目的:探讨大学生肥胖发生风险与膳食因素的关系,为大学生肥胖的膳食防治提供科学依据.方法:于2018年在青岛大学开展横断面调查,经纳入排除标准共5509人纳入本次分析,所得资料采用软件STATA 12.0进行Logistic回归分析.结果:奶类、红肉类摄入是肥胖发生的危险因素(OR=1.52,95％ CI:1.04～2.00;OR=1.54,95％ CI:1.09～2.18),蔬菜、适量茶摄入是肥胖发生的保护因素(OR=0.60,95％ CI:0.41～0.86;OR=0.61,95％ CI:0.42～0.89).结论:饮食对于肥胖的发生风险有一定影响,健康生活方式,合理饮食,合理的茶摄入、增加蔬菜的摄入量、减少肉类摄入量,对于预防大学生肥胖的发生具有重大意义.

SCOPE Studies have suggested that foods rich in dietary fiber may contribute to body weight loss and lower triacylglycerol (TG) levels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of flaxseed meal (FM) (a by-product of flaxseed after oil processing) supplemented biscuits on body weight, body composition, and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants. METHOD AND RESULTS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 53 overweight and obese adults (18-36 years of age) were recruited and randomized to consume control biscuits or biscuits supplemented with FM for their breakfast for 60 days (approximately 100 g per day). Significant group × time interaction (P = 0.011) was observed for body weight, and the body weight of the FM group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P = 0.049). We also found significant group × time interactions for body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.008), TG (P = 0.041) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P = 0.016). In addition, after 60 days of intervention, the body weight, BMI and TG levels of the FM group significantly decreased compared to those of the control group. On day 60, the serum concentration of IL-6 in the FM group was significantly lower than that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS FM supplemented biscuits have a beneficial effect on body weight, BMI and TG of overweight and obese subjects (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: ChiCTR1900022833).

OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study was to explore whether combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.METHODS:We searched the PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of science and Embase databases and reference lists of eligible articles up to Feb, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of combined calcium and vitamin D on osteoporosis in postmenopausal women were included in the present study.RESULTS:Combined calcium and vitamin D significantly increased total bone mineral density (BMD) (standard mean differences (SMD) = 0.537; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.227 to 0.847), lumbar spine BMD (SMD = 0.233; 95% CI: 0.073 to 0.392; P < 0.001), arms BMD (SMD = 0.464; 95% CI: 0.186 to 0.741) and femoral neck BMD (SMD = 0.187; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.364). It also significantly reduced the incidence of hip fracture (RR = 0.864; 95% CI: 0.763 to 0.979). Subgroup analysis showed that combined calcium and vitamin D significantly increased femoral neck BMD only when the dose of the vitamin D intake was no more than 400 IU d-1 (SMD = 0.335; 95% CI: 0.113 to 0.558), but not for a dose more than 400 IU d-1 (SMD = -0.098; 95% CI: -0.109 to 0.305), and calcium had no effect on the femoral neck BMD. Subgroup analysis also showed only dairy products fortified with calcium and vitamin D had a significant influence on total BMD (SMD = 0.784; 95% CI: 0.322 to 1.247) and lumbar spine BMD (SMD = 0.320; 95% CI: 0.146 to 0.494), but not for combined calcium and vitamin D supplement.CONCLUSION:Dairy products fortified with calcium and vitamin D have a favorable effect on bone mineral density. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation could prevent osteoporosis hip fracture in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies did not draw a consistent conclusion about the effects of vitamin K combined with vitamin D on human skeletal quality.METHOD AND FINDINGS:A comprehensive search on Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library (from 1950 to February 2020) and bibliographies of relevant articles was undertaken, with the meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including a total of 971 subjects. Vitamin K combined with vitamin D significantly increased the total bone mineral density (BMD): the pooled effect size was 0.316 [95% CI (confidence interval), 0.031 to 0.601]. A significant decrease in undercarboxylated osteocalcin (-0.945, -1.113 to -0.778) can be observed with the combination of vitamin K and D. Simultaneously, subgroup analysis showed that K2 or vitamin K (not specified) supplement was less than 500 μg d-1, which when combined with vitamin D can significantly increase the total BMD compared with the control group fed a normal diet or the group with no treatment (0.479, 0.101 to 0.858 and 0.570, 0.196 to 0.945).CONCLUSIONS:The combination of vitamin K and D can significantly increase the total BMD and significantly decrease undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and a more favorable effect is expected when vitamin K2 is used.

Background and objectives Obesity is caused by excessive fat accumulation or abnormal fat distribution and has become one of the biggest health challenges worldwide. Considering the high thermogenic ability of brown fat tissue (BAT) and the plasticity of fat tissue, to induce the browning of white fat tissue (WAT), so increasing BAT activity provides an attractive option for the prevention and resolution of obesity. The aim of the present narrative review was to understand the relationship between diet, BAT, and obesity. Methods and study design PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify eligible studies. Results Although cold exposure has long been known to be effective in the browning of WAT and activation of BAT, it is societally impractical for everyday body weight management aside from the tolerance of ambient temperature. An alternative is to identify specific dietary components with similar effects to cold exposure on BAT. Current evidence indicates that capsaicin and capsinoids, catechins, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, lipoic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, royal jelly, and some natural sweeteners are effective promoters of WAT browning, increase BAT activity and improve obesity related traits. However, only capsaicin, capsinoids, and catechins have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials. Evidence for effects of curcumin, quercetin, berberine, lipoic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, royal jelly and natural sweeteners on BAT have only been observed in animal or in vitro studies, with clinical trials awaited for verification. Conclusions Several dietary components can induce WAT browning and activate BAT, offering potential targets for obesity prevention and management.

