Nitric oxide is upregulated in inflammatory tissues but has not been used to directly control the activity of folded proteins. Here we report a protein engineering strategy that enables selective restoration of protein function in nitric oxide-rich environments. Protein activity is temporarily suppressed by site-specific substitution of a catalytically or structurally essential glutamate residue with a synthetic amino acid whose side chain is chemically masked. Exposure to nitric oxide triggers decaging of this residue, regenerating the native glutamate and restoring protein function. Using this approach, we engineer nitric oxide-responsive variants of antibodies, enzymes, cytokines, bacterial toxins and viral capsids. In mouse models, this strategy enables inflammation-localized protein activation, selective viral gene delivery in inflamed tissues and rapid detection of intestinal inflammation using engineered probiotic biosensors. These results establish nitric oxide-triggered chemical reactivation of proteins as a generalizable method for post-translational control of protein function, with potential applications in inflammation-targeted therapeutics, gene delivery and biosensing.

Photonics-assisted wireless communication provides a powerful pathway for next-generation infrastructures, offering ultra-wide bandwidth and high spectral agility. Despite extensive research and commercial adoption of photonics-assisted schemes such as radio-over-fiber in base station scenarios, their implementation in space-constrained and power-sensitive end devices remains highly challenging. The main obstacles arise from complex transceiver architectures, as mitigating effects of drift and jitter in carriers necessitates either high-purity sources or complex digital signal processing (DSP). Here, we propose a minimalist integrated photonics-assisted terahertz wireless transceiver solution tailored for lightweight systems. By employing residual carrier modulation and injection locking, we achieve a streamlined architecture using solely off-the-shelf 4 MHz linewidth distributed feedback laser chips and a single photodetector receiver, which supports 144 Gbps high-speed transmission at sub-terahertz frequency, meanwhile operating in a DSP-free regime for carrier recovery. The system also incorporates on-chip modulator and photodiode, enabling higher-level system integration. Eliminating the long-standing hardware burden and DSP overhead, the proposed scheme paves the way for lightweight, massive adoption of high-performance photonics-assisted wireless transceivers in end devices for ubiquitous access.

Integrated microwave photonic filters (MPFs) are essential components for enabling broadband radio frequency signal processing. However, owing to the deficiency of large-bandwidth electro-optic (EO) modulation devices, traditional integrated MPFs based on III-V or silicon photonic platforms face significant challenges in achieving ultra-wideband operation, particularly when extending to the V/E bands and sub-terahertz range. In this paper, we address this limitation and experimentally demonstrated an integrated MPF with ultra-wideband tunability exceeding 110 GHz and high filtering resolution at the sub-GHz level, based on a monolithic thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) platform. The TFLN MPF chip comprises a large-bandwidth phase modulator and a low-loss microring resonator (MRR) with an intrinsic Q of 2.62 × 106, achieving bandpass filtering responses based on phase-modulation to intensity modulation (PM-IM) conversion mechanism. By precisely controlling the wavelength deviation between the laser carrier and microring resonance, this MPF achieves continuous tuning of the center frequency from near DC to 110 GHz, while maintaining narrow filtering bandwidth (<350 MHz) across the entire tuning range. Compared to state-of-the-art integrated solutions, the proposed TFLN MPF improves the filtering tunable range by nearly two times and extends the operating frequency of MPF beyond 110 GHz for the first time. Our work establishes a foundation for future millimeter-wave and sub-terahertz applications, ranging from 6G ultra-high-speed wireless communication to high-resolution radar.

Tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance and severe toxic side effects of conventional therapies necessitate novel therapeutic tumor strategies. Currently, ion-doped multifunctional nanozymes have emerged as a promising platform, integrating nanozyme catalytic activity with the biological functions of metal ions to achieve precise tumor therapy. This review systematically summarizes design strategies and recent advances in nanozymes doped with calcium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron and other ions. Their multidimensional antitumor mechanisms are highlighted, including direct induction of tumor cell death via ions overload-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and activation of diverse programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, these ions remodel immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by interfering with metabolic pathways, regulating key protein expression and initiating innate immune signaling. Also, the multi-ion co-doped nanozymes was analyzed in effectively eliminate tumor through complementary mechanisms and enhanced effects of various signaling ions and nanozymes. Finally, key challenges and future prospects of ions-doped nanozymes are critically discussed, aiming to deepen understanding of ion-enhanced nanocatalytic medicine and provide guidance for designing advanced nanoplatforms, which can pave the way for next-generation cancer therapies with improved patient outcomes.

Economically motivated adulteration of sweeteners presents a serious threat to global food safety and consumer health. Conventional detection methods are often limited by being time-consuming, high cost, and unsuitable for on-site applications. In this work, we propose a novel dual-stage deep learning framework that combines generative data augmentation with a gated attention Transformer for simultaneous and rapid qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of sweetener adulteration using Raman spectroscopy. The first stage employs a Residual Attention Conditional Variational Autoencoder (ResAttnCVAE) to generate high-fidelity synthetic spectra, effectively addressing the critical challenges of sample scarcity and class imbalance. The second stage presents a Classification-Guided Spectral Transformer (CG-SpecFormer), which incorporates a novel gating mechanism that uses classification-derived features to enhance regression performance. When trained on the augmented dataset, our approach has achieved 99.44 % identification accuracy and a concentration prediction coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.959, significantly outperforming both conventional chemometric methods and existing deep learning models. This "generative augmentation with gated-guided analysis" framework offers a robust tool for detecting sweetener adulteration and presents a generalizable solution for a wide range of spectroscopic analysis challenges.

We demonstrated a mode-locked microcomb generation in a hybrid cavity. With the simultaneously lasing and nonlinear oscillation process, the high-coherence microcomb can be generated in a turnkey manner and free-running over 24 hours.

The forthcoming sixth-generation (6G) and beyond (XG) wireless networks are poised to operate across an expansive frequency range from microwave, millimeter-wave to terahertz bands to support ubiquitous connectivity in diverse application scenarios. This necessitates a one-size-fits-all hardware solution that can be adaptively reconfigured within this wide spectrum to support full-band coverage and dynamic spectrum management. However, existing electrical or photonic-assisted wireless communication solutions see significant challenges in meeting this demand due to the limited bandwidths of individual devices and the intrinsically rigid nature of their system architectures. Here, we demonstrate adaptive wireless communications over an unprecedented frequency range spanning over 100 GHz, driven by a universal thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic wireless engine. Leveraging the strong Pockels effect and excellent scalability of the TFLN platform, we achieve monolithic integration of essential functional elements, including baseband modulation, broadband wireless-photonic conversion, and reconfigurable carrier/local signal generation. Powered by broadband tunable optoelectronic oscillators, our signal sources operate across a record-wide frequency range from 0.5 GHz to 115 GHz with high frequency stability and consistent coherence. Based on the broadband and reconfigurable integrated photonic solution, we realize, for the first time, full-link wireless communication across 9 consecutive bands, achieving record lane speeds of up to 100 Gbps. The real-time reconfigurability further enables adaptive frequency allocation, a crucial capability to ensure enhanced reliability in complex spectrum environments. Our proposed system marks a significant step towards future full-spectrum and omni-scenario wireless networks.

