This work presents OTTER, a 28 nm CMOS platform co-integrated with TaOx-based valence-change mechanism (VCM) RRAM, demonstrating a two-transistor-one-memristive-device (2T1R) architecture for reliable in-memory computing. The 2T1R cell combines a low-drive-current (LD) transistor and a high-drive-current (HD) transistor in parallel, providing dedicated bias paths for SET programming and RESET operation, respectively. Through systematic experimental and simulated comparison of various transistor-pairing configurations using the physical compact model JART VCM Rth, design guidelines for transistor sizing are derived, establishing the minimum RESET transistor W/L required for complete RESET as a function of the SET current compliance. The 2T1R cell is further characterized under pulse-based programming, demonstrating multilevel analog conductance tuning with narrow, well separated conductance states across six programmable levels. An analog content-addressable memory (aCAM) design based on the same 2T1R cell is additionally analyzed at the circuit level, evaluating trade-offs between top- and bottom-connected RRAM comparator configurations. A hardware implementation of compute-in-memory (CIM) multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations is further demonstrated on a 15 x 15 2T1R crossbar array.

Memristive devices are typically operated using voltage driven schemes with current compliance to regulate switching dynamics. While effective, this approach often leads to abrupt current overshoot and subsequent IR drops, excessive power dissipation, and limited precision in tuning intermediate conductance states. In this work, we examine an accurate voltage driven scheme using regulated voltage pulses, thereby reducing the voltage drops at the memristor ends. In addition, a novel current controlled driving methodology is introduced, wherein the device conductance is modulated through gradual current ramping, enabling smoother and more deterministic adjustment of conductance and thereby enhancing analog programmability. These results highlight the advantages of current controlled operation over conventional voltage driven schemes, offering a pathway toward improved reliability and fine grained conductance control in memory and neuromorphic computing applications. Notably, the current controlled operation exhibits negative differential resistance (NDR) behaviour, attributed to the interplay between filament dynamics and pulse width effects, which is analysed in conductance modulation. This paper focuses on the verification of the memristor conductance control Systemon-Chip design in current mode, implemented in a 28 nm CMOS technology.

Memristors are promising devices for scalable and low power, in-memory computing to improve the energy efficiency of a rising computational demand. The crossbar array architecture with memristors is used for vector matrix multiplication (VMM) and acts as kernels in neuromorphic computing. The analog conductance control in a memristor is achieved by applying voltage or current through it. A basic 1T1R array is suitable to avoid sneak path issues but suffer from wire resistances, which affects the read and write procedures. A conductance control scheme with a regulated voltage source will improve the architecture and reduce the possible potential divider effects. A change in conductance is also possible with the provision of a regulated current source and measuring the voltage across the memristors. A regulated 2T1R memristor conductance control architecture is proposed in this work, which avoids the potential divider effect and virtual ground scenario in a regular crossbar scheme, as well as conductance control by passing a regulated current through memristors. The sneak path current is not allowed to pass by the provision of ground potential to both terminals of memristors.

On a very fundamental level, particle detectors share similar requirements for their read-out chain. This is reflected in the way that typical read-out solutions are developed, where a previous design is taken and modified to fit some changes in requirements. One of the two common approaches is the current-based read-out, where the waveform of the sensor output is sampled in order to later extract information from there. This approach is used in many detector applications using scintillation based detectors, including PET. With this contribution, we will introduce how we use Matlab in order to simulate the read-out electronics of particle detectors. We developed this simulation approach as a base for our ongoing development of software-defined read-out ASICs that cover the requirements of a variety of particle detector types. Simulink was chosen as a base for our developments as it allows simulation of mixed-signal systems and comes with built-in toolkits to aid in developments of such systems. With our approach, we want to take a new look at how we approach designing such a read-out, with a focus on digital signal processing close to the sensor, making use of known signal characteristics and modern methods of communications engineering. We are taking into account the time profile of an event, the bandwidth-limiting properties of the sensor and attached electronics, digitization stages and finally the parameterization of approaches for digital processing of the signal. We will show how we are applying the design approach to the development of a read-out for the proposed SHiP SBT detector, which is a scintillation based detector relying on SiPMs sensors, using this as an example for our modelling approach and show preliminary results.

