Background and Objectives: To investigate the correlation between weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI), a novel obesity index, and serum ferritin (SF) level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the association between WWI and the prevalence of hyperferritinemia. Methods and Study Design: A total of 943 patients with T2DM were divided into three groups based on WWI tertile levels. Disparities in SF levels and the prevalence of hyperferritinemia were compared among these groups. The correlations among WWI, SF levels, and hyperferritinemia were analyzed in patients with T2DM. Results: As WWI tertile levels increased, SF levels tended to increase (p for trend <0.01). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the WWI and SF levels (R = 0.263, p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders by multiple linear regression, a significant positive correlation was maintained between the WWI and SF levels [beta = 0.194, 95% CI (49.914, 112.120)], p < 0.01]. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between the WWI and the likelihood of hyperferritinemia, with a notably stronger correlation observed in females compared to males [OR = 3.248, 95% CI (2.027, 5.204), p < 0.01 vs. OR = 2.091, 95% CI (1.432, 3.054), p < 0.01]. Conclusions: Along with increasing WWI, SF levels gradually increased in patients with T2DM. The WWI exhibited a positive correlation with SF levels and hyperferritinemia, more significantly in female patients.

Purpose:To investigate the association between impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods:1305 euthyroid patients with T2DM who were hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University between July 2021 and August 2023 were selected. Several indices, such as the parameters thyroid feedback quantile index (PTFQI), thyroid feedback quantile index (TFQI), thyroid stimulating hormone index (TSHI), serum-free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) ratio, and thyrotropin thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI) to evaluate thyroid hormone sensitivity were used. The patients were subdivided into four groups (Q 1 to Q 4) based on the quartile levels of the five indices. The correlation between thyroid hormone sensitivity and DN was analyzed by binary logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. Results:The levels of PTFQI, TFQI, and TSHI in the DN group were higher than those in the Non-DN group [0.04(-0.21, 0.31) vs -0.003(-0.27, 0.25), 0.05(-0.20, 0.30) vs 0.006(-0.26, 0.25), 2.54±0.52 vs 2.47±0.51, all P<0.05], while the FT3/FT4 levels were decreased in the DN group (0.40±0.07 vs 0.42±0.07, P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increase in PTFQI and TFQI levels was positively correlated with DN [OR=1.518, 95% CI(1.074, 2.145) and OR=1.546, 95% CI(1.084, 2.204)]. RCS showed a linear dose-response relationship between PTFQI, TFQI, TSHI, FT3/FT4, TT4RI, and the tendency of DN (all P non-linear>0.05). As the levels of PTFQI, TFQI, and TSHI increased, and the FT3/FT4 levels decreased, the prevalence of DN and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine (UACR) level showed an upward trend (all Ptrend test <0.05), while the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level showed a downward trend (all Ptrend test <0.05). Conclusion:Among euthyroid patients with T2DM, impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity is associated with DN, as well as elevated UACR levels and decreased eGFR levels.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic medical condition prevalent worldwide. Currently, probiotic therapy has demonstrated favorable outcomes in T2DM management, albeit with a lingering controversy. In this network meta-analysis (NMA), we aimed to assess and rank the glycemic control efficacy of various probiotic strains or combinations in T2DM patients. A systematic literature review was conducted across 4 major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) including data published up to November 8, 2023, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on probiotic therapy in T2DM patients. The quality of the included RCTs was evaluated using the risk-of-bias tool version 2, while Bayesian NMA was used for analysis. The efficacy of different probiotics and their combinations was ranked based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) for various outcome indicators. This study included 1861 T2DM patients from 30 RCTs. The combination of LAC (Lactobacillus) + BIF (Bifidobacterium) + PRO (Propionibacterium) + STR (Streptococcus) exhibited the most favorable effect in reducing the fasting plasma glucose concentration and improving the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (SUCRA: 88.8% and 77.3%). For reducing the concentration of glycated hemoglobin A1c, BIF (SUCRA: 93.1%) was the most effective; for improving insulin secretion, LAC + BIF (SUCRA: 84.7%) exhibited the most favorable outcome for improving insulin secretion. Cluster analysis of the 4 outcome indicators showed that the LAC + BIF + STR combination may have superior therapeutic effects. Multistrain probiotic combinations demonstrated greater glycemic control effects than single-strain probiotics. Thus, LAC + BIF + STR may be a promising probiotic combination for the treatment of T2DM. Nevertheless, owing to the inherent limitations of existing studies, further research is warranted to ascertain the long-term efficacy of probiotics.

