Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) is a cultural keystone species in the southwestern United States, integral to the traditional practices of Western Apache Tribes. Recent observations by Apache elders indicate declining oak seedling recruitment, posing potential risks to the long-term persistence of Emory oak populations and the tradition of acorn harvest. This study investigated seed predation and dispersal patterns of Emory oak acorns across two sites in Arizona. To do this, we combined systematic observations of avian interactions with acorns with experimental feeding trials. We found that acorn infestation rates by insects were positively associated with proximity to roads, suggesting that roads may facilitate pest spread. Jays (Aphelocoma spp.), known for their role as primary oak seed dispersers, were the most frequent pre-dispersal acorn foragers, with visitation rates increasing with tree density and distance from roads. Areas closer to roads experienced reduced jay visitation, potentially hindering seed dispersal and genetic connectivity among oak populations. Post-dispersal acorn predation was dominated by javelina (Tayassu tajacu), with high rates of acorn removal observed at both sites. These findings underscore the importance of managing both environmental stressors and dispersal mechanisms to support Emory oak regeneration. Restoration efforts, in addition to prioritizing preferred Apache harvest sites near roads, should also include interior habitat patches to maintain seed dispersal by jays, promote genetic diversity, and enhance resilience in the face of environmental change. This study provides actionable insights to guide the management and restoration of Emory oak ecosystems to ensure the continuation of Western Apache harvest traditions into the future.

Relationships between social and ecological recovery, and their influence on resilience during future wildfires, are often undocumented in post-fire research. The settings within which these processes occur and the factors that affect their progression can vary widely based on local contexts. We sought to document understandings of recovery, resilience, and the relationship between these two processes across six Southwestern US wildfires that burned in different social-ecological systems. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 62 key informants involved in various aspects of recovery after each fire to explore recovery and resilience as interacting processes within social-ecological systems while also documenting varied understandings and uncertainties that influence local progress. Interviews revealed varied understandings of what recovery and resilience entailed among individuals engaged in post-fire processes that produced both opportunities and drawbacks to collective progress after wildfire. While key informants recognized a broader need to intertwine social and ecological recovery efforts to advance resilience, there was little clarity on how to successfully achieve this integration, highlighting how differences in spatial and temporal recovery progress limit coordination. Uncertainty about post-fire outcomes also affected local decision-making about both recovery and resilience. Together, these findings reinforce the applicability of common tenets of social-ecological systems theory such as monitoring feedback, cross-scale interactions, and the co-evolution of social and ecological processes when exploring post-fire recovery. Our findings underscore a need for transparent, inclusive conversations about progress towards recovery and resilience and echo renewed calls for inter-agency and inter-system collaboration to bolster resilience during future fires.

Fire is a critical disturbance that shapes the structure, function and diversity of oak-dominated ecosystems across North America. In an era of increasing wildfire severity, contemporary fire management often relies on prescribed burning to mitigate wildfire risk. Indigenous cultural burning is a complementary practice with diverse goals often focused on habitat management for forest products and rooted in sustainable practices established over millennia. Given this, such cultural burns may yield ecological and cultural benefits beyond those achieved through Western management-led prescribed burns. To develop an understanding of what is known about Indigenous fire management in oak systems, we conducted a systematic review of 64 peer-reviewed studies to examine the role of cultural burning in shaping oak woodlands and savannas, using an inductive-deductive coding approach and evidence mapping to identify research gaps. We identified four key themes in the literature: evidence for Indigenous influence on historical fire regimes, description of traditional burning practices, ecological effects of cultural burning, and socio-ecological benefits of cultural fire. To assess these findings through a global lens, we then mapped them to Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Resilience Theory. Most studies focused on historical or paleoecological data, with limited research on contemporary Indigenous fire stewardship. Thematic gaps may reflect colonial legacies, knowledge loss, or a paucity of research effort, but regardless of cause, these gaps limit efforts to revitalize Indigenous burning systems. Adaptation or transformation of contemporary fire systems to center Indigenous burning may support resilient North American landscapes and communities.

