Genome size (GS) varies widely across plant lineages, yet its ecological consequences remain unclear. Here, we first examined how GS and climatic variables relate to the size of the reproductive unit and biogeochemical niche (i.e., elemental hypervolume) in bryophytes and tracheophytes (vascular plants). GS is positively associated with pollen and seed size in vascular plants but does not influence spore size in bryophytes. Moreover, GS was positively related to elemental flexibility in bryophytes but not in vascular plants, whereas climatic factors showed the opposite pattern. Elemental and climatic hypervolumes are coupled in vascular plants but decoupled in bryophytes. Overall, regardless of whether GS is an adaptive trait or not, GS can impose ecological and physiological constraints through lineage-specific effects on propagule size and physiological flexibility, reflecting the distinct evolutionary pathways followed by bryophytes and vascular plants during the colonization of land.

Climate change is intensifying water scarcity across Europe, raising urgent questions about how to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and ecological resilience of agricultural systems. Crop rotation—an essential form of agroecosystem biodiversity—has long been recognized as a cornerstone of sustainable land management, yet its large-scale contributions to improving WUE remain poorly quantified. Here, we integrate multi-year remote sensing observations with a Europe-wide crop rotation dataset to assess how rotational biodiversity influences agroecosystem WUE at 300m resolution across Europe. By leveraging multi-source satellite data and causal explainable machine learning, we show that greater rotational diversity substantially enhances WUE relative to monoculture systems, with the strongest improvements emerging in water-limited environments of Southern and Eastern Europe. Biodiversity in crop sequences increased WUE primarily by boosting gross primary productivity while stabilizing evapotranspiration under highly variable climatic conditions. Regions practicing cereal–legume/oilseed crop rotations exhibited the largest gains, highlighting the role of nitrogen-fixing and break crops in strengthening ecosystem water–carbon coupling and promoting functional diversity. Moreover, climate anomalies amplified the benefits of biodiverse rotations: during drought years, fields with high rotational diversity maintained significantly greater WUE resilience than continuous cropping systems. Our findings provide the first continental-scale evidence that agroecosystem biodiversity, expressed through crop rotational diversity, is a powerful and climate-robust strategy for enhancing agricultural water-use efficiency. As Europe faces escalating hydroclimatic extremes, promoting biodiversity-driven crop rotations represents a critical pathway toward sustainable, resource-efficient, and climate-resilient agroecosystems.Keywords: Crop rotations; Biodiversity; Climate change; Agroecosystems; Water-use efficiency; Europe

Increasing water stress on forests is emerging as a global phenomenon, resulting in the episodes of tree mortality, canopy die-offs and declines in ecosystem resilience, threatening the progress of global carbon neutrality. The role of tree functional strategies is pivotal in regulating forest ability to cope with water stress. To date, the species-level water stress strategies including closing leaf stomatal early, investing in stronger water transport structures, dropping leaves, storing water and developing deeper roots are well documented. However, how strategies found at the tree or species level scale up to characterise forest communities and their variation across regions is not yet well-documented. By combining eight water stress-related functional traits with forest inventory data from the USA and Europe (219,518 plots), we investigated the community-level trait coordination and the biogeographic patterns of water stress strategies for woody plants, and analysed the relationships between the strategies and climate factors. We found that the range of water stress strategies which dominated at community-level were consistent with those available at species-level. Traits associated with acquisitive-conservative strategies formed one dimension of variation, while leaf turgor loss point, associated with stomatal water strategy, loaded along a second. Surprisingly, spatial patterns of local water stress strategies were better explained by temperature than by aridity, suggesting a greater selective pressure on water demand over supply. These findings provide a basis on which to build predictions of forest response under water stress which are grounded in the dominant functional strategy, with particular potential to improve understanding of forest carbon sink potential in a changing climate.

