为了丰富低盐水域环境修复的生态治理手段,筛选出适合本地低盐水体环境的沉水植物,在室外比较研究了盐度0、5、10、15条件下轮叶黑藻、穗花狐尾藻和篦齿眼子菜3种本土常见沉水植物的生长、成活、叶绿素及水体TN、TP指标变化规律.结果表明:轮叶黑藻不能适应所有盐度水体;穗花狐尾藻和篦齿眼子菜在盐度5、10、15的水体中均能成活,且2种沉水植物在盐度5的水体中相对生长率比在盐度0的水体中高;穗花狐尾藻在盐度10、15水体中相对生长率为负,叶绿素含量下降;篦齿眼子菜只在盐度15的水体相对生长率为负,叶绿素含量下降;3种沉水植物都能减少水体中TN、TP浓度.综上所述,穗花狐尾藻和篦齿眼子菜可以适应低盐度的水体环境,穗花狐尾藻低盐环境下容易种植成活,篦齿眼子菜种植成活后对低盐度适应性更强.

Aquaculture effluent of whiteleg shrimp was discharged into the wastewater treatment system（WTS） which contains the pools of sedimentation, aeration, biofilm, shellfish purifying and ecological cleaning, repectively. Main water quality index in the water of aquaculture ponds and each unit of the WTS were measured during middle and late stage of culture. Purification performance of different units of WTS was investigated. The results showed that after treatments, the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, permanganate index and suspended matter decreased from 3.94,0.47,9.00 and 75.80 mg/L to 1.77,0.16,5.67 and 16.33 mg/L,respectively. All the indexes reached the Class 1 standard of “Aquaculture wastewater discharge standard”（SC/T 9101-2007）. The main water quality index decreased gradually when aquaculture effluent entered the pools of aeration, biofilm and shellfish purifying from the sedimentation pool, but increased to different degrees after entering the ecological cleaning pool. The results demonstrated that the multi-stage WTS significantly improved the quality of aquaculture effluent. The pools of sedimentation, aeration, biofilm, shellfish purififying played positive roles in the purification of aquaculture wastewater. The ecological cleaning pool should be improved through more reasonably allocating the density of sink plants and cleaning-fish, and its operation management also needs to be strengthened to maintain the long-term stable water purification effect.

为了解和掌握象山港海域鱼类组成及数量分布的变化,2015年4～5月,对象山港海域浮性鱼卵和仔稚鱼现状进行了调查,分析了鱼卵数量分布和仔稚鱼的种类组成.结果表明:象山港海域鱼卵平均丰度为10.02粒/m3,仔稚鱼平均丰度为4.46尾/m3,其中蓝点马鲛仔稚鱼丰度平均值为0.84尾/m3;共鉴定仔稚鱼12种,优势种为大黄鱼、蓝点马鲛鱼、梅童鱼、银鱼、棱鲻、梭鱼等.春季鱼卵数量分布以象山港港口和中部较为集中,仔稚鱼以港中部站位较为集中.

Xiangshan bay is a narrow semi-closed bay and situated on the northwestern coast of the East China Sea. Over past decades, it has become to a major bay with intensive human activities, dense urbanized area, and poor water quality. The aim of this paper was to reveal the ecological status through the elucidation of the species composition, abundance, biomass and diversity of macrobenthos in this bay. Six intertidal sections were surveyed from January 2007 to November 2008 quarterly. Sections TG, HD and XH are located in the three inner bays, sections QJ and WS are located near the thermal power plants, and section XX is located at the outer part of Xiangshan Bay. Great variations in macrobenthos community were indentified, and the species composition of the community in the present study showed the dominance in the order of molluscs (bivalves and gastropods), crustaceans and others, and only few Polychaeta were recorded. Only three dominant species, Littorina brevicula, Ilyplax tansuiensis, and Cerithidea cingulata were collected in all the sections, and a total of 19 dominant species were recorded only in one section. Two-way ANOVA analyses of abundance indicated that there were significant differences among sections or seasons. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') had its maximum (2.45) in section QJ, and minimum (1.76) in section TG. Multiple irregular k-dominance plots clearly showed that the study area was polluted and the macrobenthos community was under stress. We conclude that the macrobenthos of Xiangshan Bay have been disturbed by human activities, especially at the interior bay.

The discovery of a reo-like virus in cultures of the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1755) is reported here. Since May 2004, in Zhejiang Province, Peoples Republic of China, reo-like virus in mud crabs has reached serious epidemic levels, causing mortality rates exceeding 90%. Beginning in May 2004, moribund crabs from different districts and areas were investigated. By using electron microscopy, two different organisms could be detected: reolike viruses and mollicute-like organisms. The complete viral particle is 60 nm in diameter, icosahedral and non-enveloped. The viruses infect the cytoplasm of connective tissue cells of the gill, stomach, heart and intestine of mud crabs.