A key limitation for dryland restoration is the availability of native seed sources adapted to arid conditions; however, many native forbs lack basic ecological data relevant to restoration seed production. To address this gap, we evaluated six native forb species collected across the Colorado Plateau for their potential to be developed into restoration materials. We established a common garden trial designed to replicate agricultural conditions using 100 individuals from four populations per species and measured survival, growth, reproduction, and pollinator visitation. Three species, Spreading fleabane (Erigeron divergens), Hoary aster (Dieteria canescens), and Hairy false goldenaster (Heterotheca villosa), exhibited high survival, prolific flower and seed production, and attracted diverse pollinator groups, including multiple native bee taxa. In contrast, Horsetail milkweed (Asclepias subverticillata) and Prairie flax (Linum lewisii) had low seed yields but attracted distinct floral visitor guilds. Sphaeralcea parvifolia exhibited poor propagation success. Despite variable performance among species and populations, the trial demonstrated that plantings comprising multiple species and populations supported a wide array of pollinators and extended the timing of floral resource availability. These results underscore the value of integrating functionally complementary species into restoration plantings to promote pollinator diversity and identify candidate species for native seed production.

The need to consider present and future species interactions can make it difficult to ensure the long‐term effectiveness of a restoration effort. We designed an experimental restoration garden in an arid system to investigate the relationship between seed source population and plant‐pollinator interactions. Seedlings planted in the garden were sourced from eight populations of each of seven forb species. For 18 months, we tracked flower visitation by insects. We used network analysis to examine the roles of plant species and populations. In the whole‐garden network, taller plants as well as those that differed more in temperature of the source environment from the garden were more generalized, receiving visitation from a higher subset of the local visitor community. We detected no other relevant network patterns consistent across the full garden. However, when within‐species networks were constructed, plants from different populations exhibited significant differences in metrics of centrality and generalization for four out of seven plant species. Plants sourced from populations that exhibit similar climatic conditions to those found in the experimental garden, as well as plants from populations that displayed traits indicative of greater pollinator reward (e.g., greater plant size and greater floral abundance), were linked to increased centrality and generalization in networks. Our results suggest that it may be possible to select restoration plantings by seed source to bolster the diversity and frequency of pollinator interactions in a site, and further, that considering how plant local adaptation serves pollinators is likely to be important in restoration success.

Anthropogenic change has increased extinction events to an estimated 100 times background rates, amplifying the need for conservation interventions to protect biodiversity. Rare plant research not only provides roadmaps for species protection, but also foundational understanding of how interacting stressors drive decline and the mechanisms by which extinctions occur. Pectis imberbis (Gray) is a recently listed endangered forb found in the biodiverse Sky Island Archipelago in the southwestern U.S. We investigated both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of decline for this species by relating multiple stressors to vital rates calculated for the nine known P. imberbis populations of sufficient size to allow for demographic analysis. We observed an extraordinary recruitment event in 2022 and concomitantly high population growth across most populations. Despite this, long-term analysis reveals that only two populations have growth rates at or above replacement levels and indicates the importance of stochastic recruitment events in maintaining viability. Climate change is implicated in decline of P. imberbis, though evidence also suggests that browse by ungulates and competition with co-occurring plants depress vital rates. Conservation recommendations vary by population, due to positionality and jurisdictional management, but include reduction of co-occurring stressors, like installing fencing to prevent herbivory, and re-establishment of P. imberbis in climatically suitable areas. Long-term demographic monitoring of this species is warranted to quantify the contribution of stochastic events to viability, examine impacts of interacting stressors, and to project how populations will respond to climate change in this arid, biodiverse region.

Tropical drylands are among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide, and fewer than 10% of tropical dry forests in Hawai'i remain intact. Terrestrial arthropods comprise most of the endemic fauna on many islands, including Hawai'i, where they provide ecosystem services such as pollination, decomposition, and a reliable prey base for predators. The objective of our study was to measure understory arthropod diversity and relative abundances in two common habitat types within dryland Hawai'i-a non-native grassland, dominated by Cenchrus setaceus (fountain grass) with few native shrubs, and a native woodland, dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha ('& omacr;hi'a). We used generalized additive models to examine patterns of understory arthropod dynamics measured monthly or bimonthly in relation to the two habitat types and local climatic variables. We found that temperature and habitat type were significant predictors of the abundance of certain arthropod families and orders. A greater abundance of spiders was in the woodland than grassland habitat, and more beetles and ants (particularly the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile) were in the grassland than woodland habitat. Temperature significantly predicted overall family-level richness and diversity of arthropods as well as Araneae, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera abundance. Precipitation significantly predicted Heteroptera abundance. Significant positive associations were found among some arthropod groups, including several arachnid groups and families of Hemiptera. Documentation of insect and other arthropod community dynamics improves our understanding of ecological community function, supporting management of island communities comprised of both native and non-native species.

