This paper aims to evaluate the severities and causes of ground surface building and cropland damages after coal mining in a better way, and to clarify the correlation between the damage assessment indexes that influence mining. Against the backdrop of multi-seam mining in certain coal mines in China, the estimated results of each displacement and deformation were analyzed using GIS technology. The damage range determined for each deformation index is divided according to the displacement and deformation combined with the virtue of damage judgment threshold. The damage ranges on the ground surface based on the comprehensive value of each displacement and deformation index were obtained through superimposing those ranges delineated by each displacement and deformation index, and the law on influence from displacement indexes upon various levels of damage was analyzed in a quantitative manner accordingly. The results showed that coal mining destroyed 14 buildings and a cropland area of 11.96 hm2; among them, building damage was only associated with displacement indexes E (horizontal deformation) and T (inclined deformation). Seven buildings were solely destroyed by T alone; five buildings were solely damaged by E; two buildings were damaged jointly by E and T; and, moreover, with the aggravation in building damage level, the proportion of building damage due to E decreased while the proportion of building damage under the same level due to T increased. Regarding cropland destruction, the damage due to T accounted for 33.48% while the damage jointly caused by W (Subsidence), E and T accounted for 30.45%. Moreover, the proportion of damaged cropland area due to inclined deformation T was positively correlated with cropland damage level. These findings can provide a reference for rational judgment regarding civilian building and cropland destruction on the ground surface after coal mining.

烧变岩裂隙发育、富水性强,严重威胁露天矿山采剥安全生产及其边坡稳定.为确定露天矿烧变岩高边坡隔水煤岩柱宽度,以新疆昌吉某露天矿北帮烧变岩高边坡为研究对象,通过构建坡体开挖卸荷的驼峰分布力学模型,将坡体卸荷松弛区域划分为拉裂区和压剪区两部分,分析了边坡后缘拉裂区裂隙的最大扩展深度;以卸荷松弛带宽度表征塑性剪切滑动面位置,推导了弹塑性条件下边坡浅表部破碎带与卸荷松弛带宽度的理论计算公式,进而确定了塑性滑动面位置及形态.结果表明:边坡后缘裂隙临界扩展深度随边坡倾角的增大而增大;卸荷松弛带宽度随岩石强度参数的增大而减小,随岩层埋深的增大而增大;北帮边坡后缘裂隙临界扩展深度为9.42 m,火烧区水位线处卸荷松弛带宽度为6.94 m;坡体潜在滑面安全系数均大于设计评价标准值;确定了北帮烧变岩高边坡的隔水煤岩柱留设安全宽度为 36 m,为该矿的安全高效生产提供了技术保障.

以顺煤层超长定向钻孔组覆盖整个工作面,对矿井大盘区瓦斯进行采前预抽是区域瓦斯治理的新模式.从大盘区瓦斯抽采顺煤层超长定向钻孔施工工艺出发,介绍了顺煤层超长定向钻孔成孔的几大关键技术,包括钻孔递进式轨迹延伸技术、复合钻进轨迹控制技术、水力加压减阻钻进技术、正反扭转减阻钻进技术及复合侧钻分支技术等.还介绍了顺煤层超长定向钻孔施工的主要配套装备,包括ZDY15000LD大功率定向钻机、BLY460/13泥浆泵车、YHD3-3000泥浆脉冲测量系统、无缆大通孔钻杆、水力加压螺杆马达等.利用该技术与装备在保德矿二盘区进行了工程示范应用,应用结果表明,该套工艺技术与装备具备施工长度超过3300 m顺煤层超长定向钻孔能力.最后对瓦斯抽采效果进行了分析,结果显示超长定向钻孔抽采周期长,抽采量高,可以对大盘区瓦斯进行超前综合治理.

The gas control in large panel of underground coal mine objectively requires the length of ultra-long directional drilling along the coal seam to reach more than 3 000 m, however, restricted by the current directional drilling technology and equipment in underground coal mine, the maximum hole depth of directional sliding drilling along coal seam is less than 2 000 m. This paper starts from the point of view of directional drilling technology, the influencing factors of drilling resistance in sliding drilling process of ultra-long directional drilling are analyzed, and on the basis of theoretical analysis and statistics of actual drilling data, the variation law of sliding drilling resistance with hole depth is revealed, it concluded that the friction resistance between the drilling tool and the hole wall increases with the increase of the hole depth, which is the fundamental reason that restricts the drilling depth, based on this, the hydraulic pressure drag reduction drilling technology and the forward and reverse torsional drag reduction drilling technology are developed, it starts from improving the stress state of bottom hole drilling tool and replacing sliding friction with rolling friction, effectively alleviate the problem of supporting pressure of drilling tools in ultra-long directional drilling, the field application was carried out in the 81210 working face of the second plate area of Baode Coal Mine, the test results show that the slow linear growth zone of drilling resistance is improved from less than 1 000 m to less than 1 500 m by hydraulic pressure drilling, the forward and reverse torsional drilling reduced the sliding drilling pressure by 2 MPa to 4 MPa after 2 000 m, using a combination of hydraulic pressure and positive and reverse torsional drilling techniques, directional sliding drilling was successfully achieved to a depth of 2 700 m, effectively improve the control precision of ultra-long directional drilling trajectory and drilling length, and provided technical support for gas extraction in large panel.

