The widespread use of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide has led to its persistent accumulation in water bodies, posing significant environmental challenges. Conventional adsorbents often suffer from reduced efficiency due to bacterial fouling. Therefore, designing multifunctional adsorbents that combine high herbicide adsorption capacity with robust antimicrobial properties is crucial. Herein, a novel, efficient and antibacterial MOF-808@beta-cyclodextrin composite nanofiber membrane (MOF-808@CP) is synthesized for 2,4-D removal. The integration of MOF-808 and beta-cyclodextrin based nanofibers increases the adsorption sites, synergistically enhancing the adsorption ability. MOF-808@CP demonstrates a high adsorption capacity for 2,4-D, reaching 169.82 mg/g, along with strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (98.42 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (96.73 %). The membrane also exhibits excellent regeneration capability and strong resistance to interference from co-existing substances. Furthermore, the membrane demonstrates excellent recyclability and effectively treats real 2,4-D contaminated water, reducing the chemical oxygen demand concentration of 2,4-D significantly to satisfy the pesticide sewage discharge standard. This study provides a viable strategy for developing multifunctional adsorption membranes for practical pesticide wastewater treatment.

Flexible ceramic nanofibers have emerged as a rapidly growing research frontier by reconciling the intrinsic rigidity of ceramics with mechanical flexibility while retaining exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Electrospinning uniquely enables the fabrication of continuous ceramic nanofibers with programmable composition and multiscale architectures, making it a central platform for flexible ceramic systems. Beyond conventional material classification, this review establishes a unified multiscale framework to elucidate the origin of flexibility in electrospun ceramic nanofibers. Flexibility is shown to arise not from weakened ceramic bonding, but from the reconstruction of strain-transfer pathways across multiple length scales, including amorphous-nanocrystalline cooperative interfaces, diameter-dominated single fiber bending compliance, and pore-enabled strain delocalization within fibrous networks. These synergistic mechanisms enable large deformation while suppressing catastrophic fracture. Oxide, carbide, and nitride ceramic nanofibers are systematically discussed together with processing strategies and structure-property relationships. Representative applications are critically analyzed from a mechanism-performance coupling perspective, thereby defining emerging design paradigms and key bottlenecks for next-generation flexible ceramic nanofibers operating in extreme environments.

Bismuth-based electrocatalysts have shown great promise for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate. However, taming the active crystal facets to realize high selectivity and long-term stability remains a fundamental challenge. Herein, we describe a facile one-step electrodeposition strategy that enables the bismuth nanosheets to dominantly expose the (110) facet via deposition potential modulation. Particularly, the bismuth catalyst structure undergoes in operando reconstruction, in which the highly active (110) facet appears and is well maintained during the electrolysis owing to the reduction from Bi3+ to metallic Bi0. Therefore, the bismuth catalyst with ultrathin nanosheets exhibits high catalytic activity and long-term durability, achieving over 90% Faradaic efficiency for formate over a wide potential range from -0.7 to -1.3 VRHE. When assembled in a Zn-CO2 battery, the bismuth-based cathode catalyst also demonstrates stable cycling, further confirming the robust durability of the (110)-facet-stabilized catalyst under operating conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal that the (110) facet facilitates the CO2 activation process and stabilizes the critical *OCHO intermediate, thereby promoting the reaction pathway selectively toward formate formation while suppressing the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. This work establishes a facet-engineering strategy via a facial electrochemical synthesis as the accessible route for designing high-performance CO2 reduction reaction catalysts.

Addressing the inherent activity and stability limitations of RuO2 catalyst in water electrolysis, this study introduces a targeted electronic structure modulation approach through the simultaneous incorporation of functionally complementary Mo (cation) and S (anion) heteroatoms. This dual-site synergistic doping strategy precisely regulates both the Ru d-band center and the O p-band center within RuO2, optimizing the coupling strength and energetic alignment of the d-p orbitals. Therefore, the Mo, S-doped RuO2 nanofibers (NFs) balance the adsorption/desorption energetics of intermediates and accelerates reaction kinetics. This new structure also benefits to enhance the durability. Consequently, the resulting Mo, S-doped RuO2 NFs deliver superior bifunctional water splitting performance, requiring only 221.0 mV overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction at 10 mA cm−2 and maintaining the performance up to 200 h at 1 A cm−2, while achieving hydrogen evolution reaction to feature mere 187.7 mV overpotential at 1 A cm−2 and 200 h stability at this current density. This work unlocks a new pathway to promote the electrocatalytic performance of Ru-based catalysts via d-p band center engineering under industrial-level water electrolysis conditions.