Most cases of hereditary severe insulin-resistance syndrome (H-SIRS) are linked to mutations in the insulin receptor (INSR) gene. Patients with H-SIRS typically manifest symptoms of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Other symptoms include impaired glucose regulation, hyperandrogenism, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans (AN). In this report, we present two cases of H-SIRS in female children exhibiting various symptoms, including hyperinsulinemia, fasting hypoglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, overweight, fatty liver, hyperandrogenism, and varying degrees of AN. One patient also presented with mental retardation. Gene sequencing identified specific mutations in the INSR gene for both patients: c.2663A > G (p.Tyr888Cys) in Patient 1 and c.38_61del (p.Pro13_Ala20del) in Patient 2. These mutations both have the potential to disrupt the interaction between the insulin receptor, INSR, and insulin, leading to abnormal insulin signaling, insulin resistance, and various clinical manifestations.

Purpose To investigate the relationship between advanced liver fibrosis and osteoporosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 1144 T2DM patients were divided into the MAFLD and non-MAFLD groups, 460 T2DM patients with MAFLD (277 males aged ≥50 years and 183 postmenopausal females) were divided into N1 (advanced liver fibrosis excluded), N2 (indeterminate advanced liver fibrosis), and N3 (advanced liver fibrosis) groups according to the non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis score (NFS), the differences in bone mineral density (BMD) levels and prevalence of osteoporosis were compared. Based on the tertile levels of BMD of the lumbar spine (L), T2DM patients were divided into three groups (T1, T2, and T3), and the differences in the prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis were compared. Results The BMD levels of the L 4 , and L 1-4 in the MAFLD group were lower than those of the non-MAFLD groups in male and female T2DM patients .The BMD levels of the total hip, L 4 , and L 1-4 in the N3 group were lower than those of the N2 and N1 groups in male and female T2DM patients with MAFLD, and the prevalence of osteoporosis in the N3 group of males was higher than that in the N1 group. The BMD levels of the total hip, L 4 , and L 1-4 were negatively correlated with NFS in both males and females. The BMD levels of the total hip and L 4 in males, and the BMD level of L 4 in females were negatively associated with NFS. The prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis was higher in the T1 group than in the T2 and T3 groups in T2DM patients with MAFLD. Conclusion The BMD levels in male aged ≥50 years or postmenopausal female diabetic patients with MAFLD were negatively correlated with the degree of advanced liver fibrosis, which means an increased risk of liver fibrosis with decreasing BMD.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare genetic disorder primarily associated with mutations in the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) gene or the aquaporin 2 (AQP2) gene, resulting in impaired water reabsorption in the renal tubules. This report describes a case of a young male patient with NDI from China with a history of polydipsia and polyuria for over 15 years. Laboratory examinations of the proband indicated low urine-specific gravity and osmolality. Urologic ultrasound revealed severe bilateral hydronephrosis in both kidneys, bilateral dilatation of the ureters, roughness of the bladder wall, and the formation of muscle trabeculae. The diagnosis of diabetes insipidus was confirmed by water deprivation tests. The administration of posterior pituitary hormone did not alter urine-specific gravity, and osmolality remained at a low level (<300 mOsm/kg). Based on these findings, and the genetic tests of the proband and his parents were performed. A missense mutation (c.616 G>C) in exon 3 of the AVPR2 gene of the proband was found, caused by the substitution of amino acid valine to leucine at position 206 [p.Val206Leu], which was a hemizygous mutation and consistent with X-chromosome recessive inheritance. The administration of oral hydrochlorothiazide improves the symptoms of polydipsia and polyuria in the proband. This novel AVPR2 gene mutation may be the main cause of NDI in this family, which induces a functional defect in AVPR2, and leads to reduced tubular reabsorption of water.