As disturbance regimes change in response to anthropogenic activities, ecosystem resilience is critically important to the persistence of biodiversity and ecological functions. However, resilience in literature is often treated as an abstract concept, with widely varying definitions. Achieving common and reliable resilience metrics that cross systems and contexts remains elusive. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that have performed ecological resilience quantification, aiming to identify factors that significantly promote resilience across systems, as well as indicators of resilience. Due to the recent emergence of costly megafires in many parts of the world, we additionally separately examined the subset of studies that focused on resilience to wildfire disturbance, specifically. For those studies that presented quantitative data on the strength of relationship between resilience and these variables, dispersal and connectivity as well as nutrients and chemistry emerged as significantly predictive of resilience, whereas animal communities and ecological functions were significant indicators of resilience. Meanwhile, other studies mapped or modeled resilience without testing the effects of individual variables; in these studies, resilience was bolstered by the presence of increased resources, increased habitat connectivity and diversity, and reduced disturbance severity. For fire studies, abiotic factors including light, moisture, and soil texture were significantly predictive of resilience, and the health of individual ecosystem components (such as tree survival) was significantly indicative of resilience. The power of meta-analysis in this arena remains limited due to few quantitative studies that test individual variables. Nevertheless, insights from the range of studies examined here are in alignment with resilience theory, which posits that resilience should be facilitated by reduced system change during disturbance, as well as by the removal of barriers to recovery. Our review therefore provides evidence to support management that lowers the severity of disturbance as well as restoration efforts that enhance resource availability and connectivity.

Pollinator losses threaten ecosystems and food security, diminishing gene flow and reproductive output for ecological communities and impacting ecosystem services broadly. For four focal families of bees and butterflies, we constructed over 1400 ensemble species distribution models over two time periods for North America. Models indicated disproportionally increased richness in eastern North America over time, with decreases in richness over time in the western US and southern Mexico. To further pinpoint geographic areas of vulnerability, we mapped records of potential pollinator species of conservation concern and found high concentrations of detections in the Great Lakes region, US East Coast, and southern Canada. Finally, we estimated asymptotic diversity indices for genera known to include species that visit flowers and may carry pollen for ecoregions across two time periods. Patterns of generic diversity through time mirrored those of species-level analyses, again indicating a decline in pollinators in the western U.S. Increases in generic diversity were observed in cooler and wetter ecoregions. Overall, changes in pollinator diversity appear to reflect changes in climate, though other factors such as land use change may also explain regional shifts. While statistical methods were employed to account for unequal sampling effort across regions and time, improved monitoring efforts with rigorous sampling designs would provide a deeper understanding of pollinator communities and their responses to ongoing environmental change.

As human populations grow and anthropogenic change increases, costly wildland fires increasingly affect rural, public–private interface landscapes. Climate change, a history of fire suppression, and biological invasions are increasing fire risk in systems worldwide. Fires that ignite in one jurisdiction can spread across ownership boundaries, with the result that landscape-scale fire management and planning requires understanding differential fire response and management across jurisdictions. To illuminate relationships between landowner attitudes and fire management and their experience with past wildfires, we combined geospatial wildfire data from the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS) database and survey response data from 586 private landowners across three national park-centered ecosystems in the American West. We aimed to examine whether landowners’ attitudes toward their land, neighbors, public agencies, and fire itself were related to (a) whether they had experienced fire on their parcels, and (b) the extent and severity of the most recent fire event and the time elapsed since that fire. We found that the degree to which respondents reported that they manage for fire is related to whether a fire had burned on their parcels during their land tenure or, if prior to their tenure, within two years of their acquisition of the land. For those respondents that had thus experienced fire, their level of concern about wildfire, interactions with neighbors and public agencies, and perception that their land contributed to a broader economic or natural system were all related to the time that had elapsed since the fire. Furthermore, total burned area and the percent of the burn that was high severity interacted with time since fire to predict respondents’ attitudes and perceptions. Our findings illustrate the importance of personal past experiences in shaping private land managers’ relationships and viewpoints, as well as the likelihood that they invest in current fire management.