Although nanozymes are promising substitutes for natural enzymes due to their exceptional stability, low cost, and activity tunability, peroxidase (POD)-mimicking metal oxides like Co3O4 are often limited by its moderate intrinsic activity. In this study, phosphorus-doped Co3O4 nanofibers (P-Co3O4 NFs) are synthesized via electrospinning and calcination. Optimizing the P incorporation level yields 21% P-Co3O4 NFs with significantly enhanced peroxidase-like activity. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that P incorporation modulates the local electronic structure of Co sites, promoting H2O2 adsorption, interfacial electron transfer, and Co2+/Co3+ redox cycling, while the nanofibrous morphology ensures abundant accessible surfaces. A dual-mode colorimetric platform is constructed for ascorbic acid (AA) detection, yielding detection limits of 0.57 μM for solution-based assays and 1.66 μM for paper-based formats. Accurate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) determination in real samples (vitamin C tablets, fruits, beverages) is also demonstrated, with excellent recovery rates and assay time of only 140 s (solution) or 2 min (paper). This work provides mechanistic insights into heteroatom-doped nanozymes and offers a rapid, reliable sensing strategy for food quality monitoring.

Polarization losses primarily drive performance degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) during low-humidity operation. This study develops a synapse-like microporous layer (MPL) composed of acetylene-black (ACET) cores and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-derived carbon shells (ACET@PVP-CNF) via electrospinning and thermal treatment, resulting in hierarchical porosity and surface microporous cracks. Experiments and Density functional theory studies demonstrate that ACET promotes PVP conversion into highly conductive sp2-C, while retaining hydrophilic sp3-C, generating interconnected electron pathways and vapor-buffering regions. This bioinspired three-dimensional architecture facilitates electron conduction, gas-water diffusion, and interfacial water retention, thereby improving the local reaction environment of the catalyst layer. Meanwhile, heteroatom-containing carbon shells provide confinement for Pt nanoparticles and H2O/O2, suppressing Pt agglomeration and improving catalyst utilization. Compared with commercial MPLs, PEMFCs employing the 1200 degrees C ACET@PVP-CNF MPL exhibit exceptional performance, including 75.6% lower ohmic resistance, 88.9% lower charge-transfer resistance, 50.0% lower mass-transport loss, and an 8.0% reduction in activation loss. These enhancements boost ORR efficiency by 58.3% and increase peak power density by 42.9%, reaching 1.4 W cm-2 without external humidification. This work demonstrates a bioinspired structure-function pathway enabling MPLs to simultaneously mitigate activation, ohmic, and transport polarizations in next-generation self-humidifying PEMFCs.

Mitigating detrimental chemical crosstalk between the cathode and anode is crucial for improving battery thermal stability and enabling the development of high-energy-density batteries. As the critical interlayer situated between the electrodes, the separator can be strategically designed to regulate the transport of transition metal ions, offering a direct and effective route to suppress chemical crosstalk and enhance battery safety. Herein, we demonstrate a covalent organic framework (COF) functional separator to alleviate this detrimental crosstalk in Li|LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cells. The COF separator, featuring well-defined nanochannels and abundant functional groups, ensures a uniform Li+ flux and selectively captures dissolved transition metal ions. Moreover, COF cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 169.3 mAh g-1 with 78% capacity retention after 700 cycles, substantially outperforming the PP-based cell (164.9 mAh g-1, 62%). The COF separator improves performance by suppressing parasitic reactions at both electrodes, promoting a stable SEI on the Li anode, and reducing electrolyte decomposition on the cathode. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the COF separator effectively inhibits the shuttling and deposition of Ni2+ ions. This work provides a viable strategy to address cathode anode crosstalk in high-energy-density batteries through rational separator design.

To combat Nafion dehydration under high-temperature, low-humidity conditions, we engineered a CuFe-PBA/Nafion composite membrane by integrating edge-passivated CuFe Prussian blue analogue nanocubes. The 1.0 wt% composite membrane attains a proton conductivity of 72 mS cm-1 at 80 °C/75% relative humidity (RH) and a peak power density of 908 mW cm-2 at 110 °C/40% RH, while maintaining mechanical and Fenton oxidative stability.

Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, exemplified by Nafion, suffer dehydration-induced degradation at elevated temperatures, although modifications enhance their conductivity and performance. Sulfonated aromatic polymers (SAPs) exhibit weaker phase separation, yielding narrow, tortuous ion channels and lower conductivity than their PFSA membrane counterparts at equivalent ion exchange capacity; however, excessive sulfonation causes swelling and mechanical instability, offset by cost advantages. Phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) offers superior thermal stability and high conductivity, with recent advances in polybenzimidazole derivatives and composites driving medium-to-high temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell innovation. This review summarizes progress in three major medium-to-high temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell categories—perfluorosulfonic acid, sulfonated polymers, and PBI-based membranes—while addressing challenges and future goals for enhanced performance.