Plant biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry by forming ozone and secondary organic aerosols, making them key agents in regulating air quality and influencing climate. However, current models usually rely on limited site-specific data and indirect inputs, introducing significant uncertainties in BVOC predictions. We propose remote sensing of photosynthetic optical signals, such as the carotenoid-sensitive photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and Chl/carotenoid index (CCI) and sun-induced fluorescence (SIF), to help reduce these uncertainties. These indices are functionally linked, albeit indirectly for SIF, to isoprenoid BVOC emissions via carotenoid biosynthesis. In this Viewpoint, we explore the potential of this connection to estimate and constrain BVOC emissions at multiple scales. We synthesize key aspects, recent advances, and research uncertainties, and propose empirical and scaling roadmaps for integrating optical signals with BVOCs, highlighting their connectivity under abiotic stress (e.g. drought, heat) and across seasonal dynamics. This integration represents a critical step toward reducing model uncertainties, improving large-scale BVOC monitoring, and enhancing our understanding of their role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. By providing a more comprehensive framework for linking plant physiological processes to atmospheric chemistry, this approach strengthens our ability to predict ecosystem responses to climate change.

Increasingly frequent and intense drought events can jeopardize the current and future productivity and health of forests. Consequently, the ability of dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) to simulate drought impacts is paramount to improving their representation of the carbon cycle. To capture the physiological damage inflicted by drought, many state-of-the-art DVMs have implemented representations of plant hydraulic architecture in recent years. Although the understanding of the underlying processes governing hydrodynamic behavior in plants has steadily increased, the parameterization of hydraulic traits for different plant functional types (PFTs) remains a source of uncertainty in model output – in part due to limited data availability. Here, we use LPJ-GUESS-HYD, an extension of LPJ-GUESS with new parameters and processes to simulate plant hydraulic architecture, isohydrodynamic water-potential regulation, and hydraulic failure mortality. Using latin hypercube sampling we create 6000 sets of hydraulic parameter combinations based on values found in the literature. Based on these parameter sets, we conduct a comprehensive variance-based sensitivity analysis for a set of 12 common European tree species across 37 sites from the FLUXNET 2020 warm winter dataset, encompassing a wide range of European ecosystems. Subsequently, we determine which parameters and parameter interactions contribute the most to variations in model outputs. Our results indicate that of the seven parameters used in the hydraulic architecture model of LPJ-GUESS-HYD, only a few have a significant effect on the model outcomes. More specifically, Ѱ50, the water potential at which 50 percent of conductance is lost, and maximum specific leaf conductance had the largest impact on simulated processes. Parameters related with the isohydric strategy of plants, had a lesser but still substantial role in shaping the model output. These results suggest that certain hydraulic parameters – and combinations thereof – play a disproportionate role in modulating simulated forest fluxes and states in LPJ-GUESS-HYD. Specific parameterization choices can drastically alter model performance, including whether PFTs can survive in a given climate or not. Aside from encouraging careful consideration of the available trait data when parameterizing new PFTs, our results may guide future experiments in choosing which hydraulic traits to focus on.

Background:Climate change is accelerating alterations in forest species and community composition worldwide,especially following extreme events like severe droughts and windstorms.Understanding these effects on sub-tropical forests is crucial for conservation and forest management,but it remains unclear whether the impacts are stochastic or deterministic. Methods:We analyzed a unique dataset from a 1-ha permanent plot in a subtropical monsoon broadleaf evergreen forest in China,monitored over 26 years with six surveys from 1994 to 2020.The forest has been free from anthropogenic disturbances for over 400 years.In each survey,we measured all trees with a diameter at breast height(DBH)≥1 cm,and recorded 11 plant functional traits relating to photosynthesis,wood properties,water use,and nutrient dynamics.Using this data,we calculated species and trait dispersion,assessing short-term(～5 years)and long-term(26 years)trends in species and trait composition following severe droughts and windstorm events. Results:Severe droughts,and subsequent droughts,increased both species and trait dispersion,while species composition converged,and trait dispersion remained relatively stable throughout the recovery period.Wind-storm events led to increased species dispersion but decreased trait dispersion.We observed a clear directional shift in both species and trait composition under these climatic stressors,with a more pronounced increase in trait dispersion compared to species dispersion. Conclusion:In the short term(～5 years),severe droughts and windstorms increased species composition diver-gence,while trait composition responses varied.Over 26 years,deterministic processes mainly drove community composition changes,especially for trait composition,although stochastic processes also played a role.These findings suggest enhancing forest resilience to climatic stressors by protecting adaptive species or increasing species diversity in management practices.