Herein, an engineered nanocomposite (FZSHC) was constructed containing zinc-based nanozyme(ZS), Hemin and Ca2+ ions with further surface modification of phospholipid and folic acid (FA) for primary and metastatic breast cancer therapy. During therapy, the FZSHC initially accumulated in tumor tissues through enhanced permeability and retention effectand FA receptor-mediated tumor-targeting delivery. After that, the FZSHC further dissociated to free Ca2+ and Hemin loaded ZS in the acidic environment of lysosome. The resulting ZS then generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consumed glutathione via peroxidase and glutathione oxidase mimicking enzyme activities to induce the tumor-specific ferroptosis for primary tumor elimination, in which the ROS production could be further promoted by the Hemin catalyzed Fenton-likereactions to amplify oxidative damage and accelerate the ferroptosis. Furthermore, the ROS also influenced calcium metabolism of tumor cells, causingthe Ca2+-overloading and mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cell salong with the introduction of exogenous Ca2+, which resulted in the suppression of adenosine triphosphate synthesis to hinder the energy supply of tumor cells for significant inhibition of tumor metastasis. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the remarkable therapeutic slmult1 efficiencyof FZSHC nanozyme in suppressing the growth and metastasis of breastcancer.

The forthcoming sixth-generation and beyond wireless networks are poised to operate across an expansive frequency range-from microwave, millimetre wave to terahertz bands-to support ubiquitous connectivity in diverse application scenarios1-3. This necessitates a one-size-fits-all hardware solution that can be adaptively reconfigured within this wide spectrum to support full-band coverage and dynamic spectrum management4. However, existing electrical or photonic-assisted solutions face a lot of challenges in meeting this demand because of the limited bandwidths of the devices and the intrinsically rigid nature of system architectures5. Here we demonstrate adaptive wireless communications over an unprecedented frequency range spanning over 100 GHz, driven by a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic wireless system. Leveraging the Pockels effect and scalability of the TFLN platform, we achieve monolithic integration of essential functional elements, including baseband modulation, broadband wireless-photonic conversion and reconfigurable carrier and local signal generation. Powered by broadband tunable optoelectronic oscillators, our signal sources operate across a record-wide frequency range from 0.5 GHz to 115 GHz with high-frequency stability and consistent coherence. Based on the broadband and reconfigurable integrated photonic solution, we realize full-link wireless communication across nine consecutive bands, achieving record lane speeds of up to 100 Gbps. The real-time reconfigurability further enables adaptive frequency allocation, a crucial ability to ensure enhanced reliability in complex spectrum environments. Our proposed system represents a marked step towards future full-spectrum and omni-scenario wireless networks.

We achieved a microwave photonic RF receiver with pre-amplification on Er-doped lithium niobate platform for the first time. This scheme exhibits improved signal recovery quality compared to off-chip gain. © 2025 The Author(s)

An integrated oscillator is constructed by butt-coupling a gain chip to a mi-croresonator with internal reflection, enabling the hybridization of lasing and nonlinear oscillation processes. Microcomb evolution is observed experimentally within the hybrid oscillator.

Electron–positron colliders operating in the GeV center-of-mass range, or tau-charm energy region, have been proved to enable competitive frontier research due to several unique features. With the progress of high-energy physics in the last two decades, a new-generation Tau-Charm factory, called the Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF), has been actively promoted by the particle physics community in China. STCF has the potential to address fundamental questions such as the essence of color confinement and the matter–antimatter asymmetry within the next decades. The main design goals of the STCF are a center-of-mass energy ranging from 2 to 7 GeV and a luminosity surpassing 5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1 that is optimized at a center-of-mass energy of 4 GeV, which is approximately 50 times that of the currently operating Tau-Charm factory—BEPCII. The STCF accelerator has two main parts: a double-ring collider with a crab-waist collision scheme and an injector that provides top-up injections for both electron and positron beams. As a typical third-generation electron–positron circular collider, the STCF accelerator faces many challenges in both accelerator physics and technology. In this paper, the conceptual design of the STCF accelerator complex is presented, including the ongoing efforts and plans for technological research and development, as well as the required infrastructure. The STCF project aims to secure support from the Chinese central government for its construction during the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030).

