‘Goldenhart’ (Reg. No. CV‐368, PI 688445) is a two‐rowed spring hull‐less food barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed by the USDA‐ARS, Aberdeen, ID, in cooperation with the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, and released in 2017. Goldenhart is derived from the cross of 02HR 4590/‘CDC Fibar’ and was advanced through modified bulk pedigree F1– F5. Goldenhart was tested at the USDA‐ARS, and all other cooperative trials, as line 2Ab09‐X06F058HL‐31. Goldenhart was tested over 40 location years and has shown better yield under irrigated conditions than ‘CDC Alamo’ and ‘Transit’ and better yield in dryland areas than all the current two‐rowed spring hull‐less food barley cultivars, ‘Julie’, Transit, and CDC Alamo. Moreover, Goldenhart has shown significantly higher yields than Transit, the barley check with similar β‐glucan concentration, in both irrigated and dryland conditions. Goldenhart will be a good hull‐less cultivar and a better alternative than Transit in the food barley production market.

Enlarging genetic pools of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm is important for keeping diverse genetic resources available for barley improvement. 01Ab9663 (Reg. No. GP‐209; PI 677387) is a six‐rowed elite line from the cross 93Ab375//92Ab5189/M83. 93Ab375 was derived from the cross Russell/82Ab2322//‘Morex’, and 92Ab5189 was the result of the cross 83Ab5432/85SR40. 01Ab9663 was advanced via the bulk method from the F2 to F5 generations. 01Ab9663 exhibited a 126 and 105% yield advantage over ‘Morex’ and ‘Tradition’, respectively, within 37 locations years of testing in our irrigated trials. It showed on average 81.8% malt extract, significantly higher than all the checks from 21 trials. 01Ab9663 has a semidwarf stature with strong straw, a desirable trait for lodging resistance. These excellent character traits make 01Ab9663 a good choice for germplasm development of future malt and feed lines.

‘Kardia’ (Reg. No. CV‐360, PI 675999), a two‐rowed spring hulled food barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the USDA‐ARS, Aberdeen, ID, in cooperation with the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, was released in 2015. Kardia is derived from the cross 03AH3054/98Ab12019’ and was advanced through bulk pedigree F1– F5. Kardia was tested at the USDA‐ARS and all other cooperative trials as line 2Ab09‐X06F084‐51. Kardia tested across 40 location years and has shown better yield in irrigated condition and similar yield in dryland comparing to the current two‐rowed spring hulled food barley cultivar check ‘Salute’, but it has lower yield than ‘Baronesse’, a feed barley check. Kardia, however, has shown significantly higher β‐glucan content than Salute. Kardia could be a good hulled cultivar and a better alternative than Salute in the food barley production market.

Improvement of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars is important for both the malting industry and barley production. A new, two-row spring, malting barley cultivar named 'Merem' (Reg. No. CV-353, PI 668574), was developed by bulked selection approach at the USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID, in cooperation with the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. Merem was tested at the USDA-ARS and all other cooperative trials as 02Ab17271. 02Ab17271 is a selection from the cross 85Ab2323/'Merit'. 85Ab2323, a USDA-ARS experimental selection from the cross '79Ab10542/78Ab6871', is a high-yielding, well-adapted, two-row spring barley from the USDA-ARS Aberdeen, ID. Both 79Ab10542 and 78Ab6871 are experimental selections from the USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID. Merit was developed by Busch Agricultural Resources LLC., at Fort Collins, CO, and was selected from the cross 'Manley/2B80-350'. Merem has higher yield than 'Harrington' and 'AC Metcalfe' in irrigated conditions and higher malt extract than all control lines of Harrington, AC Metcalfe, and 'Conrad'. Merem provides another option for the malting barley industry among two-row, malting barley cultivars.

