The six works in this symposium provide examples of scale development and exemplify best practices. Rather than reiterate similar steps among the six studies, the presenters will focus on the most difficult aspect(s) of developing each scale providing a “behind the scenes” look at challenges in scale development. Two measurement expert discussants will subsequently expand on each challenge and provide recommendations and general feedback regarding the challenge and how best to address it within the field of management. Following the paper presentations, the discussants will share their thoughts on the future of scale development as well as answer audience questions. Challenges in Developing and Validating Target neutral Scales of Different Bond Types Presenter: Howard Klein; Ohio State U. Presenter: Heiko Breitsohl; U. of Klagenfurt, Austria Presenter: Marina Schefer; U. of Osnabrueck Presenter: Tammo Straatmann; U. of Osnabrueck Presenter: Karsten Mueller; U. of Osnabrueck Rebuilding the Foundation: What Is Status and How Do We Measure It? Presenter: Truit Gray; Bowling Green State U. Presenter: Lisa Schurer Lambert; Oklahoma State U. Scale Development Challenges Related to Scoring the CRT-A Presenter: Sydney Reichin; Pennsylvania State U. Presenter: Ashley Linden-Carmichael; Pennsylvania State U. Presenter: Daniel Smith; United States Military Academy Presenter: James M. LeBreton; Pennsylvania State U. Transparency With One’s Measure: The Impact of Construct and Item Wording on Measurement Development Presenter: John Lynch; U. of Illinois at Chicago Presenter: Jingyu Zhang; U. of Illinois at Chicago Workplace Boredom: Defining a Construct and Developing a Measure Presenter: Anna Maria Zabinski; Illinois State U. Presenter: Lisa Schurer Lambert; Oklahoma State U. Developing the Facets of AI-Attitudes Scale Presenter: Daria Morozova; HEC Paris

This article outlines a personal Journey Line Narrative exercise aimed at enhancing leader authenticity and effectiveness by asking students to “look back” and identify their core values, as well as the formative experiences that helped solidify those values. The Journey Line Narrative encourages reflection and self-awareness by asking students to answer the question “Who am I?”, to articulate this reflection to a mentor, and to distill this reflection into a coherent essay. This exercise can be useful in courses focused on leader development by helping aspiring leaders develop and communicate their authenticity, core values, and purpose

This article provides a review of the approach that James used when conducting item analyses on his conditional reasoning test items. That approach was anchored in classical test theory. Our article extends this work in two important ways. First, we offer a set of test development protocols that are tailored to the unique nature of conditional reasoning tests. Second, we further extend James’s approach by integrating his early test validation protocols (based on classical test theory) with more recent protocols (based on item response theory). We then apply our integrated item analytic framework to data collected on James’s first test, the conditional reasoning test for relative motive strength. We illustrate how this integrated approach furnishes additional diagnostic information that may allow researchers to make more informed and targeted revisions to an initial set of items.

Objective: To evaluate induced refractory change caused by 2.8mm corneal incisions in patients undergoing phacoemulsification, as a function of incision location. Design: Prospective, interventional clinical case series. Methods: 110 patients aged ≥50 years with visually significant cataract scheduled for routine phacoemulsification were enrolled in this study. Patients underwent preoperative evaluation, including keratometry and corneal topography using the Pentacam. Those patients who had baseline astigmatism <0.5 diopters were randomly assigned to have the clear corneal incision placed either temporally, nasally, or superiorly. Those with greater amounts of pre-existing astigmatism underwent surgery either superiorly or nasally, in the steep corneal axis. Patients with oblique astigmatism were excluded. Follow-up evaluation included repetition of the corneal topography measurements, which allowed computation of surgically induced astigmatism in the overall keratometric changes caused by the incision. Results: Temporal corneal incisions created less surgically induced astigmatism than those placed superiorly or nasally. Overall mean degree of surgically induced astigmatism was <0.25 diopters for temporal incisions. Nasal incisions created greater flattening of the cornea, with values falling in the 0.25 to 0.5 diopter range. A slightly greater degree of corneal flattening was seen in the meridian of superiorly placed incisions, with the range falling between 0.25 to 0.75 diopters. Conclusions: Surgically induced astigmatism is least when clear corneal incisions created by a 2.8mm keratome are placed in the temporal meridian. Reviewer's Comments: Keeping in mind the expected degree of corneal astigmatism created by 2.8mm keratomes will allow surgeons who use this size incision to estimate the effect of the incision itself on the corneal curvature. When patients have pre-existing astigmatism and it is desired to minimize the degree of postoperative astigmatism, performing surgery in the steep meridian can be beneficial. When the steep meridian is horizontal, nasal incisions appear to induce more flattening than those placed temporally. Knowledge of these principles is also useful in the preoperative assessment and surgical decision-making when using toric intraocular lenses. (Reviewer-Scott D. Smith, MD).