Background and Objectives: The association between diet and macrocytic and hypochromic anemia in young Chinese men and women remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary pattern and macrocytic and hypochromic microcytic anemia in young Chinese men and women. Methods and Study Design: Some 4,840 first-year students (2,385 men and 2,455 women) were recruited for this study from Qingdao University, China. Biochemical and hematological parameters, and food frequency questionnaires were obtained from the subjects. Based on dietary intake, participants were divided into three dietary patterns: seafood dietary pattern (SDP), vegan dietary pattern (VDP) and omnivorous dietary pattern (ODP). The risks for macrocytic and microcytic hypochromic anemia in three dietary patterns were assessed. Results: Macrocytic and hypochromic anemia were less common in participants who adhered to the omnivorous dietary pattern than to the vegan or seafood dietary patterns (p<0.05). Adhering to an omnivorous dietary pattern was negatively associated with macrocytic anemia in men [odds ratio (95% CI): 0.74 (0.62, 0.89), p<0.001] and microcytic, hypochromic anemia in both genders [men: odds ratio (95% CI): 0.64 (0.45, 0.92), p=0.01; women: odds ratio (95% CI): 0.71 (0.51, 0.99), p=0.04]. Conclusions: Adhering to an omnivorous dietary pattern was associated with less common macrocytic anemia in young men and microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Dietary diversity is important in preventing macrocytic anemia in men and also microcytic, hypochromic anemia in young men and women. Excessive alcohol intake is the most plausible explanation for macrocytosis in the young men.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between retinol and risk of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese adults.METHODS AND STUDY DESIGNEighty-six subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 40 healthy subjects (healthy comparison group, HCG) were recruited in Beijing Luhe Hospital. Of the 86 T2DM subjects, 43 subjects were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy (DRG), and 43 subjects had no retinopathy (DNRG).RESULTSDietary intake of retinol (p<0.001) and retinol equivalent (p<0.05) was significantly higher but serum retinol and (p<0.001) retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) (p<0.05) were significantly lower in DNRG compared with HCG. Dietary intake of retinol (p<0.05) and retinol equivalent (p<0.05) was significantly lower, and serum retinol and (p<0.01) retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) (p<0.01) were significantly higher in DRG compared with DNRG. In T2DM subjects, per 100 μg/day higher dietary retinol intake was associated with 17% lower risk of diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio (OR), 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.98; p=0.032), and after adjusting for potential confounding factors, the OR was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99; p=0.036); per 100 μg/day higher in dietary retinol equivalent intake was associated with 12% lower risk of diabetic retinopathy (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.97; p=0.010), and after adjusting for potential confounding factors, the OR was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.98; p=0.025).CONCLUSIONSHigher dietary intake of retinol or retinol equivalent is associated with lower risk of diabetic retinopathy.

Previous studies have not drawn a consistent conclusion about effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplementation (MVMS) on blood pressure. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library (up to May 2018) and references of relevant articles was undertaken. The present meta-analysis included 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), of which eight RCTs in 2011 subjects evaluated the effect of MVMS on blood pressure and four RCTs in 21,196 subjects evaluated the effect of MVMS on the risk of hypertension. MVMS had a lowering effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP): the weighted mean difference (WMD) was -1.31 mmHg (95% CI, -2.48 to -0.14 mmHg) and -0.71 mmHg (95% CI, -1.43 to 0.00 mmHg), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated that the lowering effect of MVMS on blood pressure was only significant in 134 subjects with chronic disease but not in 1580 healthy subjects, and the WMD for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP in subjects with chronic disease was -6.29 mmHg (95% CI, -11.09 to -1.50 mmHg) and -2.32 mmHg (95% CI, -4.50 to -0.13 mmHg), respectively. The effect size of MVMS on SBP in 58 hypertensive subjects (WMD, -7.98 mmHg; 95% CI, -14.95 to -1.02 mmHg) was more than six times of that in 1656 normotensive subjects (WMD, -1.25 mmHg; 95% CI, -2.48 to -0.02 mmHg). However, no significant effect on DBP was observed in both hypertensive and normotensive subgroups. There was no significant effect of MVMS on risk of hypertension in 22,852 subjects with a normal blood pressure at baseline. In conclusion, although MVMS had a significant lowering effect on blood pressure in normotensive subjects, the lowering effect was too small to effectively prevent future hypertension. MVMS may be an effective method for blood pressure control in subjects with chronic disease including hypertension, but the sample size of subjects with hypertension or other chronic disease was too small, and more well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm this result.