为解决高地应力条件下煤矿巷道底板易发生底鼓且难以支护的技术问题,以巷道底板隐形拱为研究对象,构建了巷道底板隐形拱结构力学模型,理论分析了高地应力条件下巷道底鼓机理,提出了底板支护方案和支护参数确定方法,并通过工程实例验证了该方法的支护效果.结果表明:巷道底板变形破坏实质为底板隐形拱结构逐步向深部发育的过程,底板隐形拱的形态与底板岩层所受水平侧压力和两帮支承压力相关,具体表现为竖直方向椭圆、圆及水平方向椭圆3种不同形态.在巷道底板中布置注浆锚索(杆)可以形成一定厚度的挤密加固拱结构,能有效阻止巷道底板拱结构向深部发育,从而改善巷道底板稳定性;以陕西彬长矿区某矿回风大巷底板修复为例,运用上述理论对该巷道底板支护方案及其参数进行优化设计,现场监测结果表明,巷道底板变形控制效果良好,保证了工作面的安全高效回采.研究成果可为高地应力条件下巷道底板支护参数确定提供理论依据.

煤矿井下超长孔定向钻进中孔内摩阻是限制其成孔率及成孔效率的主要因素,为适应大盘区瓦斯抽采模式的客观需求,研究实钻过程中摩阻及其影响规律.为顺煤层超长定向钻孔复合钻进减摩阻工艺参数选取提供依据,对煤矿井下顺煤层近水平复合钻进工况下钻柱的钻具运动特性及受力状态进行分析.通过一定的条件假设,建立复合钻进轴向摩擦阻力和旋转摩擦扭矩力学模型,通过数值计算,针对常用?89 mm定向钻具组合,在不同孔深及钻进工艺参数匹配下的摩阻规律特性进行分析.结果表明:机械钻速、钻具转速、钻孔深度是滑动摩擦阻力和旋转摩擦扭矩的主控影响因素,与超长定向钻孔实钻参数统计分析对比,推进阻力和旋转扭矩变化规律与模型计算结果吻合,该结果对于指导近水平钻孔复合定向钻进工艺参数选取、钻进工况判断具有重要的现实意义,同时,对于煤矿井下自动化、智能化定向钻进控制系统设计开发具有借鉴意义.

为了开发更加安全可靠的巷道修复技术,针对煤矿巷道挖底可能影响巷道顶板和两帮稳定性的问题,采用相似材料模拟试验和工程实例分析了巷道挖底对其帮顶稳定性的影响.结果表明:巷道顶底板和两帮是一个相互作用的整体,巷道挖底会改变巷道底板应力分布特征,导致承载圈向深部移动,从而诱发巷道两帮和顶板破坏深度增加,不利于巷道的整体稳定性.基于以上研究,提出了巷道挖底的一般原则,即:挖底前可适当加固顶板和两帮,巷道修复应以清理承载圈内部岩体为主,尽量不要触及承载圈,挖底时留设帮角或在帮角处做圆弧过渡有利于巷道的整体稳定性.

针对应力型巷道底鼓,分析认为巷道开挖后,底板在从上到下依次破坏的过程中会在巷道底板中形成一个隐形的仰拱结构,使巷道底板围岩保持相对平衡状态而不再继续向深部发育.建立了巷道底板仰拱结构的力学模型,推导了巷道底板拱结构能保持稳定而不再向深部发育的条件.在此基础上,从阻止拱结构向深部发育的角度,讨论了巷道底鼓防治技术的一般原则.

针对软弱破碎围岩巷道易发生底鼓的问题,分析认为软弱破碎围岩巷道由于围岩强度低,裂隙发育且可能受水的影响,不易在浅部形成承载结构,在“强顶强帮弱底”支护条件下,易发生底鼓.提出此类巷道支护应该把底板支护上升到和帮顶支护同等重要的位置,且要尽可能地使底板支护和帮顶支护协调统一起来,形成一个完整的承载体,从弥补巷道围岩承载力短板的角度出发,把反底拱应用到软弱破碎围岩巷道底板控制中,并通过工程实例,详细说明了反底拱的构建过程.

