Der Medikationsnachweis in Human- und Veterinärmedizin dient z.B. der Detektion verbotener Substanzen im Sport (Dopingkontrolle) oder aber der Überprüfung der Compliance bei der Einnahme oder Verabreichung verordneter Medikamente. Gerade bei Antibiotika ist eine Anwendung entsprechend der Herstellerangaben geboten, um die gewünschte Wirkung zu erzielen und die Ausbildung von Resistenzen zu vermeiden. Am Modelltier Pferd wurde überprüft, ob der Nachweis der Applikation des schwerflüchtigen Fluorchinolons Marbofloxacin über die Analyse der Atemluft mittels GC-IMS möglich ist.

Aim: EBP causes large economic losses during the post weaning period in cattle breeding. Diagnostic procedures in calves include clinical examination and taking of nasal swabs for further microbiological examination. In a first study, exhaled breath analysis using gas chromatography - ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and measurement of respiratory mechanics by means of impulse oscillometry (IOS) complemented the conventionally used diagnostic procedures. Material and methods: Fourteen calves (age: between 50 and 103 days) suspected to suffer of EBP were included in the study. Results of different diagnostic procedures (clinical examination, bacteriological cultivation, IOS measurements and analysis of exhaled breath samples) were compared and related to each other. Results: Eight calves were diagnosed as infected by Pasteurella multocida. Analysis of exhaled breath by GC-IMS yielded 82 clusters of peaks representing volatile organic compounds (VOC). Peak areas of four clusters (c15, c17, c29 and c37) were significantly different (p < 0.05) between P. multocida infected and non-infected calves. Additionally, indole was detected in breath samples of P. multocida infected calves. Peak areas of three clusters (c20, c22 and c30) had significant (p < 0.05) relations to lung function parameters (Vt, Rex3, Xex7) measured by impulse oscillometry. Conclusion: This first study revealed differences in VOC between P. multocida infected and non-infected calves. However, some VOCs seem to correlate to impaired lung function, independent to the causative pathogen. Further research is necessary to assess the value of novel procedures in diagnosis of respiratory infectious diseases.

Bei der enzootischen Bronchopneumonie (EBP) des Kalbes handelt es sich um eine multikausal bedingte Erkrankung. Die Diagnostik im Stall besteht in der Durchführung einer klinischen Untersuchung und der Entnahme von Nasentupferproben zur Abklärung einer viralen oder bakteriellen Infektion. In dieser Studie sollte überprüft werden, ob Zusammenhänge zwischen flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) in der ausgeatmeten Luft und den isolierten Krankheitserregern sowie zu klinischen und anderen Befunden bestehen.

A new device for sampling the alveolar fraction of exhaled breath was constructed to improve exhaled breath analysis in horses. It consists of face mask, fast-responding oxygen sensor, vacuum pump, and sample loop. Sampling of alveolar fraction is triggered by oxygen gradient of exhaled air. Breath samples of six mares taken randomised either as alveolar breath fraction or as mixed air were analysed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Peak areas differed significantly in fourteen of seventy clusters. Fractionated sampling of alveolar air allows a concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) originating from this region. Additionally, because horses are obligate nasal breather, VOCs originating mainly from upper airways can be excluded, if only the alveolar fraction of exhaled breath is sampled.

Sowohl in der Human- als auch in der Veterinärmedizin spielen Streptokokken als Infektionserreger des Respirationstraktes eine große Rolle. Mit einem Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie-System (IMS) soll untersucht werden, ob sich dieses für die Differenzierung verschiedener Streptokokkenspezies eignet.

The knowledge of the temperature distribution in protein solder and cartilage - bone - tissue is crucial for the laser induced fixation of cartilage grafts in order to set the laser parameters. Hence, in this contribution a simulation model is provided, which calculates the temperature distribution in the aforesaid layer model. The results are compared to experimental data and evaluated.

Diagnosing reproduction processes is a main activity of veterinarians concerning farm animals. So it would be eligible to replace this physically demanding work by other procedures. Aim of the presented study was to investigate, whether results of breath analysis are related to sexual hormone levels in equine females. Breath samples of 25 mares as well as regularly taken samples of ambient air were analysed using Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). Peak heights of three clusters were found to correlate moderately strong to blood serum levels of equine chorionic gonadotropine (eCG) and / or progesterone (P) as well.