Modulation and amplification are two fundamental processes in optoelectronics. While discrete implementations have achieved widespread success, the challenge of monolithically integrating sufficient gain and electro-optic bandwidth remains a significant barrier, limiting optical systems' miniaturization and scalability. We unify these two functions in the Er-doped thin-film lithium niobate (Er:TFLN) platform, achieving a record-high internal net gain of 38 dB in a 9.16-cm-long waveguide amplifier. Meanwhile, leveraging the host material's strong Pockels effect, we realize ultra wide-range electro-optic modulation with a bandwidth of 53 GHz and operation up to 170 GHz, fabricated alongside waveguide amplifiers using a zero-change process. Additionally, we validate this functional fusion through two signal processing scenarios: self-amplified digital signal encoding and pre-amplified broadband radio frequency front-end receiving, demonstrating improved signal recovery quality compared to off-chip gain. The modulation-amplification integration holds broad potential for increasing system complexity and network depth in applications such as optical interconnections, Lidar, and microwave photonics.

In recent years, the detection of prohibited drug residues in seafood has become a critical aspect of ensuring food safety and public health. This study presents a novel analytical method combining thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) and malachite green (MG) in shrimp samples. Both substances are subject to strict regulation in China due to their adverse health effects and potential carcinogenic risks. Theoretical computations were performed using density functional theory to obtain the Raman and SERS spectra of CAP and MG. This enabled the extraction of their characteristic peaks in experimentally obtained TLC-SRES spectra and the explanation of the frequency shifts and selective enhancement effects of the Raman spectra that may occur under SERS conditions. The optimised TLC conditions were found to effectively separate the target compounds from complex sample matrix backgrounds, with the use of chloroform-methanol-water and ethyl acetate-anhydrous ethanol-water-ammonium hydroxide as mobile phases. This resulted in successful separation with retention factors Rf of 0.63 and 0.66, respectively. Subsequent SERS measurements achieved detection limits of 0.05 μg · kg-1 for CAP and 0.47 μg · kg-1 for MG in shrimp tissue. A machine learning approach that combined principal component analysis with support vector regression was developed for quantification of the residues from their TLC-SERS spectra. The quantitative models for CAP and MG in spiked shrimp samples demonstrated outstanding performance with high R2 values of 0.9673 and 0.9847, and low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 4.3802 and 5.4271, respectively. The findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the TLC-SERS method for rapid, sensitive and accurate detection of prohibited drug residues in seafood, with significant implications for food safety monitoring.

Microcavity optical frequency combs (microcombs) are compact, coherent light sources whose chip-scale integrability is poised to drive advances in metrology, communications, and sensing. Among available microcomb generation methods, hybrid cavities uniquely co-locate gain and Kerr dynamics, where the lasing mode directly resonates in the nonlinear microcavity, simultaneously enabling self-sustained and highly efficient microcomb generation. However, their implementation is often limited by partial integration or the need for external injection, which complicates operation architecture, raises power and hampers system miniaturization. In this work, we present a fully integrated hybrid cavity for self-sustained microcomb generation, relying solely on the co-oscillation of lasing and Kerr nonlinearity without external driving. The system collapses the pump laser, nonlinear resonator and feedback loops into a minimalist on-chip two-element cavity, consisting of a high-Q microresonator with engineered intracavity reflection and a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA). The scheme delivers self-starting operation and stable performance without active feedback. The generated coherent microcomb achieves intrinsic linewidths below 1 kHz and integrated linewidths around 100 kHz, with self-sustained operation exceeding 24 hours. This ultra-compact architecture provides a practical path toward scalable, coherent multi-wavelength sources for integrated photonic systems.

