The BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ (BZCY) series dominates proton conductor research owing to its competitive proton conductivity, yet its high sintering temperatures induce barium volatilization and irreversible degradation in conductivity. Herein, we report a high-performance composite proton conductor comprising a high-entropy lithium-ion (Li+) conducting electrolyte and BZCY, fabricated via ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS). Incorporating the high-entropy Li+ conductor Li6.5LaPrNdZr0.75Ce0.75Ta0.5O12 (HE-PNC) enabled rapid densification and effective connection of BZCY grains at lower temperatures. This allows sintering at a significantly lower temperature (960 °C) compared to conventional methods (1400 °C), effectively suppressing barium volatilization at higher temperatures. The continuous, soft-phase framework formed by HE-PNC enables conformal interfacial contact with the uniformly dispersed BZCY particles. This intimate contact creates new, efficient proton transport pathways along the HE-PNC/BZCY interfaces, allowing protons to bypass the sharp grain boundaries of BZCY and thereby accelerating overall proton transport across the material. Consequently, the composite proton conductor exhibits superior proton conductivities as high as 36, 98, and 195 mS cm-1 under a wet H2 atmosphere at 450, 600, and 800 °C, respectively. This research advance enables concurrent optimization of electrolyte processing conditions (ΔTsinter = 440 °C reduction) and the operational temperatures of proton conductor ceramic fuel cells, establishing a new pathway for practical proton conductor ceramic fuel cell systems.

Biofilm-associated infections present a critical healthcare challenge due to antibiotic resistance and frequent medical implant colonization. Preemptive surface coatings with antibiofilm properties are thus critical, yet conventional antifouling coatings only delay initial bacterial adhesion and poorly inhibit long-term biofilm formation. This study develops a versatile all-natural coating, combining phase-transited bovine serum albumin (PTB) as a structural matrix and a natural quorum-sensing inhibitor quercetin (Qe). The PTB framework delivers three core functions: stable adhesion to diverse substrates, immediate antifouling effects via reduced nonspecific protein/bacterial attachment, and sustained Qe release. Released Qe disrupts bacterial communication to inhibit biofilm maturation without bactericidal effects. Targeting both initial adhesion and maturation, this dual-action coating achieves broad-spectrum, prolonged antibiofilm activity against clinically significant pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Its all-natural components ensure excellent cytocompatibility, rendering this facilely fabricated coating a safe, promising solution for biomedical antibiofilm applications.

Although nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) hold great promise for tumor treatment, their clinical translation remains limited by off-target tissue damage and therapy-induced peritumoral inflammation. To address these challenges, we engineered microenvironment-adaptive Au@CeO2 hybrid nanoparticles (ACEF) with self-adjustable structural and catalytic behaviors for integrating tumor-specific PTT/CDT with inflammation prevention. In tumor regions, FA-mediated accumulation and intracellular esterase/Ca2+ activation promote ACEF aggregation, thereby enhancing near-infrared (NIR)-responsive photothermal conversion and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating catalytic activity for localized tumor inhibition. In contrast, in surrounding normal tissues, dispersed ACEF predominantly exhibits ROS-scavenging behavior through Ce-based redox regulation, helping reduce excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. This spatially adaptive behavior enables ACEF to exert therapeutic ROS/heat generation mainly in tumor-associated environments while maintaining antioxidant protection under physiological conditions. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that ACEF effectively suppressed primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, reduced abnormal oxidative/inflammatory responses in non-tumor tissues, and showed no obvious systemic toxicity under the tested conditions. This work provides a microenvironment-dependent self-adjustable strategy for integrating tumor-specific photothermal-chemodynamic therapy with inflammation prevention.

Microrobots have achieved notable progress in targeted drug delivery for treating various diseases. However, employing the microrobot itself as a microsensor for remote and long-term lesion assessment remains challenging. Here, we design a bioinspired ultrasound-sensitive microrobotic sensor (USMS) capable of robust anchoring for wireless and long-term digestive disease treatment and assessment. The USMS integrates dual magnetic and focused ultrasound actuation for precise locomotion and on-demand drug delivery, while a bioinspired microneedle design secures stable anchoring against strong fluid flow (402 mm/s) and peristaltic forces (66.5 mN). More importantly, the air cavity design of USMS enables strong ultrasound reflection for remote and long-term sensing of protruding lesion radius to assess therapeutic efficacy. Overall, USMS demonstrates reliable on-demand drug delivery and lesion size sensing capabilities in mouse models. The USMS has the potential to serve as a versatile robotic platform and sensing system for monitoring lesion evolution in clinical disease management.

Tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance and severe toxic side effects of conventional therapies necessitate novel therapeutic tumor strategies. Currently, ion-doped multifunctional nanozymes have emerged as a promising platform, integrating nanozyme catalytic activity with the biological functions of metal ions to achieve precise tumor therapy. This review systematically summarizes design strategies and recent advances in nanozymes doped with calcium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron and other ions. Their multidimensional antitumor mechanisms are highlighted, including direct induction of tumor cell death via ions overload-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and activation of diverse programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, these ions remodel immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by interfering with metabolic pathways, regulating key protein expression and initiating innate immune signaling. Also, the multi-ion co-doped nanozymes was analyzed in effectively eliminate tumor through complementary mechanisms and enhanced effects of various signaling ions and nanozymes. Finally, key challenges and future prospects of ions-doped nanozymes are critically discussed, aiming to deepen understanding of ion-enhanced nanocatalytic medicine and provide guidance for designing advanced nanoplatforms, which can pave the way for next-generation cancer therapies with improved patient outcomes.

Infectious wounds pose a persistent clinical challenge, further aggravated by the rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which significantly impair therapeutic efficacy and patient prognosis. Addressing the pressing need for effective interventions against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections necessitates the development of next-generation therapeutic platforms capable of simultaneously achieving infection control, immune modulation, tissue regeneration, and real-time therapeutic monitoring. Herein, we report the rational design of an A-π-D-π-A conjugated hybrid photosensitizer (TPAB-Cu2+) with potent photodynamic antibacterial activity and fluorescence responsiveness to the infectious microenvironment. By incorporating natural herbal emodin and modified hyaluronic acid, a spatiotemporally responsive hybrid hydrogel (EM@mHA-TPAB-Cu2+) is fabricated via dynamic Schiff base crosslinking. Upon light activation, the hydrogel generates abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), enabling efficient eradication of MDR bacteria and disruption of mature biofilms. Moreover, the sustained release of emodin scavenges excessive ROS and reprograms the immune microenvironment, thereby facilitating the transition from inflammation to cellular proliferation and tissue remodeling. In vivo studies confirm that this intelligent hydrogel effectively eliminates MDR bacteria, mitigates inflammation, accelerates tissue regeneration, and enables real-time fluorescence monitoring of the therapeutic process. This spatiotemporally responsive hydrogel dressing system, integrating therapeutic and monitoring capabilities, offers significant promise for advanced management of infected wounds.

Synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) represent a promising strategy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. However, the specificity and therapeutic efficacy of current approaches remain insufficient for clinical translation. Herein, multifunctional gold nanoparticles (ABSF NPs) co-modified with benzoylthiourea (BTU), S-nitrosothiol (SNO), and folic acid (FA) were fabricated to enable precise and efficient primary tumor elimination together with metastasis suppression for improved breast cancer treatment via Cu2+-triggered PTT/CDT, copper-catalyzed nitric oxide (NO) production, NO-enhanced CDT, and metastasis inhibition driven by intratumoral copper deprivation. Specifically, the novelty of this study lies in fabricating an intelligent nanomaterial to respond to and manipulate abnormally elevated Cu2+ levels in tumor cells. This system not only uses intracellular Cu2+ as an endogenous stimulus to simultaneously trigger photothermal therapy and NO-enhanced chemodynamic therapy for highly precise and efficient synergistic tumor treatment, but also performs on-demand copper deprivation to significantly suppress copper-mediated tumor metastasis. After administration, ABSF NPs preferentially accumulated at the tumor site via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and FA-mediated targeting, followed by efficient cellular internalization. They then chelated excess intracellular Cu2+ through the BTU moieties, leading to a 52% reduction in intracellular copper levels in tumor cells. This chelation not only induced nanoparticle aggregation to generate in situ photothermal agents capable of raising the tumor temperature to similar to 52 degrees C under irradiation, but also converted captured Cu2+ into Cu+, which served as a catalyst for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NO release, thereby enabling tumor-specific PTT/CDT and NO-enhanced therapy. More importantly, compared with the PBS group, the ABSF+PTT treatment reduced the final average tumor volume and tumor weight by 67% and 78%, respectively, and decreased the number of lung metastatic nodules by 85%. In addition, while all mice in the PBS group died by day 28, the ABSF+PTT group maintained an 86% survival rate at day 35. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that ABSF NPs safely and effectively inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, providing a novel paradigm for the treatment of malignant tumors.