Abstract Gallium-based liquid metal has attracted considerable interest for flexible electromagnetic interference shielding owing to its high electrical conductivity and intrinsic deformability. Herein, flexible polyurethane/liquid metal/polyurethane composite films were fabricated through a combination of electrospinning and electrospraying, in which eutectic gallium-indium particles were confined between two thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibrous layers to construct a leak-resistant sandwich architecture. The porous fibrous framework effectively immobilized liquid metal particles and promoted the formation of interconnected conductive pathways after mechanical activation. The interconnected liquid metals network endowed the PL5P composite film with shielding effectiveness above 20 dB across the 4−18 GHz frequency range at an ultrathin thickness of only 0.18 mm. Quantitative electromagnetic analyses revealed pronounced impedance mismatch and strong dielectric attenuation, indicating that substantial initial reflection was accompanied by efficient dissipation of the electromagnetic waves entering the film. Moreover, the composite films retained stable shielding performance after 5000 bending cycles and water immersion, while maintaining an elongation at break exceeding 350%. This work provides a simple and scalable strategy for engineering leak-resistant liquid-metal architectures into ultrathin, flexible, and durable electromagnetic interference shielding materials.

Next-generation protection systems for medical, electronic-device, and aerospace environments urgently require lightweight, flexible materials that protect the human body from multispectral radiation. However, simultaneously achieving strong broadband attenuation and effective thermal protection within ultralight fibrous structures remains a significant challenge. Here, a flexible ultralight core/double-shell Bi/W18O49/GO/PAN fiber composite with thermal protection capability is developed. By constructing high-Z W18O49/Bi double shells on electrospun GO/PAN fiber cores, the composite exhibits enhanced photon absorption together with efficient multispectral radiation blocking. It features an ultralow density of 0.40 g cm-3, with <1% NIR-Vis transmittance, 0.01% UV transmittance, and 95.46% attenuation of 33 keV X-rays (µ/ρ = 17.12 cm2 g-1). Benefiting from the synergistic barrier effect of the hierarchical porous fiber framework and the inorganic shell layers, the composite exhibits a remarkable heat-insulating impact (ΔT = 43.9°C at 80°C), a low thermal conductivity of 33.5 mW m-1 K-1, and a heat-resistant temperature as high as 284°C. In addition, the composite demonstrates high mechanical stability, maintaining outstanding structural integrity and stable shielding performance even after 3000 bending cycles. This work provides a promising platform for advanced multispectral protection in complex, real-world radiation environments.

Global governments strive to create sustainable and greener environments in response to concerns about CO2 emissions. Wind energy is rapidly gaining traction among green technologies to achieve carbon neutrality. However, the rising number of decommissioned wind turbine blades (WTBs) poses a significant challenge. Poor material recovery performance has hindered traditional recycling methods, resulting in limited reuse of recovered materials. In addressing these challenges, the chemical recycling method shows promise in reducing WTB waste pollution and promoting a circular economy that ensures a greener future. This review emphasizes advancements and critical analyses of chemical recycling methods, introducing novel classifications such as supercritical fluid dissolution, solvolysis, oxidative liquefaction, catalytic processes, electrochemical methods, thermochemical, hydrolysis, and hydrothermal treatments. The review also explores the application of recovered materials, such as glass and carbon fibers, in construction, as well as resin chemicals in fuel production, and polymer additives, contributing to a circular economy. By addressing current limitations and future research directions, this work provides a comprehensive roadmap for sustainable WTB waste management, aligning with global sustainability goals and fostering greener wind energy practices.

Abstract: This study utilized discarded ternary lithium batteries as raw material to achieve cathode nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) powder and anode graphite. Subsequently, NCM/C@PVDF composite membrane was constructed via the phase inversion strategy, which was used for tetracycline (TC) elimination by activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Noted, the composite membrane achieved an 84% degradation rate for 10 mg/L within 60 minutes. Series of measurements confirmed both radical and non-radical species participated in the TC elimination, dominated by ·SO₄⁻ with contributions from ·O₂⁻, ¹O₂, and ·OH. Meanwhile, the activation of PMS was driven by the valence state cycling of Ni, Co, and Mn elements within the NCM. Finally, 12 intermediate products were detected by High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Also, the T.E.S.T. software evaluation demonstrated significantly reduced toxicity. After four cycles, the composite membrane still maintained a 78% degradation efficiency for real medical wastewater with low metal ion leaching, indicating that the constructed PMS system could exhibit remarkable application potential.