A new technology for fixation of articular cartilage grafts was developed based on laser induced coagulation of a dye doped protein, i.e. bovine serum albumin (BSA) enhanced by indocyanine green (ICG) (0.025% ICG and 60 % BSA). To assess the occurrence of thermally induced damages, histological examination of laser exposed areas of cartilage tissue was performed using live/dead and haematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. Lowest thermally induced injuries were observed microscopically after exposition of cartilage tissue with or without dye doped protein using power density of 5.09 W/cm(2) for 120 s. Increase in power density and/ or duration of laser exposition caused a raise in tissue injuries.

Die Häufigkeit von Erkrankungen, die durch multiresistente bakterielle Erreger verursacht werden, nimmt sowohl in der Human- als auch in der Veterinärmedizin zu. Die Diagnostik solcher Erkrankungen mittels spektrometrischer Verfahren aus dem Exhalat der Patienten wäre ein großer Fortschritt. Zunächst ist es aber erforderlich, das Potential dieser Verfahren hinsichtlich des Differenzierungsvermögens zwischen Bakterienstämmen innerhalb einer Spezies in-vitro zu untersuchen.

Einleitung: Die Spezies Ratte, Maus und Meerschweinchen werden in der tierexperimentellen Arbeit häufig zur Klärung wissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen am Respirationstrakt verwendet. Bei diesen Spezies war zu prüfen, ob die nicht-invasive Messung der respiratorischen Impedanz mittels Impuls-Oszilloresistometrie durchführbar ist.

Einleitung: Veränderungen in der Geometrie des Rachenraumes können beim Pferd durch die Änderung der Kopfhaltung sowie aufgrund muskelrelaxierender Effekte induziert werden.

Xylazin ist das am häufigsten beim Pferd zur Sedation verwendete Medikament. Ziel war es, den Einfluss der Medikation auf die Parameter der Capno-Oxy-Volumetrie zu untersuchen. 11 klinisch lungengesunde Pferde wurden mit 0,8mg/kg KM Xylazin i.v. sediert. Die Messungen wurden unmittelbar vor Medikation, sechs Minuten danach und dann alle fünf Minuten im weiteren Verlauf der Sedation durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der ersten beiden Messzeitpunkte wurden im t-Test bzw. Wilcoxon-Test für Paardifferenzen, die Messungen nach der Sedation wurden mittels Varianzanalyse bzw. Friedman-Test ausgewertet. Durch die Xylazinmedikation sank die BF signifikant, Vt war tendenziell vertieft. Der CO2et erhöhte sich, der O2et verringerte sich in der Tendenz. Der Anstieg (CO2) bzw. Abfall (O2) der Phase II beider Gase wurde signifikant flacher, der der Phase III in der Tendenz steiler. Die Mischluftvolumina vergrößerten sich für beide Gase, wobei für O2 Vm2550 und Vm5075 signifikant höher waren. Auch die Toträume nach Bohr, Fowler und Threshold waren nach der Medikation größer als zuvor. Im Verlauf der Sedation bildeten sich die Veränderungen in den Exspirogrammen wieder zurück. Da Xylazin keine bronchialen Obstruktionen verursacht, ist anzunehmen, dass die Veränderungen in den Capno- und Oxygrammen durch eine Beeinträchtigung der Perfusion der Lunge hervorgerufen wurden.