Environmental changes and their effects are among the most pressing topics of today's ecological research. Shrublands, although widespread across the globe, remain understudied in this respect. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 81 shrubland sites subjected to experimental warming, shifts in precipitation (e.g. increased precipitation and drought), and nitrogen addition to quantify seven types of vegetation responses, including density and cover, species diversity, shrub proportion, and ecosystem functions. Our results indicated that the magnitude of responses varied depending on the vegetation metrics and treatment conditions. Specifically, aboveground biomass (AGB) was most sensitive to warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen addition, while density was most responsive to drought treatment. Short-term treatments (1-5 yr) generally elicited stronger responses than long-term ones (> 5 yr), particularly under drought. High sensitivity to changes in climate and nitrogen addition was observed at extremely arid sites (aridity index < 0.2), and water availability strongly mediated sensitivity variation. Surprisingly, many vegetation metrics revealed no association between sensitivity variability and site water availability. Our research offers a global perspective on shrubland vegetation responses to environmental changes, highlighting the importance of water availability in sustaining shrubland biodiversity and functioning under future conditions.

Life-history strategies emerge from eco-evolutionary constraints, where organisms allocate limited resources to growth, survival, and reproduction, resulting in trade-offs such as the growth-survival trade-off. There is still a limited understanding of whether and how disturbance regimes and successional stages might mediate such trade-offs, with potential consequences for species population dynamics and community assembly. Here, we investigate how disturbances shape the growth-survival trade-off by comparing early and late-successional forest stands across the eastern United States. Using large-scale sampling to capture the realised niche of 68 temperate species, we estimated species-specific mortality probabilities under zero growth (a proxy for resource-poor environments) applying a Bayesian multilevel modelling framework. We tested trade-offs between these estimates and species' maximum growth capacity (a proxy for resource-rich environments), within and across early and late-successional stands. Overall, we found a weak growth-survival trade-off among temperate tree species (R2 = 0.07). No clear evidence of this trade-off was found in early successional stands (R2 = 0.02), while late-successional stands showed a relatively stronger-though still weak-positive association between species' maximum growth and mortality under zero growth conditions (R2 = 0.17). Disturbances therefore seem to mediate a filtering of tree life-history strategies. Consequently, an increase in disturbance rates or changes in their regime could disrupt the growth-survival trade-off in temperate forests. Synthesis: Life-history strategies arise from eco-evolutionary constraints and can lead to trade-offs like tree growth and survival. While temperate tree species in late-successional or low-disturbance-frequency forests do show a growth-survival trade-off, this trade-off is weak and was not found in early successional or high-disturbance-frequency stands, nor across all stages combined. Our findings highlight a role of disturbances in filtering life-history