Training community engaged climate adaptation leaders requires developing learners' thinking skills so they can flexibly approach adaptation planning and problem solving in novel socio-ecological contexts. In this text, we describe how multiple case study analysis helps adult learners in both formal and community education settings develop the thinking skills necessary for adaptation work, including analogical reasoning and knowledge transfer; and we illustrate how to organize multiple case analysis on shared critical competencies aligned to community needs. The article concludes with a discussion of three instructional best practices for employing multiple case analysis in educational settings and a discussion of how this educational approach can guide training programs and funding priorities.

Many contemporary social and ecological challenges in forested ecosystems (climate change, invasive species, wildland-urban interface development, and wildfires) span multiple jurisdictions and are characterized by complex patterns of social and ecological interdependencies. Increasing evidence suggests that interdependent risk can best be addressed by working across boundaries (jurisdictional, scalar, and expertise) by sharing information and cooperating in management activities. Polycentric governance has emerged as a framework to understand how multiple and overlapping centers of decision-making authority establish and maintain governance connectivity to solve collective action problems and interdependent risks. Previous studies have examined the collaborative and interorganizational process of polycentric landscape governance, yet most studies rely on qualitative case study data or descriptively employ social network analysis. Understanding the values, beliefs, and motivations of actors (land managers, landowners, researchers, policymakers, and non-governmental organizations) for cooperating is important for improving polycentric governance design, implementation, and operation. How the context and characteristics of social-ecological systems shape polycentric governance remains largely unexplored. On the basis of research in the Sequoia-Kings Canyon Protected Area-Centered Ecosystem, we address this gap by utilizing exponential random graph modeling to analyze the social and ecological drivers of polycentric wildfire governance. This research highlights that even in situations of high stakes (increasing occurrences of high-severity wildfires that escape suppression) actors will collaborate only if the gains from collaboration outweigh the costs. If jurisdictions or other organizations are thought to have low operational capacity or lack useful information, even with a high probability of large wildfire, the actor-to-actor connections are less likely for effective polycentric governance. Our results highlight previously undiscussed mechanisms of network formation in wildfire hazard governance, and we discuss the broader applicability for forest landscape challenges and for polycentric governance design and assessment in other social-ecological contexts.

Protected areas rarely are large enough to encompass the ecological processes that affect them. Accordingly, some authors call for cooperative management of multiple jurisdictions within protected area-centered ecosystems (PACEs) to sustain landscape-scale processes and maximize connectivity and ecosystem service flows. However, over time, differing land use and disturbance histories between adjoining jurisdictions may lead to divergence in plant community composition or structure along administrative boundaries, thus reducing landscape connectivity within PACEs. We tested this hypothesis by measuring evidence of human disturbance and occurrence of nonnative plant species along boundaries between protected areas and multiple-use lands in the California PACEs surrounding Lassen Volcanic and Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks. Invasive plants were found in about half of sampled units at Sequoia & Kings Canyon, but occurrence was rare at Lassen Volcanic and above 2000 m in both PACEs. We found no significant differences in invasive plant occurrence or human disturbance along boundaries between adjoining jurisdictions, and correlations between disturbance and invasive plant detections were not significant except in U.S. Forest Service non-wilderness lands. The overall low rate of detection in this study limited the power of statistical tests, and may be largely due to the high average elevation of sampling locations. Cooperative invasive plant management already occurs at times within these PACEs, and its continued use may be useful for maintaining a relatively invader-free environment under future conditions.

Agroecology is gaining increasing attention as a solution to maintaining robust ecosystem services for rural communities and down-stream users in tropical regions. The incorporation of trees into working landscapes is one specific agroecology practice, which to be effective must be driven by regional values and preferences. Using an exploratory study from rural Costa Rica, we illustrate how a photo-based survey approach can assist in determining landowner preferences for tree configurations that could be incorporated into private-property landscape design. We also examined landowner motivations and community-identified barriers to maintaining tree cover on private property. Through the photo-based survey, which was deployed online in 2020, we found that landowners were more interested in the incorporation of large tree configurations (e.g. wide riparian buffer zones; large, forested patches) over smaller ones (e.g. small, forested patches; isolated trees). While preferred tree configurations supported landowner-identified values (e.g. habitat provisioning; watershed protection), barriers most likely inhibited the actual implementation of such configurations, including limited space and financial resources. To overcome such barriers, a diversified approach including involvement by government and local NGOs may increase accessibility of preferred tree configurations among small landholders interested in conservation. Photo-based surveys are effective tools for increasing dialogue with local communities, which can generate a deeper understanding of potential challenges and landowner interest in tree incorporation, thus informing regional agroecology recommendations and policy.