Malignant melanoma exhibits high malignancy and metastatic potential, with limited efficacy from conventional treatments. Although photothermal therapy (PTT) shows promise, its application is still constrained by the lacks of tumor selectivity and spatiotemporal imprecision of irradiation control, normally resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficiency and safety. Herein, a multifunctional Fe3O4@Au nanoalloy (FFAB) modified with copper chelator (benzoyl thiourea, BTU) and folic acid (FA) was established for precise and efficient melanoma treatment through intratumor activated and catalytic medicine enhanced photothermal therapy under guidance of tumor-specific magnetic resonance imaging. After intravenous injection, the FA segment enables tumor-specific endocytosis of FFAB, which subsequently captures the overexpressed Cu2+ in tumor cells by BTU to form assembly. These processes not only in situ generate the photothermal agents (FFAB aggregates) for tumor-specific PTT, but also indicate the location and status of these photothermal agents as well as the contour of tumor tissue by performing T1-weighted MRI “dark signals” in tumor tissue with aggregated FFAB and “bright signals” in normal tissue with monodisperse FFAB, thereby providing an optimal irradiation operation to further enhance the efficiency and precision of PTT. Meanwhile, the Cu2+ capture also inhibited the copper mediated tumor metastasis and produced Cu+ as a Fenton-like catalyst to convert the overexpressed H2O2 in tumor to reactive oxygen species (ROS) for additional chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the FFAB exhibited significant inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis under NIR irradiation via MRI-guided photothermal-chemodynamic therapy, which offered a safe and effective strategy to treat malignant melanoma.

Optical tweezers offer precise, non-contact control, but operate in a limited force regime and impose strict requirements on the characteristics of the targets as well as the environmental conditions1-4. Millimetre-scale mechanical tweezers can offer higher gripping force but are not suitable for precise manipulations5-11. Integrating microgrippers directly at the optical fibres provides a new approach for precise micromanipulation. However, existing fibre-integrated tweezers still face challenges in achieving high-performance manipulation of micro-objects (for example, single cells) within narrow spaces, mainly due to simplified architectures, constrained designs and millimetre-scale footprints12-14. Here we report a three-dimensional (3D) optical fibre gripper (OFG), which is fabricated by two-step, two-photon polymerization. The OFG consists of rigid photoresist microclaws and soft thermoresponsive hydrogel muscle doped with silver nanoparticles, and its size is only 38 × 38 × 61 μm3. The OFG exhibits a force-to-mass ratio of about 340 μN mg-1, outperforming previously reported fibre-integrated tweezers by one to two orders of magnitude. The OFG can manipulate opaque particles, irregular micromechanical components and diverse single-cell types. We further demonstrated its potential in 3D microassembly of complex microdevices (bearings, shafts and gearboxes) and biomimetic sampling in the narrow environment (<300 μm). These results position the OFG as a compact fibre-tip manipulator for 3D micromanipulation, offering reversible and tunable gripping in an intermediate force regime between optical field trapping and millimetre-scale mechanical tweezers.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the central nervous system. Gemcitabine (GEM), a pyrimidine analogue with broad-spectrum anticancer activity, can activate the cGAS-STING pathway and alleviate the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM. However, its clinical application is hampered by the formidable challenge of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulating at the tumor lesion. Herein, a dual-responsive biomimetic nanoprodrug (RMM@GEM NPs) was exploited to enhance the efficient BBB penetration and target cargo delivery by functionalization of glioblastoma cell membranes (MM) camouflaging and further targeting peptide RAP modification. After its selective accumulation at glioma lesion, RMM@GEM NPs accelerates GEM release under the tumor pathological stimuli of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acidic microenvironment to robustly activate the STING signaling cascades (increased p-STING, p-TBK1, p-IRF3, and p-NF-κB). Simultaneously, cyclodextrin-mediated cholesterol depletion further suppresses PD-L1 expression and alleviates T-cell exhaustion. These findings highlight RMM@GEM NPs as a promising strategy to enhance immune responses in “cold” tumor, providing a potential candidate for efficient and safe immunotherapy in GBM.