strategies and their potential impact on forest dynamics and global carbon cycling but also a need to better understand the mediating processes of tree demographic trade-offs. Estrat & eacute;gias de hist & oacute;ria de vida emergem de limita & ccedil;& otilde;es eco-evolutivas, nas quais os organismos alocam recursos limitados para crescimento, sobreviv & ecirc;ncia e reprodu & ccedil;& atilde;o, resultando em trade-offs, como o trade-off entre crescimento e sobreviv & ecirc;ncia. No entanto, ainda precisamos avan & ccedil;ar na compreens & atilde;o sobre se, e como diferentes regimes de dist & uacute;rbios e est & aacute;gios sucessionais podem mediar tais trade-offs, com potenciais consequ & ecirc;ncias para a din & acirc;mica das esp & eacute;cies e a estrutura & ccedil;& atilde;o de comunidades. Neste estudo, investigamos como os dist & uacute;rbios moldam o trade-off entre crescimento e sobreviv & ecirc;ncia, comparando florestas em est & aacute;gios sucessionais iniciais e tardios no leste dos Estados Unidos. Utilizamos uma amostragem em larga escala, visando capturar o nicho realizado de 68 esp & eacute;cies de florestas temperadas. Estimamos probabilidades de mortalidade por esp & eacute;cie em condi & ccedil;& otilde;es de zero crescimento (um proxy para ambientes pobres em recursos). Para isso, aplicamos uma estrutura de modelagem bayesiana multin & iacute;vel. Por fim, testamos os trade-offs entre essas estimativas de probabilidade de morte e a capacidade m & aacute;xima de crescimento das esp & eacute;cies (um proxy para ambientes ricos em recursos), dentro e entre florestas em est & aacute;gios iniciais e tardios de sucess & atilde;o. No geral, encontramos um trade-off entre crescimento e sobreviv & ecirc;ncia muito fraco entre esp & eacute;cies de & aacute;rvores em florestas temperadas (R2 = 0.07). N & atilde;o houve evid & ecirc;ncia clara desse trade-off em florestas de sucess & atilde;o inicial (R2 = 0.02), enquanto florestas de sucess & atilde;o tardia mostraram uma associa & ccedil;& atilde;o relativamente mais forte-embora ainda sutil-entre o crescimento m & aacute;ximo das esp & eacute;cies e a mortalidade sob condi & ccedil;& otilde;es de crescimento zero (R2 = 0.17). Desta forma, os dist & uacute;rbios parecem atuar como um filtro nas estrat & eacute;gias de hist & oacute;ria de vida das & aacute;rvores. Consequentemente, um aumento nas taxas de dist & uacute;rbio ou mudan & ccedil;as em seu regime podem romper o trade-off entre crescimento e sobreviv & ecirc;ncia em florestas temperadas. S & iacute;ntese: Estrat & eacute;gias de hist & oacute;ria de vida surgem de limita & ccedil;& otilde;es eco-evolutivas e podem levar a trade-offs entre crescimento e sobreviv & ecirc;ncia em & aacute;rvores. Enquanto esp & eacute;cies de & aacute;rvores de florestas temperadas em florestas de sucess & atilde;o tardia ou com baixa frequ & ecirc;ncia de dist & uacute;rbios apresentam um trade-off entre crescimento e sobreviv & ecirc;ncia, esse trade-off & eacute; fraco e n & atilde;o foi encontrado em florestas de sucess & atilde;o inicial ou com alta frequ & ecirc;ncia de dist & uacute;rbios, nem quando considerados todos os est & aacute;gios em conjunto. Nossos resultados destacam o papel dos dist & uacute;rbios na filtragem de estrat & eacute;gias de hist & oacute;ria de vida e seu impacto potencial na din & acirc;mica florestal e no ciclo global do carbono, e tamb & eacute;m a necessidade de compreender melhor os processos mediadores dos trade-offs demogr & aacute;ficos em & aacute;rvores.