The nonlinear anomalous Hall effect can reveal various aspects of the quantum geometry of Bloch electrons and disorder scattering that are not accessible in its linear counterpart, such as Berry curvature multipole and Berry connection polarizability. Here we study the nonlinear transport in a unique heterodimensional superlattice of V5S8. Strong third-order nonlinear Hall and longitudinal resistances persisting up to room temperature are observed. Moreover, the nonlinear resistances exhibit a marked magnetic field dependence. By using a special measurement method and a transformation formula to avoid issues largely overlooked in nonlinear transport experiments, we obtain nonlinear conductivity coefficients and their temperature and magnetic field dependences. First-principles calculations suggest that disorder-induced extrinsic contributions dominate the nonlinear transport at zero magnetic field, while the Berry connection polarizability can contribute a giant magnetic field dependence. The exceptionally strong nonlinear effects may stimulate further theoretical development in the nonlinear anomalous transport.

In this work, a novel ferroelectric (FE) charge-steering memcapacitor (FS-Cap) device-based delta-computing-in-memory (Delta-CIM) is proposed, experimentally demonstrating co-designed spatial and temporal delta-encoding schemes. It combines differential capacitance (Delta C) storage with delta-input (Delta IN) encoding to achieve high parallelism and energy efficiency for edge large language models (LLMs). At device level, the three-terminal FS-Cap leverages asymmetric doping for differential dual-ended extraction of MOS capacitor, while optimized FE-assisted gate-injection storage can steer the induced-charge between dual-ends. It enables multi-level Delta C and allows single-device unification of signed multiply-accumulate (MAC) and content-addressable memory (CAM) operations with enhancing noise suppression for improved parallelism. Moreover, the system implementation of FS-Cap array based Delta-CIM incorporates bit-transition-aware Delta IN encoding, exploiting adaptive sparsity to achieve 84.5% charging energy reduction in experiments. Based on the FS-Cap Delta-CIM architecture, inference and fine-tuning achieve 33.9x enhancement in SNR and parallelism, along with superior energy efficiency, showing great potential for advanced AI systems.

We propose a dynamic on-chip photonic molecule switch in an ultra-compact multimode silicon microring, allowing for flexible either nonlinear control or loss reduction. This strategy leads to a record low-loss transition (Qi ~ 10 million) under hundred-GHz FSR level.

The concept of genetic code expansion (GCE) has revolutionized the field of chemical and synthetic biology, enabling the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins, thus opening new avenues in research and applications across biology and medicine. In this review, we cover the principles of GCE, including the optimization of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS)/tRNA system and the advancements in translation system engineering. Notable developments include the refinement of aaRS/tRNA pairs, enhancements in screening methods, and the biosynthesis of noncanonical amino acids. The applications of GCE technology span from synthetic biology, where it facilitates gene expression regulation and protein engineering, to medicine, with promising approaches in drug development, vaccine production, and gene editing. The review concludes with a perspective on the future of GCE, underscoring its potential to further expand the toolkit of biology and medicine. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current state of GCE technology, its challenges, opportunities, and the frontier it represents in the expansion of the genetic code for novel biological research and therapeutic applications.