While engaged in the Global War on Terror, our soldiers have discovered the need at the small unit level for a non-line of sight, man portable, lethal, unmanned device that could be used to gain entry into a building by blowing the door, kill enemy personnel or disable soft skinned vehicles without a soldier ever exposing himself to the enemy and while minimizing collateral damage. This capability could potentially save soldiers lives and increase the combat effectiveness of our units currently deployed in combat zones. Our project team will evaluate several alternatives and provide a recommended solution for such a device to provide these capabilities to the soldier on the ground. Currently, the US Army - specifically special operations command (SOCOM) and the US Marine Corps operate with small and unmanned surveillance equipment. None of these systems however have a lethal component. Additionally, they are currently all operated primarily at the company or battalion level. Other unmanned ariel vehicles are equipped with a lethal capability but they are too heavy and require too large a launch footprint to be effectively employed by small unit ground forces. FMI 3-04.155 (army unmanned aircraft system operations) is the current field manual which outlines the effective employment of current UAS in the inventory [3]. Currently, there is a noticeable capability void which can be best addressed by a system which incorporates the flexibility of a smaller man portable UAV with the lethality of one of the larger systems. Our study seeks to find a solution which will address this capability void.

Research on auditory graph interpretation has investigated mappings, scalings, and polarities, as well as the addition of some contextual design features like clicks. However, little has been done to quantify the benefits of those or other design features, or to investigate training in specific sonification tasks such as point estimation. In Study 1, 160 undergraduates listened to auditory graphs and estimated exact dollar values at specific points in the graph. X-axis context (clicks) improved performance by aiding time calibration. Y-axis context (reference tones) that provided scaling cues improved performance. In Study 2, listeners performed similar tasks with continuous as opposed to discrete stimuli, and with or without training. X-axis clicks did not help in this case. Training improved performance overall. When there was no training, y-axis context improved performance to the level of trained listeners, suggesting the effects of training and y-axis were comparable, but not additive. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Designers of military systems, such as Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2), are concerned that “change blindness” may cause users to miss information updates. In the current study, participants monitored an FBCB2 display and reported the changes they detected. Results indicate that participants were not more likely to detect icon position changes (moves), when they were large, 17.5 mm moves (control moves), opposed to when they were gradual moves (a series of 10 smaller, 1.75 mm moves). But, when moves were correctly detected, response times were faster for control moves than they were for gradual moves. These findings may help clarify how attributes of a change (here, gradual vs. control moves) influence change blindness in military information displays.

Among other dangers, soldiers in combat often risk hearing damage. A new source of damage is an increase in crew compartment noise resulting from the addition of armored protection to Highly Mobile Multi-Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs, commonly known as “Humvee”). To protect soldiers, the US Army may replace the current Interim Headset (IH) with an Improved Tactical Headset (ITH), which uses noise cancellation technology. However, decision makers are concerned that the ITH may affect perception. In the current study, twenty-one soldiers were tested for accuracy of sound localization in an 8 times 2 mixed experimental design (Speaker Location x Headset Type). Results indicate soldiers wearing either headset experienced the front/back confusion typically found in the literature; but soldiers wearing the ITH localized sound more accurately when the sounds originated from their rear and right rear. These findings may support the ITH as the preferred intervention.

As the use of sonification expands, researchers and designers continue to employ techniques for adding context (such as tick marks, axes, or labels) whose benefit remains unquantified. This study examined the effect of several such techniques on the perceivability of an auditory graph. In Block 1, participants listened to a simple auditory graph, which had no added context (such as tick marks, axes, and labels), and answered trend analysis and point estimation questions about the information presented by the graph. In Block 2, participants repeated the process but the graph was augmented by 1 of 6 types of added context. The data revealed differences in perceivability between conditions for both trend analysis and the point estimation task, and an explainable ordering of error levels based on the amount and type of information provided by a particular contextual setting.

An attempt is made to pinpoint the way in which perception is related to belief. Although, for familiar reasons, it is not true to say that we necessarily believe in the existence of the objects we perceive, nor that they actually have their ostensible characteristics, it is argued that the relation between perception and belief is more than merely contingent There are two main issues to address. the first is that ‘collateral’ beliefs may impede perceptual belief. It is argued that this still assigns an essential role to belief in perception, though the belief may be of an attenuated form. the second is Fred Dretske's claim that even attenuated belief may be entirely absent from perception. It is argued that (a) ‘non‐epistemic’perception can be understood only by employing the concept of ‘epistemic’perception; (b) that the former can occur only partially—i.e., within perceptions that are otherwise epistemic; and (c) that by switching attention from the perception of objects to the Phenomenological tradition's concern with the perception of world, we can see that perception must be entirely permeated with ‘doxastic’force.