Mosquitoes are major vectors of human diseases, and their geographic expansion is primarily driven by the unintentional, human mediated introduction beyond their native ranges. Despite the substantial public health implications and rising numbers of disease outbreaks, a global picture of the introduction trends and the resulting range expansions of mosquitoes is missing. Here, we present a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation and analysis of reported first records of human disease vector mosquitoes worldwide. We show that 45 mosquito species (~25% of those known to transmit human pathogens) have been introduced worldwide, with 28 species having established in at least one region. From the 1950's onwards, the introduction of new species has increased sharply, with 12 species recorded for the first time outside their native range since 2000 alone. Initially, most introduced species were native to Africa, but over time, Asian species have become more dominant. North America, Australia and Europe remain the main recipients. Our results highlight the role of global trade and transportation in mosquito spread and emphasizes the need for international cooperation to control their spread and potential threat to public health.

Due to climate change, severe-drought events have become increasingly commonplace across Europe in recent decades, with future projections indicating that this trend will likely continue, posing questions about the continued viability of European forests. Observations from the most recent pan-European droughts suggest that these types of “hotter droughts” may acutely alter the carbon balance of European forest ecosystems. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the possible future impacts of severe drought on the European forest carbon sink. Dynamic vegetation models can help to shed light on such uncertainties; however, the inclusion of dedicated plant hydraulic architecture modules in these has only recently become more widespread. Such developments intended to improve model performance also tend to add substantial complexity, yet the sensitivity of the models to newly introduced processes is often left undetermined. Here, we describe and evaluate the recently developed mechanistic plant hydraulic architecture version of LPJ-GUESS and provide a parameterization for 12 common European forest tree species. We quantify the uncertainty introduced by the new processes using a variance-based global sensitivity analysis. Additionally, we evaluate the model against water and carbon fluxes from a network of eddy covariance flux sites across Europe. Our results indicate that the new model is able to capture drought-induced patterns of evapotranspiration along an isohydric gradient and manages to reproduce flux observations during drought better than standard LPJ-GUESS does. Further, the sensitivity analysis suggests that hydraulic process related to hydraulic failure and stomatal regulation play the largest roles in shaping the model response to drought.

Increasing water stress is emerging as a global phenomenon, and is anticipated to have a marked impact on forest function. The role of tree functional strategies is pivotal in regulating forest fitness and their ability to cope with water stress. However, how the functional strategies found at the tree or species level scale up to characterise forest communities and their variation across regions is not yet well-established. By combining eight water-stress-related functional traits with forest inventory data from the USA and Europe, we investigated the community-level trait coordination and the biogeographic patterns of trait associations for woody plants, and analysed the relationships between the trait associations and climate factors. We find that the trait associations at the community level are consistent with those found at the species level. Traits associated with acquisitive-conservative strategies forms one dimension of variation, while leaf turgor loss point, associated with stomatal water regulation strategy, loads along a second dimension. Surprisingly, spatial patterns of community-level trait association are better explained by temperature than by aridity, suggesting a temperature-driven adaptation. These findings provide a basis to build predictions of forest response under water stress, with particular potential to improve simulations of tree mortality and forest biomass accumulation in a changing climate. Tree functional strategies regulate responses to water stress, but how these strategies scale up to the forest community level is not well known. This study shows coherent spatial variation in community-level trait associations across temperate forests that is linked to temperature.

Increasingly frequent and intense drought events can jeopardize the current and future productivity and health of forests. Consequently, the ability of dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) to simulate drought impacts is paramount to improving their representation of the carbon cycle. To capture the physiological damage inflicted by drought, many state-of-the-art DVMs have implemented representations of plant hydraulic architecture in recent years. Although the understanding of the underlying processes governing hydrodynamic behavior in plants has steadily increased, the parameterization of hydraulic traits for different plant functional types (PFTs) remains a source of uncertainty in model output – in part due to limited data availability.    Here, we use LPJ-GUESS-HYD, an extension of LPJ-GUESS with new parameters and processes to simulate plant hydraulic architecture, isohydrodynamic water-potential regulation, and hydraulic failure mortality. Using latin hypercube sampling we create 6000 sets of hydraulic parameter combinations based on values found in the literature. Based on these parameter sets, we conduct a comprehensive variance-based sensitivity analysis for a set of 12 common European tree species across 37 sites from the FLUXNET 2020 warm winter dataset, encompassing a wide range of European ecosystems. Subsequently, we determine which parameters and parameter interactions contribute the most to variations in model outputs.    Our results indicate that of the seven parameters used in the hydraulic architecture model of LPJ-GUESS-HYD, only a few have a significant effect on the model outcomes. More specifically, Ѱ50, the water potential at which 50 percent of conductance is lost, and maximum specific leaf conductance had the largest impact on simulated processes. Parameters related with the isohydric strategy of plants, had a lesser but still substantial role in shaping the model output.    These results suggest that certain hydraulic parameters – and combinations thereof –  play a disproportionate role in modulating simulated forest fluxes and states in LPJ-GUESS-HYD. Specific parameterization choices can drastically alter model performance, including whether PFTs can survive in a given climate or not. Aside from encouraging careful consideration of the available trait data when parameterizing new PFTs, our results may guide future experiments in choosing which hydraulic traits to focus on.

