-of-state experiments using the LMJ laser are presented, including the commissioning of new plasma diagnostics. Several recent campaigns using the PETAL laser alone are also presented, namely the development of a platform using high-resolution and high-energy X-ray sources for radiography experiments, laser wakefield acceleration studies in the self-modulated regime, and neutron generation using a Target Normal Sheath Accelerated proton beam in a pitcher-catcher configuration.

The Streaked Optical Pyrometer (SOP) is a visible diagnostic widely used to study the warm dense matter regime at high energy laser facilities, gas guns, or ion accelerators. It is usually coupled with a Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) diagnostic for simultaneous shock wave velocity, reflectivity, and temperature measurements to study the Equation of State (EOS) of materials. While VISAR is a well-mastered technology that provides velocity measurements with low relative uncertainties (close to percent), SOP diagnostics still suffer from high imprecision. In this article, we present a new calibration method in order to obtain absolute temperature measurements with reduced uncertainties. This approach is based on a novel light source: a Ce:YAG luminescent concentrator pumped by LEDs. This device produces enough optical power for calibration at the nanosecond sweep duration of the streak camera. As a demonstration, it has first been installed at the LULI facility and tested on quartz samples shocked at temperatures above 4000 K.

The first indirect drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments on the Laser Megajoule facility were carried out with approximately 150 kJ of laser energy distributed on 48 beams (12 quads) arranged in two cones. The target consisted of a gold vacuum rugby-shaped hohlraum and a plastic capsule located at its center, filled with deuterium gas fuel. The arrangement of the 12 quads is such that the laser irradiation on the wall generated a three-dimensional (3D) x-ray flux around the capsule creating 3D deformations on the imploding plastic shell. This constraint forced the design of a robust target (relatively thin ablator, around 40 μm) driven by a short laser pulse (3 ns) that delivered about 1011 neutrons. Full-integrated 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulations allowed both the target definition and the data interpretation (mainly radiation temperature, x-ray images, and neutron yield). 3D calculations and experiments compare well.

The newly operating near-backscattering imaging (NBI) system on the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) is briefly described with emphasis on the temporally resolved measurements and their synchronization with the LMJ laser pulse through target shots taken as part of the diagnostic commissioning campaign. The NBI measures the stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattered light around two quadruplets (one inner and one outer) of the upper LMJ hemisphere. The temporal resolution is achieved with a unique system: a specifically designed wide-open optical lens images 40 points of a diffuser onto an array of optical fibers with the scattered light recorded on a multiplexed photodiode array.

A convenient and effective synthetic access to chelating azides was designed enabling the preparation of efficient clickable fluorescent derivatives. The comparison of the reactivity of these chelating azides to regular azides showcased the striking superiority of such derivatives for labeling applications.

Background. Overweight and obesity in childhood are a major concern in developed countries. Reference growth curves are used in current practice to identify children at risk, especially at risk of overweight or obesity. National reference growth curves were published 35 years ago from children born in the 1950s to study growth from birth to adulthood. Additionally, more recent national curves exist to study birth weight and height according to gestational age. The primary objective was to describe anthropometric measurements of French children born in the 2000s and to compare them with the French references. The secondary objective was to describe overweight indicators during infancy.Methods. A total of 77,315 singletons live-born from 1 July 2004 to 31 December 2013 recorded in the Efemeriss (a French cohort of women and their children) were included. The z-score means based on the French references for weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) at birth, 9 months, and 24 months were calculated.Results. At birth, the weight and height of the cohort did not deviate from the recent French references taking into account gestational age. At 9 and 24 months, the cohort was between 0.12 and 0.39 standard deviations (SD) heavier and between 0.70 and 0.97 SD taller than the old French reference population. Between 0 and 2 years, 28.6% of the children underwent a rapid weight gain (change in SD scores > 0.67). The prevalence of overweight at 2 years was between 5 and 6% using the International obesity task force (IOTF) references.Conclusion. The distributions of the height, weight, and BMI during early childhood differ from those of children in the national growth references. Contemporary children at 2 years are taller and heavier than children born in the 1950s. Approximately one in 20 children is overweight at 2 years. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Since the first experimental campaign conducted in 2014 with mid field Gated X-ray Imager (GXI) and two quadruplets (20 kJ at 351 nm) focused on target, the Laser MégaJoule (LMJ) operational capability is still growing up. New plasma diagnostics have been implemented: a large field 2D GXI, two broadband x-ray spectrometers (called DMX and miniDMX), a specific soft x-ray spectrometer and a Laser Entrance Hole (LEH) imaging diagnostic. A series of experiments have been performed leading to more than 60 shots on target. We will present the plasma diagnostics development status conducted at CEA for experimental purpose. Several diagnostics are now under manufacturing or development which include a Streaked Soft X-ray Imager (SSXI), an Equation Of State (EOS) diagnostic suite (“EOS pack”), a Full Aperture BackScattering (FABS) diagnostic, a Near Backscattered Imager (NBI), a high resolution 2D GXI, a high resolution x-ray spectrometer, a specific set of two polar hard x-ray imagers for LEH characterization and a set of Neutron Time of Flight (NTOF) detectors. We describe here the diagnostics design and performances in terms of spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions. Their designs have taken into account the harsh environment (neutron yields, gamma rays, electromagnetic perturbations, debris and shrapnel) and the safety requirements.

Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives has developed the ARGOS X-ray framing camera to perform two-dimensional, high-timing resolution imaging of an imploding target on the French high-power laser facility Laser MegaJoule. The main features of this camera are: a microchannel plate gated X-ray detector, a spring-loaded CCD camera that maintains proximity focus in any orientation, and electronics packages that provide remotely-selectable high-voltages to modify the exposure-time of the camera. These components are integrated into an "air-box" that protects them from the harsh environmental conditions. A miniaturized X-ray generator is also part of the device for in situ self-testing purposes.

To analyze anthropometric data in a sample of 3- to 4-year-old children examined by Mother and Infant Welfare in preschools in the Haute-Garonne area of France.Two consecutive school years (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) were analyzed. The samples studied included 5470 children the first year (mean age ± standard deviation : 3.9±0.4 years) and 4088 children the second year (4.0±0.4 years). Prevalence of overweight (defined according to International Obesity Task Force references) and its association with various factors (sex, age, and school location) were studied.Prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was 8.4% for the 2 years, with a prevalence of obesity of 1.8% in 2007-2008 and of 1.6% in 2008-2009. Overweight was significantly more frequent in girls than in boys (10.2% vs. 6.8% in 2007-2008 and 9.7% vs. 7.2% in 2008-2009) and in schools located in Priority Education Zones (ZEP) compared to schools in non-ZEP schools (17.9% vs. 7.1% in 2007-2008 and 15.7% vs. 7.2% in 2008-2009).This analysis will be repeated to follow the prevalence of overweight in children. These preliminary results confirm the need to focus on preventive actions, screening and care for overweight and obesity in underprivileged populations.

Objective. To analyze anthropometric data in a sample of 3- to 4-year-old children examined by Mother and Infant Welfare in preschools in the Haute-Garonne area of France.Patients and methods. Two consecutive school- years (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) were analyzed. The samples studied included 5470 children the first year (mean age +/- standard deviation : 3.9 +/- 0.4 years) and 4088 children the second year (4.0 +/- 0.4 years). Prevalence of overweight (defined according to International Obesity Task Force references) and its association with various factors (sex, age, and school location) were studied.Results. Prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was 8.4% for the 2 years, with a prevalence of obesity of 1.8% in 2007-2008 and of 1.6% in 2008-2009. Overweight was significantly more frequent in girls than in boys (10.2% vs. 6.8% in. 2007-2008 and 9.7% vs. 7.2% in 2008-2009) and in schools located in Priority Education Zones (ZEP) compared to schools in non-ZEP schools (17.9% vs. 7.1% in 2007-2008 and 15.7% vs. 7.2% in 2008-2009).Conclusion. This analysis will be repeated to follow the prevalence of overweight in children. These preliminary results confirm the need to focus on preventive actions, screening and care for overweight and obesity in underprivileged populations. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

