Abstract On the Italian peninsula in the sixth century BCE, settlements became concentrated, the population increased, larger settlements began to develop, and trade accelerated—the most significant characteristic of this period is its relative stability, which allows the many changes visible in the eighth and seventh centuries to become embedded in new power structures and new forms of material culture. References to the intersection between Greek history and the history of Italy appear, and some social and political forms begin to look similar to those in the Greek world. This chapter considers literary, epigraphic, and archaeological sources, and concludes with some reflections on the extent to which Italy operated as a unified area in this period, and what happened on the peninsula as the fifth century began.

This enjoyable collection comprises nine case studies of deities who appear across boundaries and in similar forms in different parts of Italy.The deities, Ceres, Feronia, Diana, Vesta, Castor, Liber, Apollon/Suri, Honos and Salus, are familiar to anyone who studies this material, but the essays are uniformly competent, clear and comprehensive, and will support further study.In comparison with older treatments which tended to outline a more or less forcible homogenization of deities, a vigorous syncretism under Roman influence, all the essays are content with more indeterminacy and plurality.Santangelo concludes his essay on Ceres with a typical position: "We should shift from speaking of the 'Italian Ceres' to engaging with the remarkably diverse and complex evidence for the 'Italian Cereres'" (p.17).Wyler, who writes a very good account of versions of Liber, including at the persistently intriguing Sant' Abbondio sanctuary, writes of previous

This article presents the background to and prospects for a new initiative in archaeological field survey and database integration. The Roman Hinterland Project combines data from the Tiber Valley Project, Roman Suburbium Project, and the Pontine Region Project into a single database, which the authors believe to be one of the most complete repositories of data for the hinterland of a major ancient metropolis, covering nearly 2000 years of history. The logic of combining these databases in the context of studying the Roman landscape is explained and illustrated with analyses that show their capacity to contribute to major debates in Roman economy, demography, and the longue durée of the human condition in a globalizing world.

This chapter seeks to apply some of the discussion inspired by Gramsci's work to debates around the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Principate. Specifically, I shall look at issues of coercion and consent and propaganda and ideology, and will seek to show how valuable it is to use a Gramscian framework to explore the complex interplay of power and legitimation which have been described most effectively in recent times by Andrew Wallace-Hadrill in Rome's Cultural Revolution. I will argue that we should try to rewrite the Augustan cultural and political revolution through a generous and creative use of Gramsci's theory of hegemony.

of nostalgia, and the Second World War as a moment of uncomplicated national glory.) And Brexit is by no means the only example. A chapter on the European Union National Institutes for Culture (EUNIC), for instance, shows that the predominance of national emphases in EUNIC institutions means that they ‘contribute to the further Europeanization of cultural and historical concepts in a limited sense only’ (p. 60). This is perhaps to be expected, insofar as historians of the European Union have long argued that the bloc was established as a means of stabilizing and strengthening, rather than of transcending, the nation-state in post-war Europe. But attempts to construct a shared culture of memory across the EU have encountered more complex problems, particularly in the form of divisions between memory cultures in western and eastern Europe that are examined in an insightful chapter by Claudia Weber, on the silencing of the history of Stalinism in western Europe. The question this raises, according to Weber, ‘is whether . . . a European culture of memory is even conceivable’ (p. 125). Or, perhaps, desirable: the final two chapters, on deployments of collective memory in the negotiations over Turkey’s accession to the EU, powerfully demonstrate the problematic exclusions and ‘othering’ that too easily attend the construction of a single, cohesive European past. The chapters in this volume are somewhat uneven in quality and coverage, but the best are thoughtful and stimulating and together they comprise a richly diverse collection. It is a shame that they are not set within a compelling argumentative framework by the editors, who present a chapter-by-chapter summary of the volume in place of a substantive conclusion. Several contributors provide material that merits extended further investigation and reflection, and scholars and policymakers might do well in particular to consider Weber’s suggestion that a shared culture of memory in the EU may have to allow scope for ‘representations of [a] history of contradictions’ (p. 133) – an inconvenient necessity, but one that this volume suggests is becoming increasingly pertinent to the future of the EU itself, and of its member states.

The Romans developed an account of their early history which was organized by the reigns of seven kings. By the 1st century bce, they had settled on a standard chronology for these kings, and in the following sequence: Romulus 753–717, Numa Pompilius 716–674, Tullus Hostilius 673–642, Ancus Marcius 641–617, Tarquinius Priscus 616–578, Servius Tullius 578–534, Tarquinius Superbus 534–509. It is clear from archaeological evidence that Rome from the 8th to the 6th century bce was in a period of significant growth and transformation. There are a number of exciting finds which have been related to the historical account. This account however was the product of a long period of development, and the narrative as it developed came to reflect the contemporary concerns of Roman politics. So research on Roman kingship has to take account of both the possibility of genuine history underlying the account, and the literary and artistic motivations which led to the transformations of the story over time. The relationship between these two is the subject of significant methodological discussion, on a spectrum from attempts to directly relate the historical account to archaeological finds, to significantly more skeptical claims that connections are coincidental and that the historical record is wholly unreliable. The third strand of investigation is institutional history and includes the controversy over the so-called leges regiae, the alleged legal precursors to the codification of law in the Twelve Tables from the mid-5th century bce, and the transformation of the Roman constitution into one characterized by shared time-limited office-holding. A quite different approach sees the kings as encoding deep mythological structures, and argues for a reconceptualization of the early history of Rome as a mythical rather than a historical sequence. Although this has been less popular recently, aspects of this scholarly approach have been influential in other fields of study. This is particularly true of social anthropology and the history of religion, where Dumézil’s classification of the Roman kings has been influential but controversial (see section Roman Kings and Indo-European Mythology).

The organising entity is the Fondazione Paestum, which has a focus on comparative studies of colonial activity in the Mediterranean. The conference was just one of a series of extraordinary events and refurbishments that have taken place at Paestum recently; a second conference has just been published and a third is in preparation. The conferences are aligned with another major event at Paestum, and one of Italy's most important cultural tourism events, the Borsa Mediterranea del Turismo Archeologico (an international trade show for the travel and tourism industry). Paestum, a colony itself both in the sense of a Greek foundation, and then a Roman resettlement, is well suited therefore to host discussions that touch on mobility, hybridity and the interpenetration of culture as visible in the material record.

This paper argues that the monumentalisation of sanctuary sites, and the practice of depositing votives in the form of bronze figurines, can be understood as a bridge between economic and religious behaviour. The first activity channels community resources and an examination of architectural terracotta decoration can thus reveal rational decisions concerning resource allocation. The second activity may be considered as part of the same nexus of behaviour which would operate with weights and measures, including coinage. Both reflect transformations of value through religious spaces and behaviours.

Nothing has so characterized the British School at Rome's approach, from its inception, as the commitment to landscape archaeology in one form or another. This paper discusses the origins of this commitment in the work of Thomas Ashby, but focuses on the major contribution of J.B. Ward-Perkins and the South Etruria Survey. This survey is set in the context both of intellectual developments in landscape archaeology, and the specific circumstances of the BSR, and its Director, after the Second World War. The article traces the impact of this work on subsequent landscape archaeology.