The Amazon rainforest is highly biodiverse and has the largest extent of the remaining intacttropical forests in the world. To this day, undisturbed tropical forests act as a carbon sink by takingup about 15% of anthropogenic carbon emissions per year. However, in the past decades, adeclining trend in the carbon sink capacity in the Amazon rainforest has been observed due toincreased carbon losses and tree mortality. The causes are disputed, but increasing temperaturesand more frequent severe droughts are potentially major drivers. We employ a novel modelingframework and hypothesize that previously rare, extreme droughts in the Amazon, such as theones in 2005 and 2010, constitute the main cause behind the decline of the net carbon sink inaboveground biomass. Our dynamic vegetation model simulates process-based plant hydraulicsand drought-induced mortality, and accounts for the diversity of strategies in plant responses todrought based on observed hydraulic vulnerability curves. The simulated impact of the 2005drought event temporarily turned the annual Amazon net carbon sink to a carbon source of about0.25MgCha-1. In contrast to other dynamic vegetation models our model simulated anincreasing trend in carbon losses and a declining trend in the Amazon carbon sink over the past25 years (net sink rate of-0.015MgCha-1year-1or-0.18MgCha-1per decade) whichcorresponds well with long-term forest monitoring data (net sink rate of-0.016MgCha-1year-1). We show that this trend is entirely attributable to drought-induced forest mortalityduring extreme years. The simulations show a threshold-like behavior between drought intensityand biomass loss, which is due to xylem vulnerability, indicating the potentially high sensitivity ofAmazon forests to extreme drought. Further increases in the severity and frequency of droughtsmight thus lead to greater carbon release and tree mortality than previously assumed.

Although climate change is expected to drive tree species toward colder and wetter regions of their distribution, broadscale empirical evidence is lacking. One possibility is that past and present human activities in forests obscure or alter the effects of climate. Here, using data from more than two million monitored trees from 73 widely distributed species, we quantify changes in tree species density within their climatic niches across Northern Hemisphere forests. We observe a reduction in mean density across species, coupled with a tendency toward increasing tree size. However, the direction and magnitude of changes in density exhibit considerable variability between species, influenced by stand development that results from previous stand-level disturbances. Remarkably, when accounting for stand development, our findings show a significant change in density toward cold and wet climatic conditions for 43% of the species, compared to only 14% of species significantly changing their density toward warm and arid conditions in both early- and late-development stands. The observed changes in climate-driven density showed no clear association with species traits related to drought tolerance, recruitment and dispersal capacity, or resource use, nor with the temperature or aridity affiliation of the species, leaving the underlying mechanism uncertain. Forest conservation policies and associated management strategies might want to consider anticipated long-term species range shifts alongside the integration of contemporary within-distribution density changes.

Abstract Biological invasions have substantial and rising social‐ecological impacts threatening human livelihoods and communities and hampering progress towards a just and equitable world. Currently, biological invasions are not adequately recognised and included in the UN Agenda 2030. Using a literature review conducted in Web of Science, we highlight the bias in available literature of biological invasions related to the UN Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals. We find abundant scientific literature towards environmental and biodiversity related sustainability targets while other especially provisioning targets are less well represented. Subsequently, we discuss the risks of neglecting biological invasions within sustainable development and how invasive alien species can have changing and adverse effects through time counteracting the intended benefits at the time of introduction. Finally, we provide key recommendations for action at the international scale to ensure that biological invasions are adequately considered in sustainable development. Those recommendations include (1) acknowledgement of biological invasions as a key threat to sustainable development, (2) a call for stronger multilateral exchange under the umbrella of an adequately financed coordinating body and (3) appropriate implementation and resource provisioning for international monitoring, data infrastructure, data exchange and use of adequate indicators of biological invasions to streamline decision making based on a solid evidence base. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The ecological impact of non-native species arises from their establishment in local assemblages. However, the rates of non-native spread in new regions and their determinants have not been comprehensively studied. Here, we combined global databases documenting the occurrence of non-native species and residence of non-native birds, mammals, and vascular plants at regional and local scales to describe how the likelihood of non-native occurrence and their proportion in local assemblages relate with their residence time and levels of human usage in different ecosystems. Our findings reveal that local non-native occurrence generally increases with residence time. Colonization is most rapid in croplands and urban areas, while it is slower and variable in natural or semi-natural ecosystems. Notably, non-native occurrence continues to rise even 200 years after introduction, especially for birds and vascular plants, and in other land-use types rather than croplands and urban areas. The impact of residence time on non-native proportions is significant only for mammals. We conclude that the continental exchange of biotas requires considerable time for effects to manifest at the local scale across taxa and land-use types. The unpredictability of future impacts, implied by the slow spread of non-native species, strengthens the call for stronger regulations on the exchange of non-native species to reduce the long-lasting invasion debt looming on ecosystems' future.