Aim:To explore the effects of Tirzepatide (TZP), a new hypoglycemic drug, on weight, blood lipids and blood pressure in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:Relevant studies investigating the influence of TZP therapy on weight, lipid profiles and blood pressure in overweight/obese T2DM patients were selected from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane databases from establishment until November 2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect of TZP on weight, blood lipids and blood pressure in overweight/obese patients with T2DM.Results:Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 7491 patients with T2DM, were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed that compared with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), insulin, and placebo groups, body weight, triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were significantly decreased in the TZP-treated groups, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased. With the gradual increase of TZP doses, the proportions of T2DM patients with weight loss >5% gradually increased. The 10 mg and 15 mg TZP doses had a stronger effect on the levels of TG, VLDL-C, and HDL-C. Moreover, the reduction in SBP levels in the 15 mg TZP-treated group was more pronounced than those in the 10 mg and 5 mg TZP-treated groups [MD=-2.07, 95% CI (-2.52, -1.63) and MD=-3.14, 95% CI (-4.42, -1.87)]. Compared with GLP-1RA, insulin, and placebo groups, the proportions of patients with HbA1c<7% in 10mg and 15mg TZP-treated groups were significantly higher than in the 5mg TZP-treated group [OR=1.53, 95% CI (1.25, 1.8)], OR=1.7, 95% CI (1.15, 2.50)].There was no significant difference regarding the risk of adverse reactions.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common age-related disease. OP is mainly a decrease in bone density and mass caused by the destruction of bone microstructure, which leads to an increase in bone fragility. SIRT3 is a mitochondrial deacetylase that plays critical roles in mitochondrial homeostasis, metabolic regulation, gene transcription, stress response, and gene stability. Studies have shown that the higher expression levels of SIRT3 are associated with decreased levels of oxidative stress in the body and may play important roles in the prevention of age-related diseases. SIRTs can enhance the osteogenic potential and osteoblastic activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells not only by enhancing PGC-1α, FOXO3, SOD2, and oxidative phosphorylation, but also by anti-aging and reducing mitochondrial autophagy. SIRT3 is able to upregulate antioxidant enzymes to exert an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts, however, it has been shown that the inflammatory cascade response can in turn increase SIRT3 and inhibit osteoclast differentiation through the AMPK-PGC-1β pathway. SIRT3 plays an important role in different types of osteoporosis by affecting osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal cells. In this review, we discuss the classification and physiological functions of SIRTs, the effects of SIRT3 on OCs osteoblasts, and BMSCs, and the roles and mechanisms of SIRT3 in different types of OP, such as diabetic OP, glucocorticoid-induced OP, postmenopausal OP, and senile OP.

Background and Objectives: To investigate the relationship between geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods and Study Design: A total of 141 postmenopausal elderly women with T2DM was divided into OP and normal bone mineral density (BMD) groups, the differences in GRNI levels between the two groups were compared. According to the tertile levels of GRNI, T2DM were divided into three groups (T-1, T-2, T-3 groups), and the differences in OP prevalence and levels of BMD among the three groups were compared. Results: Among postmenopausal elderly women with T2DM, GNRI levels were lower in the OP group compared to the normal BMD group [(103 +/- 5.46) vs. (105 +/- 5.46), p<0.05)]. With elevated GNRI levels, the BMD levels of femoral, total hip, total body, and lumbar vertebrae ( L) were gradually increased, which were higher in the T-3 group than in the T-1 group (all p< 0.05). GNRI levels were positively correlated with the BMD levels of femoral, spine, total hip, total body, L-1, L-2, L-3, L-4, and L-1-L-4. GNRI was an independent influencing factor for the occurrence of OP (OR=0.887, 95%CI [0.795,0.988]). The ROC curve showed that the GNRI combined with serum ALP and P levels had a high predictive value for OP, with an area under the curve of 0.725 (p<0.01). Conclusions: In postmenopausal elderly women with T2DM, GNRI was independently and positively correlated with BMD levels. GNRI may be a predictor development of OP.

The interaction and combined effect of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, an alternative parameter of insulin resistance, along with hypertension (HT), on the risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a specific type of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) seems straightforward. However, specific research on this topic remains scarce. In this cross-sectional study, 2027 adult participants with T2D were devided into four groups based on the mean values of TyG index and various blood pressure parameters along with its category. Binary logistic regression, interaction analysis, combined effect size, and goodness-of-fit of the constructed models were performed. The TyG index’s individual effect and it’s combined effect with HT, or higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) or higher mean arterial pressure in patients with T2D correlated with a higher PAD risk respectively (odds ratio [OR], 0.50, [95

This study aims to discover the association between serum osteocalcin, the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, and their impact on arterial stiffness in T2DM patients. We included 639 T2DM patients aged 30 and older who received the assessment of ASCVD risk using the China-PAR equation, Osteocalcin and arterial stiffness in this cross-sectional study. We found that osteocalcin and CVAI as independent risk factors for both medium-high-risk ASCVD (osteocalcin: men, OR,0.96, 95% CI 0.92, 1.00; women, OR, 0.93, 95% CI 0.8, 1.08, respectively)(CVAI: men, OR,1.01,95% CI 1.00,1.02; women: OR, 1.08, 95% CI 1.02,1.14, respectively) and arterial stiffness (osteocalcin: men, OR, 0.98, 95% CI 0.94,1.01; women, OR, 0.98, 95% CI 0.90,1.06, respectively)(CVAI: men, OR,1.0, 95% CI 0.99,1.01; women, OR, 1.02, 95% CI 1.00,1.04, respectively) in both men and women patients with T2DM. Combining osteocalcin levels and CVAI improved the prediction accuracy of arterial stiffness in men patients with T2DM (difference of AUC((Model 4 vs. Model 1)):1.5%, NRI: 0.06 [0.0,0.4]). All P-values were < 0.05. The results suggested that osteocalcin levels and CVAI are independent risk factors for ASCVD risk and arterial stiffness in T2DM. Combining osteocalcin and CVAI can enhance the early detection of atherosclerosis through male patients with T2DM.