Studies on the effects of β‐glucan on humans have shown that food containing high concentrations of β‐glucans from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) reduced total cholesterol levels. β‐Glucan has been shown to be beneficial for the regulation of blood‐glucose levels, and high β‐glucan has been found to reduce glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. High β‐glucan barley varieties with good agronomic traits are few and have reduced yield potential compared with feed‐ and malting‐barley cultivars. ‘Transit’ (Reg. No. CV‐348, PI 660128), a two‐rowed, spring, high β‐glucan barley, was developed and submitted for release in 2009 by the USDA‐ARS, Aberdeen, ID in cooperation with the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. Transit is a selection from the cross 10/‘Azhul’//‘CDC Alamo’. 10 is a selection from composite cross XXXII. Azhul is a six‐rowed, high β‐glucan cultivar released by the ARS and Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station and is the progenitor of most high β‐glucan cultivars and germplasm. Azhul was developed by the mutation of line 76‐19‐7 with diethyl sulfate. Line 76‐19‐7 has the pedigree CCXXXII/‘Arimont’//‘Westbar’. CDC Alamo, tested as HB340, has the pedigree SB85750/Azhul. Transit has a reduced yield potential compared with the best feed and malting types, but its high level of β‐glucan provides enough added value to allow it to be economically competitive with current malting‐barley cultivars. The release of Transit will provide producers with a variety having improved yield potential and β‐glucan content compared with the current varieties CDC Alamo and Azhul. Transit is expected to be adapted to both irrigated and rainfed regions in Idaho.

STARS 1006B (Reg. No. GP‐200, PI 659760), STARS 1007B (Reg. No. GP‐201, PI 659761), STARS 1008B (Reg. No. GP‐202, PI 659762), STARS 1009B (Reg. No. GP‐203, PI 659763), STARS 1010B (Reg. No. GP‐204, PI 659764), STARS 1011B (Reg. No. GP‐205, PI 659765), STARS 1012B (Reg. No. GP‐206, PI 659766), and STARS 1013B (Reg. No. GP‐207, PI 659767), are winter, six‐rowed, feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) germplasm lines developed cooperatively by the USDA‐ARS, in Stillwater, OK, and Aberdeen, ID as sources of resistance to Russian wheat aphid [RWA; Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)] and greenbug [GB; Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)]. Each resistant line is in a ‘Post 90’ background and comparable with ‘Post 90’ (PI 549081) in yield, test weight, heading date, and height in the absence of RWA and GB. Each line is highly resistant to both RWA and GB and has a wide area of adaptation ranging from irrigated production in the northwestern United States to dryland production in the southern plains, where both RWA and GB can be problematic.

Nutritional benefits of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L., 2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD) are well recognized; however, seed protein levels are modest and resources for genetic improvement are scarce. The wild tetraploid, A. magna Murphy et Terrell (syn A. maroccana Gdgr., 2n = 4x = 28, CCDD), which contains approximately 31% seed protein, was hybridized with cultivated oat to produce a domesticated A. magna. Wild and cultivated accessions were crossed to generate a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Although these materials could be used to develop domesticated, high-protein oat, mapping and quantitative trait loci introgression is hindered by a near absence of genetic markers. Objectives of this study were to develop high-throughput, A. magna-specific markers; generate a genetic linkage map based on the A. magna RIL population; and map genes controlling oat domestication. A Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) array derived from 10 A. magna genotypes was used to generate 2,688 genome-specific probes. These, with 12,672 additional oat clones, produced 2,349 polymorphic markers, including 498 (21.2%) from A. magna arrays and 1,851 (78.8%) from other Avena libraries. Linkage analysis included 974 DArT markers, 26 microsatellites, 13 SNPs, and 4 phenotypic markers, and resulted in a 14-linkage-group map. Marker-to-marker correlation coefficient analysis allowed classification of shared markers as unique or redundant, and putative linkage-group-to-genome anchoring. Results of this study provide for the first time a collection of high-throughput tetraploid oat markers and a comprehensive map of the genome, providing insights to the genome ancestry of oat and affording a resource for study of oat domestication, gene transfer, and comparative genomics.