A system architecture is suggested for a System on Chip that will combine several different memristor-based, bio-inspired computation arrays with inter- and intra-chip communication. It will serve as a benchmark system for future developments. The architecture takes the special requirements into account which are caused by the memristor co-integration on commercial CMOS structures in a post processing step of the chip. The interface considers the necessary data bandwidth to monitor the internal Network on Chip at speed and provides enough flexibility to give different measurement options.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost 1000 m^2 of plastic scintillator veto on top. The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e. This paper presents the performance results of the detector, extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase, the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase, and the first physics runs. The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm, while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre, measured using the 2.223 MeV γ from neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source. The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4

Advancements in memory technology have positioned memristors at the forefront of non-volatile memory applications, necessitating precise control mechanisms to accurately program memristor cells to their respective states. This study delves into the utilization of a RISC-V processor and PWM generators to configure registers for analog conductance control of crossbar memristor array architecture for accurate voltage and current mode operations. The core contribution is the development of a flexible and efficient control algorithm specifically designed for RISC-V. A Universal Verification Methodology Framework (UVMF) testbench is employed to validate control signals, ensuring their accuracy prior to hardware implementation. Results indicate significant enhancements in control efficiency, underlining the potential for integrating RISC-V with memristor technology.

A high voltage (HV) that is usually not available in modern nodes is required to form memristors. A scalable implementation requires the HV to be generated on chip and this work proposes such a generator. In a 28nm CMOS process, a three-stage charge pump (CP) is designed in the absence of HV-transistors. For the HfO2 based memristor electroforming (EF), a developed CP runs with an efficiency of 46.5% at an output voltage of 3.35V and a load current of 184.9 mu A from a 1.8V supply. The optimum design strategy for a cross-coupled charge pump (CC-CP) is explained for a low ripple < 6mV, while at the same time ensuring lower capacitor value and high reliability. The results of an over-voltage analytical investigation have important ramifications for lowering the overall area without compromising output voltage or CP efficiency. Monte Carlo simulation for 200 samples were also performed to verify the design's robustness. However, the proposed design can be readily extended to any memristor application or material, thereby paving the way for the integration of fully integrated chips (ICs) for memristor EF in smaller technology nodes.

This paper introduces a current-mode Successive-Approximation Register Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR ADC) for the current readout in a memristor based vector-matrix multiplication for computing-in-memory. The proposed method employs direct current measurement scheme using an open-loop transimpedance input stage. As the types and resistance values of the memristors change, so does the output current of the array, along with the voltage range, especially with multilevel signal processing. Therefore, we propose an ADC where the dynamic range can be tuned between 0.4 and 1.28mA while consuming 1 to 2.73 m W of power. While the memristor array operate at a 1.8 V power supply for SET and RESET operation, the ADC can be implemented using a 0.9 V power supply as we employs a voltage-regulation loop that can work with less than 0.8 V voltage during current readout mode. This enables the ADC to be implemented using core CMOS devices, reducing power and area consumption. The ADC features 6 bit resolution and is implemented in a 28 nm CMOS bulk technology. It can achieve a data-conversion rate of up to 50 MSps.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this study, the potential of searching for proton decay in the mode with JUNO is investigated. The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits suppression of the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via is 36.9% ± 4.9% with a background level of events after 10 years of data collection. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years of exposure is years, which is competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel and complements the use of different detection technologies.

Abstract The Serappis (SEarch for RAre PP-neutrinos In Scintillator) project aims at a precision measurement of the flux of solar pp neutrinos on the few-percent level. Such a measurement will be a relevant contribution to the study of solar neutrino oscillation parameters and a sensitive test of the equilibrium between solar energy output in neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation (solar luminosity constraint). The concept of Serappis relies on a small organic liquid scintillator detector ( $$\sim $$ ∼ 20 m $$^3$$ 3 ) with excellent energy resolution ( $$\sim $$ ∼ 2.5% at 1 MeV), low internal background and sufficient shielding from surrounding radioactivity. This can be achieved by a minor upgrade of the OSIRIS facility at the site of the JUNO neutrino experiment in southern China. To go substantially beyond current accuracy levels for the pp flux, an organic scintillator with ultra-low $$ {^{14}\hbox {C}}$$ 14 C levels (below $$10^{-18}$$ 10 - 18 ) is required. The existing OSIRIS detector and JUNO infrastructure will be instrumental in identifying suitable scintillator materials, offering a unique chance for a low-budget high-precision measurement of a fundamental property of our Sun that will be otherwise hard to access.