Pectis imberbis is an endangered plant found in the Madrean Archipelago ecoregion of southern Arizona. Numerous, potentially interacting stressors, such as drought, shifting fire regimes, invasive species, and grazing by domesticated and wild ungulates, affect this species and region. We used Integral Projection Models (IPMs) to describe dynamics of the largest documented P. imberbis population. While collecting census data, we quantified impacts of species interacting with P. imberbis, including pollinators, Coues deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi), and co-occurring vegetation, and evaluated their impact on P. imberbis population vital rates. Despite a large overall size (N= 794), the growth rate for this population was below replacement level (lambda= 0.9519). Browse by Coues deer negatively impacted demographic vital rates. Woody species and perennial grasses afforded protection against browse, especially for small individuals, but in the absence of browse, coincidence with heterospecific vegetation decreased growth, survival, and reproduction of P. imberbis. We observed 12 taxa of invertebrates interacting with P. imberbis flowers, including native bees, flies, and wasps. Seed production by bagged flowers indicated that flowers are self-compatible. In summary, we detected a unique interplay between deer, which negatively impacted P. imberbis populations via browse, and vegetation, which reduced incidence of browse, while simultaneously depressing P. imberbis vital rates when no browse occurred. Findings suggest that shifts in community dynamics, such as introduction of invasive grasses or fluctuations in deer populations, could impact P. imberbis population trajectories. Management actions, including exclusion of herbivores and removal of invasive grasses, should be considered to aid species recovery.

Wildfires play a vital role in ecosystems and are one of the most significant natural processes that shape the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountain Ranges in northeastern California. At the same time, across the American West, a history of fire exclusion, timber salvage and harvest, and human-assisted reforestation has caused widespread changes in forest vegetation patterns over the past century. Federal agencies such as the National Park Service (NPS) and US Forest Service (USFS) have different missions and approaches to these land management activities, creating a mosaic of ecological conditions across managed landscapes both before and after wildfires. We studied vegetation recovery following a major fire that crossed jurisdictional boundaries to explore how management history (fire exclusion and timber harvest and salvage) and post-fire reforestation efforts may influence vegetation regeneration. Using both field-based data collection and remote sensing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analyses, we assessed differences in vegetation communities found in the NPS and USFS portions of the footprint of the 2012 Reading Fire in northeastern California. We found that a legacy of timber harvest combined with fire exclusion was associated with denser shrub regeneration and minimal sapling recovery. In this context, areas that were reforested post-fire returned a relatively diverse and abundant suite of mixed-conifer tree species to the landscape. In areas with a history of fire exclusion that regenerated without human interference after the fire, saplings did establish on their own but were predominantly white fir (Abies concolor), a shade-tolerant species that is known to increase wildfire severity.

Research Highlights: Forest pest outbreaks that cross jurisdictional boundaries pose particular challenges, since both ecological and social factors influence the effectiveness of management responses. This study found that difficulties emerge from the misalignment of management objectives and policies that deter collaboration. The sharing of resources and collaborative responses to outbreaks may improve management outcomes. Background and Objectives: This study examines if and how boundaries influence the effectiveness of forest pest management within the protected area-centered ecosystems of Rocky Mountain National Park and Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Materials and Methods: Using semi-structured interviews and a survey distributed to forest managers, we explored how partitioning affects pest management effectiveness and identified barriers to and strategies for managing outbreaks that cross boundaries. Results: Cross-boundary outbreaks are uniquely challenging due to federally mandated policies, agency mission misalignment, a lack of formal collaboration, and a lack of public support for timber management programs. Strategies that may improve outcomes include reevaluating problematic policies; ensuring messaging is consistent across agencies; and developing a preventative cross-boundary forest insect outbreak management team. Conclusions: Measures to increase collaboration in multi-jurisdictional landscapes will help managers prepare for future forest pest outbreaks, which are expected to increase in frequency with climate change.