Near‐isogenic lines (NILs) were developed in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and evaluated for resistance to barley stripe rust (BSR; incited by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) and agronomic potential. These NILs, the BISON lines (Barley stripe rust resistance ISOgeNic), represent BSR resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) alleles introgressed individually and in all possible combinations into a susceptible background ‘Baronesse’ (PI 568246). The lines are BISON 1H (Reg. No. GS‐4, PI 659445), BISON 4H (Reg. No. GS‐8, PI 659449), BISON 5H (Reg. No. GS‐10, PI 659451), BISON 1H +4H (Reg. No. GS‐5, PI 659446), BISON 1H+5H (Reg. No. GS‐7, PI 659448), BISON 4H+5H (Reg. No. GS‐9, PI 659450), BISON 1H+4H+5H (Reg. No. GS‐6, PI 659447), BISON 7H (Reg. No. GS‐11, PI 659452), and BISON 0‐QTL (Reg. No. GS‐12, PI 659453), and the QTL donors were BCD12 (Reg. No. GS‐2, PI 659443), BCD47 (Reg. No. GS‐3, PI 659444), and D3–6/B23 (Reg. No. GS‐1, PI 659442). The experimental lines and released line names are the same. Phenotypic data, in conjunction with genotypic data, were used to characterize QTL allele introgressions and to assess the impact of these introgressions and pyramiding on agronomic performance. The BISON lines represent valuable sources of BSR resistance in an improved background, and performance data provide useful assessments of QTL allele introgressions (alone and in combination) and quantitative versus qualitative disease resistance.

Although microsatellites are an efficient and reliable genetic marker system, availability is limited in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.). Previous research has suggested that microsatellites from related species may be adapted to oat. This study investigated the stability of existing oat microsatellites, sequenced polymorphic oat amplicons derived from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) primers, and redesigned primers to develop oat-based markers. We evaluated 161 published oat microsatellites and identified 9 with polymorphism between mapping parents Ogle1040 and TAM O-301 (OT). We also studied 30 wheat, 1 Aegilops tauschii Coss., and 9 barley primers with reported oat polymorphism. Sixteen primers (1 A. tauschii, 10 wheat, 5 barley) amplified random oat sequences and were used to generate 28 new oat STS markers. Eight primers, 4 each from wheat and barley, amplified oat repetitive motifs, generating 10 new oat SSRs. Four additional SSRs were developed from characterization of thaumatin-like pathogenesis-related protein sequences formerly utilized as the Rast1-4 oat marker. These new markers, along with 9 existing oat SSRs and 6 previously identified disease resistance loci, were mapped in the OT population, joining 3 pairs of linkage groups. Map locations of multiallelic SSRs and disease-resistance QTL interactions suggested possible homoeologous relationships among the oat chromosomes.

Malting quality data were collected on malts from three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) breeding program trials. We tried to identify causal polymorphisms in the Bmy1 intron III and coding regions for use in marker‐assisted selection. Abundant malting quality variation exists in the spring barley germplasm despite the parents having identical Bmy1 intron III and coding regions. After complete Bmy1 sequencing, no polymorphisms associated with malting quality phenotypes, indicating the genetic basis for the observed variation resides outside Bmy1. Complete allele sequencing identified one winter barley parent that had a novel Bmy1 allele (Sd1a) based on amino acid substitutions that are candidates as causative agents for the phenotypic variation. Marker‐assisted selection against the Sd1a allele could be effective in improving diastatic power (DP). The Sd1a allele is associated with low DP and is present in only three of the 51 lines, presumably due to preceding generations being selected for high DP. Selection for DP has subsequently eliminated the Sd1a allele from this breeding program. This research shows the importance of having complete allele sequences and knowledge of functional polymorphisms in target genes before using marker‐assisted selection.

Crown rust is the most damaging disease of cultivated oat (Avena sativa) and genetic resistance is the primary means of controlling the disease. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) with major and minor effects have been identified in Ogle1040 and TAM O-301 (most notably, Pc58 and PcNQMG/LGCG from TAM O-301 and OT-27 from Ogle1040) through single-isolate greenhouse and field tests. To map loci and determine the effectiveness of previously identified QTL against naturally occurring pathogen populations in highly disease-conducive environments, the Ogle/TAM O-301 (OT) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was grown in Texas and Louisiana over 2 years and in Manitoba, Canada. The genetic region characterized by the Pc58 resistance gene complex, particularly Pc58a, accounted for most of the diseased leaf area (DLA) and infection type (IT) variance in all five experiments. Additionally, the genetic region characterized by PcNQMG/LGCG accounted for a portion of the IT variance in three experiments. Although no QTL was detected on OT-27 in this study, all the markers on this linkage group were associated (P < 0.0001) with reducing both IT and DLA using single-marker analysis. Screening with 25 Puccinia coronata isolates from six different states indicated that Pc58abc and Pc58a were highly effective, while characterization using F(2) populations derived from OT RILs containing the two main genetic regions responsible for crown rust resistance in TAM O-301 (Pc58 and PcNQMG/LGCG) and a minor QTL in Ogle (OT-27) indicated that Pc58a, in combination with a locus in Ogle1040, provided high levels of resistance to natural races in Texas. This study provides new information and key loci in OT mapping population and may be useful for effective control of crown rust in North America.