Bacteria and stains on tooth and various dental materials severely harm dental health and beauty and require feasible solutions. In this study, a simple strategy was developed to produce nano-coating on different substrates for persistent antibacterial and whitening. The coating is formed by the lysozyme (Lys), hemoglobin (Hb), and glucose oxidase (GOD) via co-assembly, in which the phase transition of Lys initiated the co-assembly to anchor other two proteins. During therapy, the GOD continuously oxidizes glucose in the oral environment to cut off the nutrition of bacteria meanwhile generating H2 O2 , which would be further catalyzed by the ferrous ions in Hb to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for effective decomposition of surrounding bacteria and stains. Moreover, the Hb can perform persistent release of oxygen, which not only enhances the efficiency of glucose oxidation to produce more ROS but directly suppresses anaerobic bacteria via reversing the local hypoxia environment in the mouth. The experimental results indicated that our strategy is able to form nano-film of proteins both on the surface of dental orthosis and human tooth, which further causes obvious reduction of the bacteria not only on the coated substrate but in the surrounding tissue with up to 100 % of the bacteriostatic rate. In addition, both the dental orthosis and human tooth were also rapidly cleaned due to the local ROS generation, leading to a sustained anti-staining property in the long term. (c) 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Bacterial inhibition and tissue regeneration are two crucial challenges for infected wound healing. Herein, a biodegradable sodium alginate/hyaluronic acid hydrogel loaded with functional PSF NPs (Fe2 + and S-nitrosothiol co-modified polydopamine nanoparticles) is fabricated to perform integration of antibacterial activities and tissue regeneration promotion via cascaded photothermal-chemodynamic-gas therapy. After application, HS@PSF hydrogel is gradually decomposed in an infected environment with acidic and abundant hyaluronidase (HAase) via Schiff base cleavage and enzymatic hydrolysis to release the PSF NPs. Then the Fe2 + in these nanoparticles rapidly converts hydrogen peroxide at infected wound sites into hydroxyl radical via the Fenton reaction to achieve chemodynamic antibacterial therapy. Moreover, this process is significantly promoted by the excellent redox capacity of PDA, which continuously facilitates Fe3+ to Fe2+ to reproduce the catalysts. In addition, PDA serves as a photothermal agent to achieve anti-bacterial photothermal therapy under near infrared (NIR) irradiation. Notably, NIR irradiation further triggers the cleavage of S-nitrosothiol (SNO) on PSF nanoparticles, causing on-demand NO release at wound sites to inhibit inflammatory and promote tissue regeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that HS@PSF hydrogel exerted excellent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic activities to eliminate infection and promote skin regeneration, providing a promising strategy for infected wound treatment.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and biofilm-related infections are increasing the need for local, non-antibiotic therapies that eradicate pathogens while minimizing selective pressure. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can inactivate a broad range of microbes by using light to excite photosensitizers (PSs), which then generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage multiple cellular targets. However, clinical translation has been limited by several practical barriers, particularly poor PS solubility and aggregation, insufficient penetration and retention within tissues and biofilms, and uneven light and oxygen availability at infection sites. Nanomaterials can help address these constraints by protecting and delivering PSs, improving localization and residence in bacterial lesions and biofilms, and modulating oxygen and redox conditions to sustain ROS generation. They can also integrate imaging, sensing, and stimulus-responsive functions to support more precise treatment. This review summarizes recent progress in nanomaterial-enabled aPDT. We first outline the photophysical basis of ROS generation and the major bacterial damage pathways involved. Representative nanoplatforms are then discussed according to their design strategies, together with the key principles by which they improve PS stability, delivery, microenvironment adaptation, and antibacterial performance. Application formats are also covered, including topical dressings, injectable systems, and implant-related surface coatings. In addition, we highlight combination approaches involving antibiotics, photothermal therapy, chemodynamic therapy, gas-based therapy, and anti-biofilm adjuvants. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities for translation, with particular emphasis on dosimetry standardization, model relevance, safety and biodegradation, and manufacturable formulation routes.