We study damping signatures at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a medium-baseline reactor neutrino oscillation experiment. These damping signatures are motivated by various new physics models, including quantum decoherence, ν3 decay, neutrino absorption, and wave packet decoherence. The phenomenological effects of these models can be characterized by exponential damping factors at the probability level. We assess how well JUNO can constrain these damping parameters and how to disentangle these different damping signatures at JUNO. Compared to current experimental limits, JUNO can significantly improve the limits on τ3/m3 in the ν3 decay model, the width of the neutrino wave packet σx, and the intrinsic relative dispersion of neutrino momentum σrel.

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector in a laboratory at 700-m underground. An excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume offer exciting opportunities for addressing many important topics in neutrino and astro-particle physics. With six years of data, the neutrino mass ordering can be determined at a 3-4 sigma significance and the neutrino oscillation parameters sin(2 )theta(12), Delta m(21)(2), and vertical bar Delta m(32)(2)vertical bar can be measured to a precision of 0.6% or better, by detecting reactor antineutrinos from the Taishan and Yangjiang nuclear power plants. With ten years of data, neutrinos from all past core-collapse supernovae could be observed at a 3 sigma significance; a lower limit of the proton lifetime, 8.34 x 10(33) years (90% C.L.), can be set by searching for p -> (nu) over barK(+); detection of solar neutrinos would shed new light on the solar metallicity problem and examine the vacuum-matter transition region. A typical core-collapse supernova at a distance of 10 kpc would lead to similar to 5000 inverse-beta-decay events and similar to 2000 (300) all-flavor neutrino-proton (electron) elastic scattering events in JUNO. Geo-neutrinos can be detected with a rate of similar to 400 events per year. Construction of the detector is very challenging. In this review, we summarize the final design of the JUNO detector and the key R&D achievements, following the Conceptual Design Report in 2015 (Djurcic et al., 2015). All 20-inch PMTS have been procured and tested. The average photon detection efficiency is 28.9% for the 15,000 MCP PMTS and 28.1% for the 5000 dynode PMTS, higher than the JUNO requirement of 27%. Together with the >20 m attenuation length of the liquid scintillator achieved in a 20-ton pilot purification test and the >96% transparency of the acrylic panel, we expect a yield of 1345 photoelectrons per MeV and an effective relative energy resolution of 3.02%/root E(MeV) in simulations (Abusleme et al., 2021). To maintain the high performance, the underwater electronics is designed to have a loss rate <0.5% in six years. With degassing membranes and a micro-bubble system, the radon concentration in the 35 kton water pool could be lowered to <10 mBq/m(3). Acrylic panels of radiopurity <0.5 ppt U/Th for the 35.4-m diameter liquid scintillator vessel are produced with a dedicated production line. The 20 kton liquid scintillator will be purified onsite with Alumina filtration, distillation, water extraction, and gas stripping. Together with other low background handling, singles in the fiducial volume can be controlled to similar to 10 Hz. The JUNO experiment also features a double calorimeter system with 25,600 3-inch PMTS, a liquid scintillator testing facility OSIRIS, and a near detector TAO. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To allow for sophisticated signal processing algorithms in the receiver of a localization system that operates according to the multilateration principle, it is valuable to know the shape of signal transitions. However, if comb filters are used during digital signal processing and the effective sampling rate is increased by virtual oversampling, then frequency offsets of the modulation signal's harmonics will alter such transitions. In this paper it is shown, that this effect can be modeled by an effective low-pass filter function in continuous-time domain.