ABSTRACTKernel hardness is an important trait influencing postharvest handling, processing, and food product quality in cereal grains. Though well‐characterized in wheat, the basis of kernel hardness is still not completely understood in barley. Kernels of 959 barley breeding lines were evaluated for hardness using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS). Barley lines exhibited a broad range of hardness index (HI) values at 30.1–91.9. Distribution of kernel diameter and weight were 1.7–2.9 mm and 24.9–53.7 mg, respectively. The proportion of hull was 10.2–20.7%. From the 959 breeding lines, 10 hulled spring barley lines differing in HI values (30.1–91.2) were selected to study the associations of HI with proportion of hull, kernel weight, diameter, vitreousness, protein, β‐glucan, and amylose content. Vitreousness, evaluated visually using a light box, showed a clear distinction between hard and soft kernels. Hard kernels appeared translucent, while soft kernels appeared opaque when illuminated from below on the light box. Kernel brightness (L*), determined as an indicator of kernel vitreousness, showed a significant negative correlation (r = –0.83, P < 0.01) with HI. Protein, β‐glucan, amylose content, proportion of hull, kernel weight, and diameter did not show any significant association with HI.

A digestibility trial was conducted to elucidate potential differences in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines and varieties as a first step in defining their potential for use in aquafeeds. A diverse group of six barley lines having six combinations of selected attributes, normal versus low phytic acid, normal versus waxy, and hulled versus hull-less, were chosen for evaluation along with a waxy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soft white wheat. The experimental diets were manufactured by cooking extrusion and consisted of a 70% reference diet that was formulated to contain a minimal level of phosphorus and 30% test ingredient. Phosphorus availability ranged from 17 to 78% and was influenced by starch type in wheat. Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 53 to 125% and differences were observed between wheat varieties based on starch type. Apparent energy digestibility ranged from 32 to 63%, with waxy barley varieties having higher energy digestibility coefficients than normal starch varieties. Waxy starch varieties had higher starch digestibility in both barley and wheat because of the greater digestibility of amylopectin than amylose. In summary, the higher energy digestibility of waxy barley lines suggests that these varieties warrant further attention as feed ingredients for rainbow trout.

‘Endeavor’ (Reg. No. CV‐341, PI 654824), a two‐rowed winter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), was developed and submitted for release in 2007 by the USDA–ARS, Aberdeen, ID, in cooperation with the University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. Endeavor is a selection from the cross ORWM8406/‘Harrington’. ORWM8406 has the pedigree ‘Carstens’/‘Riso’ mutant 1508 (F1)//‘Cossack’. Riso mutant 1508 is an ethyleneimine‐induced mutant of ‘Bomi’. Progenitors of ORWM8406 are all European barleys. Harrington is a two‐rowed spring malting barley released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, and is the current western two‐rowed malting industry standard. Endeavor was released because of its higher diastatic power compared with ‘Charles’, the most‐advanced two‐rowed winter malting barley adapted to Idaho.

‘Lenetah’ (Reg. No. CV‐338, PI 652440) two‐rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was developed by the Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID, in cooperation with the Idaho Agricultural Experimental Station and released in December 2007. Lenetah was selected from the cross 94Ab12981/91Ab3148. 94Ab12981 has the pedigree 85Ab2323/‘Camas’. 85Ab2323 has the pedigree 79Ab19042/‘Crystal’. 79Ab19042 is a selection from the cross ‘Klages’/‘Hector’. Camas is a selection from the cross ND5976/ND7159. ND5976 has the pedigree ‘Maris Concord’/Klages//ND2679‐4 and ND7159 has the pedigree Klages/ND1244/3/ND2685/ND1156//Hector. 91Ab3148 has the pedigree ‘Gallatin’/‘Targhee’//‘Bowman’. Lenetah was selected as an F5:6 line in 2001 and given the experimental designation 01Ab11107. It was released due to its superior yield and test weight compared to ‘Baronesse’, the most widely grown feed barley in Idaho and Montana. The yield advantage over Baronesse is especially pronounced in northern Idaho and eastern Washington and under dryland conditions.