A high-resolution x-ray imager (HRXI) devoted to laser-plasma experiments combines two state-of-the-art technologies developed in France: a high-resolution x-ray microscope and a high-speed x-ray streak camera. The resulting streaked imager achieves spatial and temporal resolutions of approximately 5 microm and approximately 10 ps, respectively. The HXRI has recorded enhanced spatial and temporal resolution radiographs of indirectly driven targets on OMEGA. This paper describes the main features of the instrument and details the activation process on OMEGA (particularly the alignment). Recent results obtained on joint CEA/LLE radiographic OMEGA experiments will also be presented.

The diagnostic designs for the Laser Megajoule (LMJ) will require components to operate in environments far more severe than those encountered in present facilities. This harsh environment will be induced by fluxes of neutrons, gamma rays, energetic ions, electromagnetic radiations, and, in some cases, debris and shrapnel, at levels several orders of magnitude higher than those experienced today on existing facilities. The lessons learned about the vulnerabilities of present diagnostic parts fielded mainly on OMEGA for many years, have been very useful guide for the design of future LMJ diagnostics. The present and future LMJ diagnostic designs including this vulnerability approach and their main mitigation techniques will be presented together with the main characteristics of the LMJ facility that provide for diagnostic protection.

INTRODUCTION:This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) during prehospital controlled ventilation and also to evaluate variation of the gradient between PCO2 and PETCO2 during prehospital transport. METHODS:Measurements of PETCO2 from capnography values and PaCO2 from arterial blood gases were registered at the beginning (T(0)) and at the end (T(end)) of out-of-hospital management. For all patients requiring invasive ventilation, the gradient between PCO2 and PETCO2 was calculated for T(0) and T(end), the PaCO2-PETCO2 variation between T(end) and T(0) was also calculated. RESULTS:One hundred patients were included in this study (mean age, 58.4 +/- 16.4 years; 57 were male). There was no variation of the mean gradient (DeltaPaCO2-PETCO2 ) during transport (8.64 +/- 13.5 mm Hg at T(0) and 7.26 +/- 12.94 mm Hg at T(end)). Thirty-six percent of patients (n = 36) had a gradient above +10 mm Hg, and for 6% of patients (n = 4) the gradient was lower than -10 mm Hg. The PaCO2-PETCO2 gradient was not significantly different according to the pathology, but was significantly higher in hypercapnic patients compared with hypocapnic or normocapnic patients. In patients with severe head injury, the capnia was normalized in 80% of patients at the end of the transport according to the last blood gas result. In this subgroup the DeltaPaCO2-PETCO2 (T(end) - T(0)) gradient was stable between T(0) and T(end) except in 20% of the patients for whom the DeltaPaCO2-PETCO2 was lower than -10 mm Hg. Fifty-four percent of critical care physicians had modified the respiratory setting after the first arterial blood gas results. CONCLUSIONS:The PaCO2 cannot be estimated by the PETCO2 in the prehospital setting. There is wide variation in the gradient between PCO2 and PETCO2 depending on patient condition, and over time, the relationship does not remain constant and thus cannot be useful in prehospital ventilation management.

The use of mobile monitoring system for foetal cardiotachometry has never been evaluated in the prehospital care. The aim of the survey was to evaluate the faisability of this device. Twenty-five patients were enrolled, mostly within the context of interhospital transfer because of threatening premature delivery (n = 20). Foetal monitoring was effective for 64% of the patients during initial physical examination and for 52% during transport by ambulance. Prehospital treatment was improved in one case of eclampsia after on-scene fetal monitoring. Cardiotocography can be easily performed in the prehospital setting. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.

The use of mobile monitoring system for foetal cardiotachometry has never been evaluated in the prehospital care. The aim of the survey was to evaluate the faisability of this device. Twenty-five patients were enrolled, mostly within the context of interhospital transfer because of threatening premature delivery (n = 20). Foetal monitoring was effective for 64 % of the patients during initial physical examination and for 52 % during transport by ambulance. Prehospital treatment was improved in one case of eclampsia after on-scene fetal monitoring. Cardiotocography can be easily performed in the prehospital setting.