The clinical application of nanozyme mediated chemodynamic-immunotherapy is regretfully hindered because of inadequate immunogenic cell death, immunosuppressive microenvironment and robust immune evasion of tumor cells, which normally lead to the tumor metastasis and recurrence even after therapy. Herein, an engineered nanozyme (ZSBTH) with core-shell-corona structure was fabricated to overcome above drawbacks for effective treatment of both primary and metastatic breast cancer via zinc-nanozyme mediated nanocatalytic medicine, Zn2+ enhanced immunotherapy along with a reversion of immunosuppressive microenvironments, and brefeldin A (BFA, disruptor of Golgi apparatus)-induced immune escape inhibition. The ZSBTH consisted of BFA-loaded nanozyme with dual zinc-complexation modes (ZSB) as core, triphenylphosphine (TPP, target agent for mitochondria) grafted phospholipid as shell and hyaluronic acid (HA, target agent for tumor cells) as corona. During therapy, the nanozyme first accumulated in tumor cells via enhanced permeability and retention effect and HA-mediated tumor targeting. After intratumoral biodegradation of HA corona, the ZSBTH rapidly disintegrate into ZST nanozyme, Zn2+ and BFA. The ZST enter mitochondria and perform chemodynamic therapy to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Simultaneously, the Zn2+ activated Caspase-1/GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis pathway, resulting in the enhancement of ICD processes. In addition, the Zn2+-overloading also reduced NAD+ expression to inhibit glycolysis process, causing the macrophages polarization from M2-to-M1 type to reverse tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Moreover, BFA further disrupted the Golgi apparatus (GA) to inhibit the PD-L1 production and PD-L1 mediated immune escape, which could be enhanced by the Ca2+ capture property of ZST via disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis in GA. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicated the high efficacy of ZSBTH nanozyme in suppressing tumor growth and metastasis, offering a promising strategy for breast cancer treatment.

Background:Photodynamic therapy (PDT) eliminates malignancies through spatially controlled reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and has achieved clinical success in localized tumors. Nevertheless, its therapeutic potential is severely restricted by the poor aqueous solubility, suboptimal ROS generation efficiency, and oxygen dependency of conventional photosensitizers. To address these limitations, we developed cationic silicon phthalocyanine nanoparticles (c-SPNPs) by self-assembling morpholine-modified silicon phthalocyanine, which significantly improves aqueous solubility. Results:Unlike conventional oxygen-dependent Type II PDT, c-SPNPs work primarily through Type I photochemical mechanism, generating ROS with reduced oxygen consumption. Mechanistically, c-SPNP-mediated PDT induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, as evidenced by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including surface-exposed calreticulin (CRT), extracellular ATP and HMGB1. These DAMPs promote dendritic cell maturation and enhance CD8+ T-cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment. In murine HCC models, c-SPNP-mediated PDT effectively suppressed tumor growth while eliciting systemic antitumor immunity. Conclusion:Our study establishes c-SPNPs as a multifunctional nanoplatform that synergizes oxygen-efficient PDT and immunotherapy, offering a promising strategy for hypoxic solid tumor treatment.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with traditional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery often limited by side effects, drug resistance, and incomplete tumor eradication. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the dual role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer, acting both as oncogenes and tumor suppressors, thereby offering new avenues for targeted therapy. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, including excellent biocompatibility, surface functionalization capabilities, and photothermal effects, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have emerged as a promising platform for miRNA delivery. However, a systematic understanding of how to effectively design Au NPs-miRNA systems for integrated tumor diagnosis and therapy, and their synergistic effects with photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy to enhance therapeutic efficacy, remains lacking. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the advantages and challenges of the current Au NPs-miRNA system and discussed its recent advances in tumor diagnosis and therapy.