‘Clearwater’ (Reg. No. CV‐335; PI 647080) is a spring two‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed by the USDA‐ARS and the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. Clearwater was selected and released on the basis of competitive agronomic performance in combination with low‐phytate (LP), hulless grain. Clearwater derives from an BC1F3:4 selection from the cross ‘Baronesse’*2/Pmut640//HB317. It was tested under the experimental designation 01ID435H. The parent Pmut640 is a sodium‐azide generated mutant induced in the two‐rowed malting cultivar Harrington. The mutation conferring reduced phytate in Pmut640 is believed to be allelic to lpa2‐1, which results in a reduction of phytate (myo‐inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakisphosphate) of approximately 40 to 50% and an increase in inorganic P of greater than 400%. Studies have shown that these changes are associated with increased feed quality and reduced environmental impacts when fed to non‐ruminant animals, based on increased P digestibility and reduced fecal P content.

Journal of Plant RegistrationsVolume 2, Issue 1 p. 10-11 Cultivar Registration of ‘Tetonia’ Barley D. E. Obert, Corresponding Author D. E. Obert dobert@uidaho.edu USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Facility, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210Corresponding author (dobert@uidaho.edu).Search for more papers by this authorD. M. Wesenberg, D. M. Wesenberg USDA-ARS (Retired), 615 Calder Ave., American Falls, ID, 83211Search for more papers by this authorD. E. Burrup, D. E. Burrup USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Facility, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210Search for more papers by this authorC. A. Erickson, C. A. Erickson USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Facility, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210Search for more papers by this authorJ. M. Windes, J. M. Windes University of Idaho, Idaho Falls Res. and Ext. Center, 1776 Science Center Dr., Idaho Falls, ID, 83402-1575Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Whitmore, J. C. Whitmore University of Idaho, Tetonia Res. and Ext. Center, 888 West Hwy 33, Newdale, ID, 83436Search for more papers by this author D. E. Obert, Corresponding Author D. E. Obert dobert@uidaho.edu USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Facility, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210Corresponding author (dobert@uidaho.edu).Search for more papers by this authorD. M. Wesenberg, D. M. Wesenberg USDA-ARS (Retired), 615 Calder Ave., American Falls, ID, 83211Search for more papers by this authorD. E. Burrup, D. E. Burrup USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Facility, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210Search for more papers by this authorC. A. Erickson, C. A. Erickson USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Facility, 1691 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210Search for more papers by this authorJ. M. Windes, J. M. Windes University of Idaho, Idaho Falls Res. and Ext. Center, 1776 Science Center Dr., Idaho Falls, ID, 83402-1575Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Whitmore, J. C. Whitmore University of Idaho, Tetonia Res. and Ext. Center, 888 West Hwy 33, Newdale, ID, 83436Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2008 https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2007.03.0142crcCitations: 5 All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume2, Issue1January 2008Pages 10-11 RelatedInformation

‘RWA 1758’ (Reg. No. CV‐336; PI 648913) is a spring, Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) (RWA)–resistant two‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed by the USDA‐ARS. RWA 1758 was selected and released on the basis of competitive agronomic performance and resistance to damage caused by RWA feeding. RWA 1758 derives from a BC3F3:4 selection from the cross ‘Baronesse’*4/STARS 9577B. It was tested under the experimental designation 01ST1758. STARS 9577B is a six‐rowed spring RWA‐resistant germplasm line developed and released by the USDA‐ARS. STARS 9577B is resistant to the five RWA biotypes known to be present in the United States. STARS 9577B was developed via selection from CIho 4165, a landrace originally collected in Afghanistan. The main component of the resistance is tolerance, conferred by two dominant genes with recessive epistasis.