为满足煤矿巷道底鼓安全高效修复治理的需求,提出以巷道修复机为主导设备的机群施工思路,通过对巷道底鼓治理机群施工工艺流程的分析,以排队论为基础,建立了巷道修复机治理-胶轮运输车转运工艺模式的M/M/1/∞/m数学模型,计算得出了该模型的主要参数和特征指标,分析了巷道修复机群内部设备的动态优化配置问题.以禾草沟煤矿为例,与人工施工相比,采用巷道修复机群的施工成本降低了56.3％,施工周期缩短了65.6％,进一步以施工总成本最低对胶轮运输车数量进行了优化配置,并得到了不同施工长度下人工和巷道修复机群施工成本和施工周期的变化规律.结果 表明:当巷道底鼓施工长度大于517 m时,宜采用巷道修复机群施工方式.研究结果为巷道底鼓治理机群施工的优化配置与调度提供了理论依据,同时为提升相关巷道工程机械化施工水平提供了依据与方法.

Aiming at the human labor dependence,low efficiency and high labor intensity in current roadway floor repair,the WPZ-55/50L coal mine roadway repairing machine is researched and developed.Working mechanism of the repairing machine,cab,plate transport device,walking mechanism,hydraulic system,electrical system and its six major components of the basic parameters were introduced.The equipment was applied in Dafosi Coal Mine,and a set of mechanized bottom-up technology was summarized,which showed that the equipment was of fast construction efficiency,high mechanization degree and low labor intensity and so on.

以禾草沟煤矿为例,介绍了煤矿井田内废弃油气井的探测方法,在此基础上,详细说明了采用“油气水层封堵、井筒裸眼段封堵、井口封堵”的技术方法,以及“初步调研分析诊断、表套固化、专业通井、钻头调配、井筒检测、分段封堵和施压验收”等7个环节,完成封堵治理全过程.最后给出了采掘工作面过油气井的安全技术措施.

110工法爆破孔施工对钻孔间距、角度、深度、直径、垂直度、平整度等参数都有很高的要求,常规钻机很难满足.介绍了ZDY750L型钻机在禾草沟煤矿110工法爆破孔施工中的应用及其试验效果,可为同类煤矿110工法施工提供参考和借鉴.

针对现阶段超出设计使用寿命的巷道安全稳定性难以确定的问题,分析了久置矿山巷道可能出现的灾害及其形成机理,总结了各种巷道灾害的现场检测方法,并以柠条塔煤矿S1210工作面巷道为例,说明了采用层次分析法评价巷道稳定性的一般程序.在此基础上给出了巷道维护加固的方法,并采用数值模拟分析验证了治理方案的有效性.

为了研究重复采动下地表移动规律及其和常规工作面地表移动规律的差异性,通过对陕西煤业集团神木柠条塔煤矿N1200工作面地表移动规律的现场实测,对比该工作面覆岩中无采空区与有采空区的地表移动参数的不同之处,并利用相关岩层移动理论解释了重复采动下地表移动规律存在差异性的原因.结果表明:重复采动下该工作面地表下沉系数为0.877,超前影响角为49.4°,综合移动角60°,拐点偏移距12.5 m.相比较同条件下的常规工作面,重复采动影响下地表移动下沉系数较大;超前影响角、移动角、拐点偏移距较小;水平移动系数基本相同.

由于缺乏专用设备,国内煤矿巷道起底主要依靠人工完成,机械化水平较低.WPZ-55/50L型多功能煤矿巷道修复机是一种集凿、挖、运、装于一体的煤矿巷道起底专用设备,由工作机构、驾驶室、刮板运输装置、履带机身、液压泵站、附件6大部分组成.介绍了WPZ-55/50L型多功能煤矿巷道修复机在延安市禾草沟煤矿的应用,总结了一套机械化起底工艺方法,为同类煤矿底鼓治理及巷道修复提供借鉴及指导.

At present,there is no coordinated,economization and security ready-made mode is used for exploit coal mine and oil-and-gas wells.The disused oil well in resource overlap is seriously hampering for mining.Explore the methods to treatment disused oil well can provide references to this kind of coal mine for lower cost,rational arrangement working face and reduce reserved pillar.This paper takes the hecaogou coal mine as an example,and introduces the difficulties encountered in control process,and analyzed possible safety concerns in process of coal mining,and puts forward targeted suggestions.All of this can provide reference for similar coal mine in handle the problems of exploit coal mine,oil and gas reserves.

文章通过对陕煤集团神木柠条塔煤矿N1200工作面矿压规律实测数据分析,对比该工作面开采过程中上覆岩层中无采空区与有采空区的矿压显现规律,发现采空区下工作面有来压强度较大,大小周期来压交替出现,来压较突然等不同于常规工作面的矿压显现规律.在此基础上,利用相关矿山压力和岩层控制理论解释了采空区下工作面矿压显现规律的产生机理.