Aim: To improve the outcome of parameters measured by the impulse oscillometry system (IOS) in horses by separate assessment of inspiratory and expiratory impedance spectra in the frequency range between 1 and 10 Hz. As basis for further studies, the influence of sedation with xylazine on respiratory impedance was also investigated.Methods: (i) The respiratory impedance of I I horses was measured using IOS before and 6 min after sedation (xylazine; 0.6 mg/kg b.w.). (ii) The time course of impedance parameters in a period of 24 min after administration of xylazine was evaluated in 12 horses at regular intervals of 3 min. Resistance (R-rs), reactance (X-rs), and coherence (Co) were calculated as mean spectra (R-rs,X-rs, Co) of the entire measurement as well as separated into inspiration (Ri(r5),Xi(rs),Coi) and expiration (Re-rs,Xe-rs,Coe) at frequencies of 1, 5 and 10 Hz.Results: (i) R-rs, X-rs, as well as Re-rs, and Xe-rs, revealed no significant influence of sedation. However, separate analysis of inspiration and expiration revealed a significant influence of sedation oil all inspiratory impedance parameters. (ii) During the 24 min period after sedation, almost all inspiratory parameters were found significantly dependent oil the time course of sedation whereas expiratory parameters Re-10, Xe-1, and Xe-5 were not influenced. These results indicate that Confounding factors due to sedation act mainly during inspiration. Muscle relaxation in upper airways due to xylazine is suspected to be the main cause of these phenomena. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Airway obstruction in pigs (sedated or non-sedated) fixed in a sling was studied using impulse oscillometry (IOS). (i) Vertical flexion of the pig's head was used to simulate an artificial obstruction of the upper airways. (ii) Bronchial obstruction was induced by inhaling differing quantities of an aerosol produced from 0.33% carbachol solution. The ventilatory pattern was examined by measuring respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (V(t)). To evaluate respiratory mechanics, impedance parameters resistance (R) and reactance (X) as well as coherence (Co) were examined, each at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 Hz. Using a simple 7-element-model introduced by J. Mead [Physiological Review 41 (1961) 281], distal respiratory resistance (R(dist)), proximal airway resistance (R(prox)), and additional shunt compliance (C(a)) of the animal's snout and the air inside the facemask were evaluated. By fitting this model to the primary measured impedance spectra, the influence of the face mask could be eliminated in the model calculation to allow assessment of the real respiratory impedance. This recalculation made clear that the facemask had an influence on the spectral course of R and X, depending on the clinical situation, and the upper frequency range was altered the most. Under conditions of (i) upper airway obstruction, especially the X values were distorted by facemask almost over the whole frequency range. Once the data were corrected for the mask, resistance was increased across all frequencies by a fixed amount while reactance was not affected. Under (ii) bronchial airway obstruction (bronchospasm) caused the resistance spectrum to be increased mainly in the lower frequency range. This became visible in both, originally measured impedance spectra and spectra after correction of the mask influence. The reactance course (originally measured and recalculated) decreased at all frequencies during bronchospasm. Coherence over the whole frequency range was lowered at both bronchial and upper airway obstruction.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the potential value of magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion in the follow up of patients after coronary intervention.BACKGROUND In some patients a residual impairment of myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) early after successful coronary intervention has been observed. In this study we evaluated an MPR index before and after intervention With magnetic resonance.METHODS Thirty-five patients with single- and multivessel coronary artery disease were studied before and 24 h after intervention. The signal intensity time curves of the first pass of a gadolinium-diethylene triamine pentacetic acid bolus injected via a central vein catheter were evaluated before and after dipyridamole infusion. The upslope was determined using a linear fit. Myocardial perfusion reserve index was estimated from the alterations of the upslope.RESULTS The MPR index in segments perfused by the stenotic artery was significantly lower than in the control segments (1.07 +/- 0.24 vs. 2.18 +/- 0.35, p < 0.001) and improved significantly after intervention (1.89 +/- 0.39, p < 0.001) but did not normalize completely (p < 0.01). After intervention the MPR index remained significantly lower in the balloon percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty group (1.72 +/- 0.38; n = 13) in comparison with the stent group (1.99 +/- 0.36, n = 18, p < 0.05). In the stent group a complete normalization of the MPR index was found 24 h after stenting.CONCLUSIONS Magnetic resonance perfusion measurements allow a reliable assessment of MPR index. An improvement of MPR index can be observed after coronary intervention, which is more pronounced after stenting. Magnetic resonance perfusion measurements allow the assessment and may be useful for the follow-up of patients with coronary artery disease after coronary intervention. (C) 2000 by the American College of Cardiology.