Significance The advent of next-generation information technology has spurred rapid advancements in fields like big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, resulting in an exponential increase in global data volumes. However, traditional electrical analog and digital communication techniques face limitations such as bandwidth constraints, rising power consumption, severe crosstalk, and significant transmission losses when dealing with such vast data amounts. These challenges pose significant hurdles in designing electronic chips used in communication systems. Optical communication, relying primarily on fiber-optical technology, has emerged as a critical component in data centers and ultralong-distance signal transmission networks due to its inherent advantages: vast bandwidth, high-capacity transmission, minimal losses, and reduced crosstalk. In recent years, breakthroughs in optoelectronic integration technology have enabled the miniaturization and multifunctionality of traditional fiber-optical communication systems. This trend has catalyzed a surge in manufacturing, packaging, and IP development of chips tailored specifically for optical communication, marking a dynamic growth trajectory in this field. Silicon photonics technology aims to integrate optoelectronic devices onto a silicon platform, constructing comprehensive optoelectronic systems that enable intricate functionalities. This technology boasts numerous advantages, including an abundant supply of raw materials, compatibility with CMOS manufacturing processes, mature and highly reliable processing techniques, as well as a diverse array of functionalities for both active and passive systems. Consequently, it serves as a pivotal approach for miniaturizing and boosting the multifunctionality of optical communication systems. Silicon-based electro-optical modulators play a crucial role in converting signals between the electrical and optical domains, occupying a central position in information transmission and processing. Exploring the latest developments in silicon-based modulators and alongside analyzing structural designs, methodologies, strengths, and weaknesses of various modulator types are imperative for guiding researchers in devising devices that exhibit superior performance and align better with practical application requirements. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive review and analysis of existing research on silicon-based modulators is necessary and holds great importance. Progress Silicon-based modulators are generally classified into two categories: pure silicon modulators and silicon-based heterogeneous integration modulators. Among pure silicon modulators, we specifically discuss the silicon Mach. Zehnder modulator (MZM), silicon microring modulator (MRM), and silicon slow-light modulator. Firstly, we delve into the working principles and historical evolution of silicon MZMs, providing a thorough analysis of different structural designs and key performance metrics (Figs. 1-3). Currently, segmented MZMs utilizing lateral PN junction structures have achieved an impressive electro-optical bandwidth of 67 GHz, and a modulation efficiency of 3 V center dot cm. Nevertheless, the relatively large size of MZMs remains a challenge for integration. In contrast, silicon MRMs offer a more compact footprint and leverage a lumped electrode for wider bandwidths. Presently, MRMs have demonstrated electro-optical bandwidths surpassing 67 GHz and a modulation efficiency of 0.52 V center dot cm (Figs. 4 and 5). Nonetheless, silicon MRMs are notably susceptible to environmental disturbances and process variations, which hinder their practical deployment. On the other hand, silicon slow-light modulators exploit the slow-light effect to enhance modulation efficiency. Compared to MZMs, they achieve higher efficiency with a smaller form factor, boasting a large passband and superior thermal stability over MRMs. These modulators have achieved electro-optical bandwidths exceeding 110 GHz on a scale of hundred micrometers (Fig. 8), underscoring their promising potential for future advancements. For silicon-based heterogeneous integration modulators, we provide an analysis and summary encompassing four categories: silicon-based germanium modulators, silicon-based polymer hybrid modulators, silicon-based lithium niobate thin-film modulators, and silicon-based two-dimensional material modulators. Silicon-based germanium modulators incorporate germanium material onto a silicon substrate, utilizing the electro-absorption effect for modulation. These modulators have achieved an electro-optical bandwidth of 110 GHz with a modulation arm length of 20 mu m (Fig. 9). Silicon-based polymer hybrid modulators exploit the Pockels effect, enabling the fabrication of microring modulators with an electro-optical bandwidth of up to 176 GHz. Furthermore, these modulators exhibit excellent thermal stability (Fig. 10). Silicon-based lithium niobate thin-film modulators exploit the Pockels effect of lithium niobate material, resulting in modulators capable of exceeding 170 GHz electro-optical bandwidth (Fig. 11). There is also potential for achieving bandwidths exceeding 200 GHz in the future. Finally, silicon-based two-dimensional material modulators leverage the high electron mobility, wide operating bandwidth, and flexible integration capabilities of two-dimensional materials, achieving substantial progress in thermal-optical, electro-optical, and all-optical modulation (Fig. 12). Conclusions and Prospects Silicon-based modulators, essential for electro-optical conversion, are undergoing rapid development to meet the future demands of optical interconnects. The roadmap for silicon-based modulators focuses on achieving larger bandwidths and higher transmission rates, reducing losses, shrinking device sizes, strengthening system stability in packaging and integration, and enabling cost-effective mass production for practical applications. These improvements position silicon-based modulators as critical components in overcoming speed, bandwidth, power consumption, and size limitations in future optoelectronic information systems, cementing their pivotal role in advancing information technology.