Brief introduction: What are microclimates and why are they important?Microclimate science has developed into a global discipline. Microclimate science is increasingly used to understand and mitigate climate and biodiversity shifts. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of microclimate ecology and biogeography in terrestrial ecosystems, and where this field is heading next. Microclimate investigations in ecology and biogeography: We highlight the latest research on interactions between microclimates and organisms, including how microclimates influence individuals, and through them populations, communities and entire ecosystems and their processes. We also briefly discuss recent research on how organisms shape microclimates from the tropics to the poles. Microclimate applications in ecosystem management: Microclimates are also important in ecosystem management under climate change. We showcase new research in microclimate management with examples from biodiversity conservation, forestry and urban ecology. We discuss the importance of microrefugia in conservation and how to promote microclimate heterogeneity. Methods for microclimate science: We showcase the recent advances in data acquisition, such as novel field sensors and remote sensing methods. We discuss microclimate modelling, mapping and data processing, including accessibility of modelling tools, advantages of mechanistic and statistical modelling and solutions for computational challenges that have pushed the state-of-the-art of the field. What's next?We identify major knowledge gaps that need to be filled for further advancing microclimate investigations, applications and methods. These gaps include spatiotemporal scaling of microclimate data, mismatches between macroclimate and microclimate in predicting responses of organisms to climate change, and the need for more evidence on the outcomes of microclimate management.

While the regional distribution of non-native species is increasingly well documented for some taxa, global analyses of non-native species in local assemblages are still missing. Here, we use a worldwide collection of assemblages from five taxa - ants, birds, mammals, spiders and vascular plants - to assess whether the incidence, frequency and proportions of naturalised non-native species depend on type and intensity of land use. In plants, assemblages of primary vegetation are least invaded. In the other taxa, primary vegetation is among the least invaded land-use types, but one or several other types have equally low levels of occurrence, frequency and proportions of non-native species. High land use intensity is associated with higher non-native incidence and frequency in primary vegetation, while intensity effects are inconsistent for other land-use types. These findings highlight the potential dual role of unused primary vegetation in preserving native biodiversity and in conferring resistance against biological invasions.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;TextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot; lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; xml:lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; data-contrast=&quot;none&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;Today&amp;#8217;s forest carbon stocks are threatened by climate change through many types of disturbances, including drought. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;State-of-the-art&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt; Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) have hitherto not been able to explicitly simulate the response of tree hydraulic systems to drought, which are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;ultimately important&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt; determinants of tree resilience during drought events. Increasingly, more detailed representations of plant hydraulics, including death by cavitation, are being included in DGVMs, but simulations at the global level have been challenging, partially due to the lack of data for parameterisation. To overcome these issues, we compiled a large dataset of hydraulics-relevant plant traits from the literature (including TRY). To overcome the sparseness of the available trait data, we used literature on the functional relationships between traits to create a hypothesis framework that functionally links multiple traits and their trade-offs together in a network. From this network of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;traits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt; we can sample parameter sets that reflect coherent plant strategies. We applied these strategies in the plant-hydraulics-enabled DGVM LPJ-GUESS and show how they can be used to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;provide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt; model-based hypotheses of how both strategies and individual trait values vary across different forest environments. These results &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;provide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt; a basis for global-scale hydraulic model parameterisation, as well as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt;providing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;NormalTextRun SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot;&gt; verifiable hypotheses for testing in the field.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;EOP SCXW133221386 BCX4&quot; data-ccp-props=&quot;{}&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;