Objective: To investigate the correlation between serum ferritin (SF) and bone turnover markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Seven hundred and forty-two people with T2DM were selected. Serum bone turnover markers: osteocalcin (OC), type I procollagen N-terminal peptide (PINP), beta-I type collagen carboxy-terminal peptide (beta-CTx), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-[OH]-D) levels were detected. High SF (HF) was defined as the indicated SF levels above 400 ng/mL in males and more than 150 ng/mL in females. Patients were divided into four groups: T2DM+normal SF (non-HF); T2DM+high SF (HF); T2DM+NAFLD+non-HF; andT2DM+NAFLD+HF. Relationships between SF and bone turnover markers were analyzed. Results: Compared with the T2DM+non-HF group, beta-CTx levels were higher in the T2DM+HFgroup. Compared with the T2DM+NAFLD+non-HF group, beta-CTx levels were increased and 25-(OH)-D levels decreased in the T2DM+NAFLD+HF group (all p < 0.05). SF was positively correlated with beta-CTx [beta = 0.074; 95% CI (0.003, 0.205)] and negatively correlated with 25-(OH)-D [beta=-0.108; 95%CI (-0.006, -0.001)]. Compared with the T2DM+non-HF group, an independent positive correlation was found between beta-CTx and SF in the T2DM+NAFLD+HF group [OR = 1.002; 95% CI (1.001, 1.004)]. Among males, SF was positively correlatedwith beta-CTx [beta = 0.114; 95% CI (0.031, 0.266)]. SF was negatively correlated with 25-(OH)-D levels in both male and female patients [beta=-0.124; 95% CI (0.007,0.001) and beta=-0.168; 95% CI (-0.012, -0.002)]. Among those >50 years of age and postmenopausal females, SF was negatively correlated with 25-(OH)-D levels [beta=-0.117; 95% CI (-0.007, -0.001) and beta=-0.003; 95% CI (-0.013, -0.003)]. Conclusion: SF level was positively correlated with beta-CTx in T2DM patients with NAFLD, which may promote bone resorption and increase the risk of bone loss.

To investigate the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and serum ferritin (SF) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 881 T2DM patients were divided into T1(TyG index < 1.66), T2 (1.66 ≤ TyG index < 2.21), and T3 (TyG index ≥ 2.21) groups according to the tertiles of the TyG index. The differences in SF levels and the prevalence of hyperferritinemia (SF ≥ 300 ng/mL for male or SF ≥ 150 ng/mL for female) were compared. The independent correlations between the TyG index and SF, and between hyperferritinemia and TyG in T2DM patients were analyzed, respectively. SF levels in male T2DM patients were higher in the T3 group (250.12 ng/mL) than in the T1 and T2 groups (180.45 and 196.56 ng/mL, both p < 0.01),while in female patients with T2DM,SF levels were higher in the T3 group (157.25 ng/mL) than in the T1 group (111.06 ng/mL, p < 0.05).The prevalence of hyperferritinemia in male T2DM patients was higher in the T3 group (31.3

随着人口老龄化的加重,肌肉减少症作为常见的骨代谢性疾病之一,其发病率逐年增加,给患者带来许多不良后果,包括行动丧失和受伤的风险增加,因此早期识别和诊断该病具有重要作用.褪黑激素是一种由松果体分泌的调节生物昼夜节律的内源性吲哚胺类物质,它通过缓冲自由基,减少促炎细胞因子生成、保护老化骨骼肌中的线粒体、减少骨骼肌细胞的凋亡,影响肌肉减少症的治疗与预后.因此,褪黑激素可能作为一种新型药延缓或抑制肌肉减少症的发生发展.本文就近年来关于褪黑激素对肌肉减少症的影响和相关分子机制的研究进展进行综述,为临床上肌肉减少症的诊断和治疗提供一个新的思路和靶点.