Gallic acid (GA) modulates the flavor, aging, and fermentationdegree of traditional Chinese tea. Herein, hierarchically porous FeNi-CNF (PFeNi-CNF) nanozymes were fabricated via electrospinning and carbonization for GA detection, utilizing differential thermal decomposition kinetics of carbon precursors. The hierarchical porous structure optimizes mass transfer and facilitates active site formation, which endows PFeNi-CNF with 3.22-fold peroxidase-like activity compared to FeNi-CNF (calculated based on the absorbance values), as well as outstanding long-term stability and cycling durability. A highly selective and sensitive GA colorimetric sensor was developed with an LOD of 0.02 μM and a linear range of 0.05-3 μM. Machine learning model-assisted tea sample analysis (based on R, G, B, H, S, V values) was performed (highest accuracy of 99%), providing a fast, accurate, and convenient GA sensing platform for detection, recognition, and prediction of biosensing and food technology.

Bimetallic Ru-Co nanofibers (NFs) are successfully fabricated via an electrospinning technique coupled with thermal calcination and hydrogen reduction treatment. The optimized fibrous Ru3-Co7 nanozyme demonstrates exceptional peroxidase (POD)-like activity, capable of oxidizing the chromogenic substrate 3,3 ',5,5 '-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate oxidized TMB (oxTMB), yielding a characteristic blue response. Capitalizing on the ascorbic acid (AA)-mediated chromogenic attenuation mechanism via oxTMB reduction, a colorimetric sensing platform is established by tracking the absorbance variations at 650 nm. This AA quantification strategy achieves superior analytical performance, featuring a detection limit (LOD) of 0.87 mu M, a broad linear response spanning 1-40 mu M (R2 = 0.993), and remarkable selectivity against interfering species. Furthermore, this platform is successfully applied to assess total antioxidant capacity in real-world samples, including fresh fruit juices and available beverage. The POD-like catalytic reliability is validated through parallel validation against the established cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay, confirming the robustness of this strategy for practical antioxidant analysis.

Polymer-based solid electrolytes (PSEs) are promising for energy storage systems owing to their safety, flexibility, and structural tunability, yet their electrochemical performance remains strongly dependent on both material composition and processing history. This review summarizes recent advances in processing-enabled structural regulation of PSEs, focusing on how preparation strategies influence polymer chain organization, ion transport pathways, and electrolyte–electrode interfaces. Key processing routes, including solution casting, in situ polymerization, electrospinning, and multilayer or three-dimensional structuring, are discussed in terms of their electrochemical implications rather than as independent performance drivers. Application-oriented design considerations for extreme environments, flexible devices, and high-safety battery systems are briefly highlighted, along with current limitations and trade-offs among ionic conductivity, mechanical integrity, interfacial stability, and scalability. Perspectives are provided on integrating processing strategies with material design to advance PSEs toward reliable energy storage applications.

As a green energy technology, high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells have attracted significant attention due to their simplified water-heat management and improved impurity tolerance. The core of PEMFCs is phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes. Nevertheless, the occupation of active sites on noble-metal catalysts by phosphoric acid molecules results in an increased consumption of noble metals. In this work, a Pt/C/polypyrrole cathode catalyst is prepared by chemical reduction, doping polypyrrole into carbon black, and then loading platinum nanoparticles, with its mass activity and specific activity exceeding those of commercial Pt/C by approximately 67 and 93%, respectively. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption energies of H3PO4 and H2PO4 - on the polypyrrole surface are about 2.7 and 1.4 times stronger, respectively, while the adsorption energies with H2PO4 - and PO4 3- were weaker than those on the Pt (111) surface. Along with the lack of a P 2p signal at 133.5 eV, it is demonstrated that the resistance of platinum to phosphoric acid poisoning results from an electronic modulation. This outcome helps address the long-standing issue of phosphoric acid poisoning of noble-metal catalysts in high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

With the demands of medical and health physiological monitoring, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based self-powered wearable electronics have been dramatically developed for real-time dynamic monitoring, while large-scale deployment is fundamentally constrained by inherent limitations in energy output efficiency. Herein, utilizing the directional dipole cluster charge-couple transfer effect in a high-voltage field to fabricate a biocompatible ZnAl layer double hydroxides (LDH)@polylactic acid (PLA) core-shell composite nanofibers, tribo-charge production, migration and storage processes are improved. ZnAl LDH is chosen as the inducer to regulate electronic structure, construct charge migrated pathway as well as charge storge sites, presenting the excellent mechanical-electric converted capability. Output voltage, current, transferred charge density, and powered density reach 160.75 V, 11.03 mu A, 73.3 mu C m- 2, and 6.31 W m- 2, respectively, voltage also exhibit the great stability over the 10000 cycles. Moreover, a modular sensor array has been engineered to enable precise actuation and autonomous control of robotic manipulator. Simultaneously, based on the triboelectric performance of ZnAl LDH@PLA nanofiber, a smart insole is self-designed to gather movements sensing signals. Combining with machine learning, it also could accurately identify various abnormal gaits, highlighting the potential in the medical diagnosis and rehabilitation training fields, especially in adaptation period of prostheses for amputee patient.