Conventional photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) often lack selectivity and may damage surrounding healthy tissues when eliminating tumor cells, thus selective PTT and PDT that exclusively exert therapeutic effects in tumor cells are particularly urgent. However, how to execute light irradiation for selective PTT and PDT at appropriate time and location remains a challenge. Herein, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) guided gold-platinum nanoalloy (PB-AuPt NPs) modified with copper chelators (BTU) and AIE molecules was established for the synergistic photothermal-photodynamic-chemodynamic therapy of primary and metastatic tumors. After internalization, the BTU groups on PB-AuPt NPs chelated the excessive copper ions in tumor cells to induce the aggregation of nanoalloy, generating photothermal agents (PTAs) and AIE photo-sensitizers (AIE-PSs) in situ. The PB-AuPt NPs in aggregated states displayed efficient PTT to ablate tumor tissues under 808 nm laser irradiation. Upon 510 nm light irradiation, the AIE-PSs not only exhibited the AIE effect, but also utilized the sufficient oxygen supply (derived from the reaction between Pt and H2O2) to produce singlet oxygen (1O2), performing selective PDT. Furthermore, the strong AIE fluorescence enabled real-time monitoring the structural changes of PTAs and AIE-PSs and precisely guided the time and location of irradiation, achieving optimal PTT and PDT only against malignant tumor. Moreover, the chelated copper ions were reduced to cuprous ions by PB-AuPt NPs, catalyzing H2O2 to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) and offering tumor-specific chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Furthermore, the decrease in copper ions levels significantly suppressed tumor metastasis by blocking the copper metabolism. Overall, this study offers a novel approach into the construction of AIE-based theragnostic systems and shows a bright prospect for precision treatment of tumors.

Metal cluster co-catalysts have been widely considered as an effective strategy to address the energy crisis and environmental problems owning to the efficient light absorption and the enhanced separation of electron hole pairs. In this contribution, via a facile in-situ photoreduction technique, the Ag/(BiO)2CO3 composites were synthesized to degrade the antibiotic pollutant tetracycline (TC). The incorporation of silver (Ag) clusters on (BiO)2CO3 surface can form the built-in electric field (IEF) at the Mott-Schottky junction interface and facilitate the migration of photo-generated electrons from (BiO)2CO3 to Ag clusters. Simultaneously, the synergy of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect also strengthens the light absorption capacity, and finally improving photocatalytic activities of composite materials. The optimal Ag/(BiO)2CO3 composites exhibit excellent TC degradation, which is approximately 6.7 times than that of the pure (BiO)2CO3. Eventually, the potential degradation pathway of TC is proposed and the toxicity of the intermediates is also evaluated. This work motivates the design of highly efficient metal cluster co-catalysts and widens their potential applications in the environmental remediation.

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that impairs bone health, and effective management of DOP remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we developed a biocatalytic cascade nanoplatform, GOx@SrCaP-CAT-Tet, offering osteogenic, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities for targeted DOP management. The platform includes glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT), encapsulated in strontium-doped calcium phosphate (SrCaP), converting glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), alleviating the hyperglycemia and promoting hypoxia-induced vascularization. Both the generated H2O2 and any overabundance of H2O2 in the DOP microenvironment can be scavenged by CAT, thus relieving inflammation. Via a surface modified with tetracycline (Tet) for bone targeting, the release of Sr2+, Ca2+, and PO4 3- can stimulate osteogenesis and suppress osteoclastogenesis, thereby hastening bone formation and reversing osteoporosis. This nanoplatform shows promise in managing DOP both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings open a new horizon for managing DOP through biocatalytic cascade reactions.

The inferior reactive metal dispersion caused by a lack of structural defects limits the application of MCM-41 in synthesizing effective catalysts. Herein, we substituted a conventional silicon source (TEOS) with attapulgite to fabricate structural defects on MCM-41. Catalytic performance evaluation results after Ag incorporation proved that this substitution favored HCHO degradation. It was observed that owing to their high structural stability, attapulgite rods only merged with each other during MCM-41 construction, which resulted in a sheet-like morphology without the formation of any mesoporous structure. Notably, the metal species (Al, Mg and Fe) in attapulgite improved the dispersion and size distribution of Ag nanoparticles and intensified the electronic properties of Ag species. As for MCM-41 prepared with acidified attapulgite, demetallization resulted in the exposure of Si-O- groups and a decrease in structural stability. In subsequent MCM-41 construction, acidified attapulgite collapsed into colloidal particles and debris. Further, the colloidal particles were drawn together by CTA+, leading to the formation of chrysalis-like particles with regular mesopores, and debris that surrounded CTA+ collapsed, forming cotton-like morphology with irregular mesopores. Notably, the reservation of Si-O- groups after MCM-41 construction could enhance the exposure of oxygen species and the dispersion of Ag nanoparticles on the outer surface and inner mesopores. Moreover, such Si-O- groups are adsorptive and reactive towards HCHO.