Abstract The OSIRIS detector is a subsystem of the liquid scintillator filling chain of the JUNO reactor neutrino experiment. Its purpose is to validate the radiopurity of the scintillator to assure that all components of the JUNO scintillator system work to specifications and only neutrino-grade scintillator is filled into the JUNO Central Detector. The aspired sensitivity level of $$10^{-16}\hbox { g/g}$$ 10 - 16 g/g of $$^{238}\hbox {U}$$ 238 U and $$^{232}\hbox {Th}$$ 232 Th requires a large ( $$\sim 20\,\hbox {m}^3$$ ∼ 20 m 3 ) detection volume and ultralow background levels. The present paper reports on the design and major components of the OSIRIS detector, the detector simulation as well as the measuring strategies foreseen and the sensitivity levels to U/Th that can be reached in this setup.

This paper addresses the questions of high-level system modelling using heterogeneous multi-tool modelling environment on parallel multi-core processing systems for simulation acceleration. The modelling technique has been applied for high-level validation of a high-precision Indoor Positioning System for Motion Analysis (IPS-MA) developed in the Central Institute Electronic Systems (ZEA-2) of the Research Center Juelich GmbH. The heterogeneous modelling environment has been built using an implementation-level model designed in Matlab Simulink, a verification model for describing the system environment using Modelica language, and Julia language for automatic generation of binding modelling environment and parallelizing the simulation of the overall model. The approach showed a good flexibility in system description and verification in the multi-instrument modelling environment and a good performance gain due to simulation parallelism.

Abstract Atmospheric neutrinos are one of the most relevant natural neutrino sources that can be exploited to infer properties about cosmic rays and neutrino oscillations. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment, a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector with excellent energy resolution is currently under construction in China. JUNO will be able to detect several atmospheric neutrinos per day given the large volume. A study on the JUNO detection and reconstruction capabilities of atmospheric $$\nu _e$$ ν e and $$\nu _\mu $$ ν μ fluxes is presented in this paper. In this study, a sample of atmospheric neutrino Monte Carlo events has been generated, starting from theoretical models, and then processed by the detector simulation. The excellent timing resolution of the 3” PMT light detection system of JUNO detector and the much higher light yield for scintillation over Cherenkov allow to measure the time structure of the scintillation light with very high precision. Since $$\nu _e$$ ν e and $$\nu _\mu $$ ν μ interactions produce a slightly different light pattern, the different time evolution of light allows to discriminate the flavor of primary neutrinos. A probabilistic unfolding method has been used, in order to infer the primary neutrino energy spectrum from the detector experimental observables. The simulated spectrum has been reconstructed between 100 MeV and 10 GeV, showing a great potential of the detector in the atmospheric low energy region.

A bstract We present the calibration strategy for the 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO). By utilizing a comprehensive multiple-source and multiple-positional calibration program, in combination with a novel dual calorimetry technique exploiting two independent photosensors and readout systems, we demonstrate that the JUNO central detector can achieve a better than 1% energy linearity and a 3% effective energy resolution, required by the neutrino mass ordering determination.

Abstract JUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day (cpd), therefore a careful control of the background sources due to radioactivity is critical. In particular, natural radioactivity present in all materials and in the environment represents a serious issue that could impair the sensitivity of the experiment if appropriate countermeasures were not foreseen. In this paper we discuss the background reduction strategies undertaken by the JUNO collaboration to reduce at minimum the impact of natural radioactivity. We describe our efforts for an optimized experimental design, a careful material screening and accurate detector production handling, and a constant control of the expected results through a meticulous Monte Carlo simulation program. We show that all these actions should allow us to keep the background count rate safely below the target value of 10 Hz (i.e. ∼1 cpd accidental background) in the default fiducial volume, above an energy threshold of 0.7 MeV.

The design and simulation of a cryogenic RF transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for signals around 20 GHz with millivolt amplitudes is presented in this paper. The TIA is part of an IC with a modulator system, where its primary application is to drive a semiconductor based spin qubit at temperatures around 100 mK. A 22 nm FDSOI CMOS technology is used for the circuit development. In post-layout simulat...