三甲胺N-氧化物(trimethylamine N-oxide,TMAO)是一种在肝脏中由肝酶氧化三甲胺(tri-methylamine,TMA)生成的肠道菌群代谢物.近年来,研究发现血浆TMAO水平在骨质疏松的发生与发展中发挥了重要的作用.本文介绍了TMAO的生理功能和代谢过程,以及它通过氧化应激、炎症等途径对骨质疏松发生与发展所产生的影响.血浆TMAO水平受饮食以及药物等因素的影响,这为骨质疏松的治疗和预防提供了一个新的思路和靶点.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which leads to the aggravation of myocardial fibrosis, disorders involving systolic and diastolic functions, and increased mortality of patients with diabetes through mechanisms such as glycolipid toxicity, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent regulatory cell death that is attributed to the accumulation of lipid peroxides and an imbalance in redox regulation. Increased production of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) during ferroptosis promotes oxidative stress and damages myocardial cells, leading to myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Overproduction of ROS is an important bridge between ferroptosis and DCM, and ferroptosis inhibitors may provide new targets for the treatment of patients with DCM.

Abstract Background Current risk assessments for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are limit. Recent evidence strongly supports a close correlation between serum osteocalcin, the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), and T2DM, and cardiovascular events. However, their association with ASCVD risk in patients with T2DM remains unknown, and their impact on arterial stiffness also remains unclear. Methods An analysis of 646 T2DM patients aged 18 and older was conducted in this cross-sectional study. The ASCVD risk was assessed using the China-PAR equation, with patients categorized into low- or medium-high-risk groups. Osteocalcin was detected through electrochemical luminescence, whereas arterial stiffness was defined using ankle-brachial index and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between serum osteocalcin levels, CVAI, ASCVD risk, and arterial stiffness. Results Osteocalcin levels were significantly lower in men patients with T2DM in the medium-high-risk ASCVD group compared to the low-risk ASCVD group, whereas CVAI levels was significantly higher in women patients with T2DM in the medium-high-risk ASCVD group than the low-risk ASCVD group. Logistic regression analysis identified osteocalcin and CVAI as independent risk factors for both medium-high-risk ASCVD (osteocalcin: men, OR,0.958, 95%CI 0.923, 0.99, women, OR, 0.788, 95%CI 0.645, 0.96, respectively)(CVAI: men, OR,1.010, 95%CI 1.00, 1.02, women, OR,1.084, 95%CI 1.00, 1.17, respectively) and arterial stiffness (osteocalcin: men, OR, 0.958, 95%CI 0.92, 1.00, women, OR, 0.925, 95%CI 0.86, 0.99, respectively)(CVAI: men, OR,1.011, 95%CI 1.003, 1.02, women, OR,1.0217, 95%CI 1.00, 1.03, respectively) in both men and women patients with T2DM. Combining osteocalcin levels and CVAI improved the prediction accuracy of arterial stiffness in men patients with T2DM (difference of AUC (Model 4 vs. Model 1):1.4%). All P-values were < 0.05. Conclusion Osteocalcin levels and CVAI are independent risk factors for ASCVD risk and arterial stiffness in T2DM. Combining osteocalcin and CVAI can enhance the early detection of atherosclerosis through men patients with T2DM.

目的 研究亚高原地区汉族成年女性的骨密度,探讨骨质疏松症(OP)的影响因素.方法 在甘肃省兰州市、陇南市通过多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取汉族成年女性作为调查对象.采用双能X线骨密度仪测定左前臂和右足跟骨密度,并分析OP影响因素.结果 左前臂及右足跟骨密度均绝经组＜非绝经组.左前臂及右足跟骨密度均与年龄、收缩压、空腹血糖、血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、促甲状腺激素、血磷水平呈负相关关系,与维生素D均呈正相关关系(均P＜0.05).多元Logistic回归分析高BMI是左前臂及右足跟OP的保护因素,年龄、低体重指数是左前臂及右足跟OP的危险因素(均P＜0.05).结论 亚高原地区汉族成年女性OP患病率高.低体重指数和高血压发生OP的几率上升.促甲状腺激素、空腹血糖、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血磷水平、血钙水平升高不利于骨盐沉积,而保持较高值维生素D及尿酸有利于提高骨密度.

Thyroid cancer is a common malignancy of the endocrine system, with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) being the most common type of pathology. The incidence of PTC is increasing every year. Histone acetylation modification is an important part of epigenetics, regulating histone acetylation levels through histone acetylases and histone deacetylases, which alters the proliferation and differentiation of PTC cells and affects the treatment and prognosis of PTC patients. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce histone acetylation, resulting in the relaxation of chromatin structure and activation of gene transcription, thereby promoting differentiation, apoptosis, and growth arrest of PTC cells.