Abstract Agroecology is gaining increasing attention in tropical regions as a solution to maintaining robust ecosystem services for rural communities and down-stream users. The incorporation of tree configurations into working landscapes is a specific agroecology practice, that to be effective, must be driven by regional values and preferences. In rural Costa Rica, we used a photo-based survey to determine landowner preferences for tree configurations that could be incorporated into landscape design on private property. We examined landowner motivations for having trees on private land, as well as community-identified barriers to maintaining tree cover. We found that landowners were very interested in the incorporation of large tree configurations (e.g., wide riparian buffer zones; large, forested patches) and that preferences did not vary significantly by demographics (respondent’s property size; income source). Respondents identified various regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services as important motivating factors for maintaining trees on private land, whereas provisioning services and legal reasons were not as strong motivating factors. While preferred tree configurations supported the values that landowners identified as important (e.g., habitat provisioning), barriers may inhibit the actual implementation of such configurations, including limited space and financial resources. To overcome such barriers, results indicate that a shift may be needed within Costa Rica’s Payment for Ecosystem Service program to increase participation among small landholders interested in tree conservation. Increasing dialog with local communities can generate a deeper understanding of potential challenges and landowner interest in tree incorporation, which can then inform regional agroecology recommendations and policy.

Land management decisions have profound impacts on biological communities. Various administrative units are likely to implement different management decisions, with the result that consistent biological patterns that track administrative boundaries may emerge. To assess these relationships, we collected data on land cover, disturbance evidence, and tree communities in randomized sampling sites located in National Park, US Forest Service Wilderness, and US Forest Service Non-wilderness distributed across the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Protected AreaCentered Ecosystem (GRSM PACE). We examined how present-day values for these ecological responses were linked to both biophysical site characteristics (as the foundation for ecological communities) and jurisdiction type (as categories that integrate the combination of dynamic social decisions and management practices since initial designation). The variable representing administrative unit, jurisdiction type, acted as an umbrella indicator of the management trajectory and social influences that have affected a site and emerged as an important predictor of groundcover types (grass and litter), tree diversity, and wildlife sign at sites across the GRSM PACE. This was an exploratory study with limited sample size, so more data are needed to explore the mechanisms driving these relationships. These initial findings, however, suggest that differences in management activities alter the ecological trajectory of sites across the PACE. Given dynamic and diverse management practices, our data suggest jurisdiction overlaid on biophysical site information may be useful to rapidly assess how socially defined landscape activities impact biological responses, particularly when both are stressed by global change.

Disruption of plant-pollinator interactions by invasive predators is poorly understood but may pose a critical threat for native ecosystems. In a multiyear field experiment in Hawai'i, we suppressed abundances of globally invasive predators and then observed insect visitation to flowers of six native plant species. Three plant species are federally endangered (Haplostachys haplostachya, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium arenarium) and three are common throughout their range (Bidens menziesii, Dubautia linearis, Sida fallax). Insect visitors were primarily generalist pollinators, including taxa that occur worldwide such as solitary bees (e.g., Lasioglossum impavidum), social bees (e.g., Apis mellifera), and syrphid flies (e.g., Allograpta exotica). We found that suppressing invasive rats (Rattus rattus), mice (Mus musculus), ants (Linepithema humile, Tapinoma melanocephalum), and yellowjacket wasps (Vespula pensylvanica) had positive effects on pollinator visitation to plants in 16 of 19 significant predator-pollinator-plant interactions. We found only positive effects of suppressing rats and ants, and both positive and negative effects of suppressing mice and yellowjacket wasps, on the frequency of interactions between pollinators and plants. Model results predicted that predator eradication could increase the frequency of insect visitation to flowering species, in some cases by more than 90%. Previous results from the system showed that these flowering species produced significantly more seed when flowers were allowed to outcross than when flowers were bagged to exclude pollinators, indicating limited autogamy. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of suppression or eradication of invasive rodents, ants, and yellowjackets to reverse pollination disruption, particularly in locations with high numbers of at-risk plant species or already imperiled pollinator populations.