A significant percentage of physicians tacking part in the French prehospital care system, do not follow published guidelines on the use of mannitol. Actions improving implementation of those guidelines should be supported.

Les évènements indésirables graves peuvent conduire à un véritable traumatisme chez le soignant, qu’il soit le fait d’une erreur médicale ou non. Le soignant peut ainsi être considéré comme la deuxième victime de l’accident après le patient. Le traumatisme émotionnel peut avoir des conséquences lourdes sur le professionnel impliqué (addiction, troubles mentaux, burnout, état de stress port traumatique, voire suicide) et, de ce fait, sur la qualité des soins prodigués aux patients. Des prises en charge ont été décrites dans la littérature pour limiter les conséquences du traumatisme chez les professionnels de santé : prise en charge immédiate, puis à court terme et long terme, dans lesquelles participent le soutien des pairs, de la hiérarchie et une aide psychologique spécialisée. La communication doit être large sur ce phénomène peu connu des professionnels eux-mêmes afin de mettre en place des stratégies de prises en charge en amont et impliquant toute l’équipe et l’institution.Health care practitioners involved in a serious adverse event (SAE), whether it being a medical error or not, may experience genuine psychological trauma. Practitioners in such situation should be assessed as genuine second injured person. Psychological trauma in practitioners may lead to various disorders such as drug addiction, alcohol abuse, mental disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders or suicide attempt. These situations carry a high risk for patient's further safety and quality of care. Recommendations in preventing psychological trauma in health care practitioners following SAE have been issued including immediate, short-term and long-term help from co-workers, supervisors and individual psychological support. A wider publicity on SAE-related psychological trauma amongst health care practitioners is warranted in order to raise awareness on this matter.

The design of plasma diagnostics for the future MJ class lasers (LMJ–Laser MégaJoule—in France or NIF—National Ignition Faciliy— in the USA) must take into account the large increased radiation field generated at the target and the effect on the diagnostics components. These facilities will focus up to 1.8 MJ ultraviolet laser light energy into a volume of less than 1 cm3 in a few nanoseconds. This very high power focused onto a small target will generate a large amount of x rays, debris, shrapnel, and nuclear particles (neutrons and gamma rays) if the DT fuel capsules ignite. Ignition targets will produce a million more of 14 MeV neutrons (1019 neutrons) by comparison with the present worldwide most powerful laser neutron source facility at OMEGA. Under these harsh environmental conditions the survivability goal of present diagnostic is not clear and many new studies must be carried out to verify which diagnostic measurement techniques, can be maintained, adapted or must be completely changed. Synergies with similar environment studies conducted for magnetic fusion diagnostic design for ITER facility are considered and must be enhanced.

Objective. - To evaluate the use of mannitol in prehospital care in Paris area.Study design. - Survey using telephone interviews.Methods. - Emergency physicians on duty in the 37 emergency departments in charge of prehospital care in Paris area were called by one investigator. They were asked to answer a questionnaire about their own use of mannitol in the prehospital setting.Results. - Ninety-six questionnaires were recorded. Physicians were anaesthesiologists (9%) or emergency physicians (87%). In three departments, mannitol was not available in the ambulances. Thirty-five per cent (n = 34) reported no use of mannitol and 17% (12 = 16) just once. Fourteen physicians (15%) did not want to use it. The reasons for not using mannitol were lack of knowledge about efficacy for five, need for previous brain imaging for seven or neurosurgeon's agreement before using mannitol for three. For those who had already used mannitol or were ready to use it, the main indication was increased intracranial pressure with clinical signs of brain herniation after severe brain injury for 92% of physicians. Thirty-one % reported not knowing the dose of mannitol, 33% having a memorandum immediately available and among those who answered the question, 63% gave a value compatible with guidelines.Conclusion. - A significant percentage of physicians tacking part in the French prehospital care system, do not follow published guidelines on the use of mannitol. Actions improving implementation of those guidelines should be supported. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.