顶岗实习是高职教育的综合实践课程,占总学制时间的三分之一到六分之一.各院校在顶岗实习考核上采取了各种考核办法,但总体上存在“虚”的问题.通过加强高职教育理念、明确校企考核分工等措施,配以相应的网络管理平台提高顶岗实习的管理,真正让顶岗实习考核变“虚”为“实”.

For the first time, a mollicute-like organism (MLO) was cultured from moribund mud crabs (Scylla serrata) during an outbreak of clearwater disease in Zhejiang Province, China. The MLO displayed a fried-egg colony morphology in culture, did not possess a cell wall, and was not retained by 0.45 μm and 0.2 μm filters. It was able to ferment glucose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose, but it did not utilize arginine and urea. The MLO grew in the absence of bovine serum and was not susceptible to digitonin. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this MLO had 99% identity with Acholeplasma laidlawii PG-8A, which indicates that the organism isolated from mud crabs is a member of the genus Acholeplasma.

From July 2006 to August 2008, eight bimonthly cruises were conducted to investigate the macrobenthos at 13 research stations in the Xiangshan Bay. Based on feeding habits, we studied the composition and diversity of the macrobenthic communities. According to their food preferences, the macrobenthos were categorized into five functional groups including the planktophagous group （P1）, the phytophagous group （Ph）, the camivorous group （C）, the omnivorous group （O）, and the detritivorous group （D）. The number of species of each functional group can be ranked in the order of C 〉 P1 〉 O 〉 D 〉 Ph; the percentage of the inhabited density of each functional group can be ranked in the order of P1 〉 C 〉 D 〉 Ph 〉 O, and the percentage of the biomass of each functional group can be ranked as P1 〉 D 〉 C 〉 O 〉 Ph. The number of species, inhabited density and biomass data from these two surveys were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA, and the results showed that the these parameters were significantly different among different stations although two surveys did not exhibit significant difference. This result confirmed that the structure of macrobenthic functional groups reflected habitat gradient in the intertidal zone and fluctuation in the natural environments.

A seasonal research of macrobenthos was carried out in Xiangshan Bay from July,2006 to August,2008. There were 13 large sampling stations distributed in the bay and 10 sampling stations in particular location close to the power plant. By the end of the research,123 species of macrobenthos has been detected. Among them,there′s the 48 mollusk,33 crustacean,12 fish and 12 filose. During the research,the average inhabited density in Xiangshan bay were 145.54 and 109.36 ind/m2 respectively,while the average annual biomass were 28.22 and 30.02 g/m2 respectively. For those area near the power plant,the average inhabited density of Guohua Power plant were 49.58 and 46.65 ind/m2 respectively,while the average annual biomass were 14.49 and 15.99 g/m2 respectively. The average inhabited density of Wushashan Power plant were 45.83 and 45.21 ind/m2 respectively and the average annual biomass were 14.60 and 13.81g/m2 respectively. The results show that the macrobenthos in Xiangshan Bay is unevenly distributed. Compare to the result in main channel ocean,the biomass and inhabited density in the harbor area were evidently higher. Meanwhile,the biomass and inhabited diversity in area near power plant was much lower than normal area in the bay. The study also shows that for the inhabited density and biomass,the season change has less influence to the power station area than the normal area.

The paper deal with results on the observations of the composition of the spawning stock and fishing output of Scomberomorus niphonius in Xiangshan Bay Zhejiang from 2007 to 2008.Discussed the breeding ground for the Scomberomorus niphonius resource status,The Scomberomorus niphonius protection measures proposed.

The characteristics of species composition,quantity distribution and bioecology of intertidal benthos in Xiangshan Bay of Zhejiang Ningbo are analyzed in this paper.The results indicate that there are 158 species,the most of which are molluscs and crustacea accounting for 74% of all species,and some species are of high commercial value.The average biomass and density is found to be 101.1 g·m-2 and 359.2 ind·m-2,respectively.The molluscs is ranked top in terms of biomass,density of the benthos,composition of dominant and main species,as well as seasonal variation of quantity on intertidal benthos in the ecological habitat.Diversity study shows that the macrobenthic community in the region has been disturbed.

We collected macrobenthic samples in 13 intertidal stations in the Xiangshan Bay, Zhjejiang, in July 2006 to August 2008, and analyzed the macrobenthic community using the Species Richness Index (d), Species Evenness Index (J), Species Diversity Index (D), and Shannon-Weiner Index (H'). Adopted the ABC Curve method and PRIMER5.0 we analyzed the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix and MDS analysis of Xiangshan bay macrobenthos. The investigation showed that the differences in d, J, D and H' of Xiangshan Bay macrobenthos between different sampling stations were highly significant. The results of CLUSTER and MDS show that the macrobenthic community of the Xiangshan Bay constitutes three groups. The results of ABC Curve method indicated that the macrobenthic community affected by pollution and other human activities had been gradually dominated by one or several types of smaller individuals.

The swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus is one of the favorite sea foods for its delicious,tender and nutritious meat in the coastal areas.Because of small investment and big return,the aquaculture of the crab has been thriving along the coast.However,severe diseases occur frequently in recent years.Studies on the disease diagnosis and control has been undertaken,anyhow,but the difficulties to find SPF crabs which is restricted by the condition of the crab's life cycle and culture conditions hinder the advancement of the research work,especially in the field of virology.It is urgent to screen an alternative model crab and carry out related research work.P.trituberculatus is close to Sinopotamon in genetic relationship.Wild Sinopotamon could be easily captured,conveniently cultured in laboratory,and is of low price.It was observed in previous research work that wild Sinopotamon did not carry pathogen of P.trituberculatus,but could be infected by the latter's pathogens under experimental conditions.So it may be an ideal experimental animal for studying the disease diagnosis and control of both crabs.It is necessary to carry out comparative histology study of the two crabs to support related application research work.In this paper,paraffin sections of major organs of the two crabs were prepared,and the tissue structure was observed and their similarity was found.These tissues all consisted of four layers: mucous layer(simple columnar epithlium),submucosa,tunica muscularis and adventitia.Chitinous sheet formed by epithelial cell secretion covered the skin.Esophageal submucosa of P.trituberculatus was more developed than that of Sinopotamon.And the muscle layer of the latter was thinner and the esophageal cavity smaller.The structure of gastric wall of the two crabs showed no significant difference.In P.trituberculatus,eosinophilic chitin layer was observed in partial of gastric wall;and at the top of epithelial cell,interspace containing basophilic material was found;intestinal submucosa of the crab was not distinct.The midgut of Sinopotamon was very small,wrapped with hepatopancreas tissue,and was rather difficult to be separated.The lumina were small with little connective tissue around the lumen wall.The hepatopancreas of the two crabs were built up with many branched hepatic ducts linked with connective tissue and sinusoids.Hepatic ducts were constituted by single-layer columnar epitheliums.Four types of cells with different functions,B-cells、R-cells、F-cells、E-cells could be clearly distinguished.Gill axis of P.trituberculatus was bent;the gill filament and gill axis were of same thickness.The interval between gill filament and branch leaves of P.trituberculatus was larger than that of Sinopotamon.Gill axis of Sinopotamon was almost straight.Gill filament was coarser than gill axis.The branch leaves were constituted by simple pavement epithelium cells.They were covered with thin chitinous sheets.Many erythrocytes were observed in blood vessels in the gills of Sinopotamon.The cardiac muscle fibers of P.trituberculatus were loosely arranged,with less quantity of mitochondria.As for Sinopotamon,the cardiac muscle fibers were compact,with more mitochondria,distributed in groups.The cardiac muscle was consisted of spindle cardiocytes,with transverse striation,and connected each other into a network.The nuclear of myocytes was rod-shaped.

In order to understand the community pattern and biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna in Xiangshan Bay, an eight cruises survey was made at thirteen stations of the Bay from July 2006 to August 2007, with the dominant species composition, richness, biomass, secondary productivity, and P/B value of macrobenthic fauna investigated, and the species diversity of the macrobenthic fauna analyzed. A total of 123 macrobenthos species were recorded, including 48 species Mollusc, 33 species Crustacea, 12 species fish, 12 species annelid polychaete, 8 species echinoderms, and some coelenterates and nematodes. The dominant species were more concentrated, and the dominance index was higher. The average secondary productivity of the macrobenthic fauna was 16.70 g x m(-2) x a(-1), and the average P/B value was 0.60. There existed distinct variations (P < 0.01) in the species richness index (d), evenness index (J), Simpson's diversity index (D), and Shannon diversity index (H) among different survey stations, and distinct variations (P < 0.01) in the indices except evenness index (J) between years.

The increase of productivity in aquaculture has been accompanied by ecological impacts including emergence of a large variety of pathogens and bacterial resistance.Traditional anti-microbial agents have been unable to prevent the occurrence of the disease effectively.In this paper,the wide range applications of the probiotics in aquaculture are discussed.The possible mechanisms of bacterial action are analyzed.A rationale for screening of probiotic bacteria is introduced and directions for further study are proposed.

The quality of judges in China has aroused concerns form all the whole society.How to make the judges the elite part of the legal profession is a very important issue.Necessary and constant examinations and assessments of judges should be implemented step by step.These will help judges make better of their abilities and will provide some useful information for improvement and reform.A suitable examination and assessment system will greatly promote the construction of judge circle.

随着物质生活水平的提高,各地已兴起一股观赏鱼饲养热.观赏鱼品种丰富,有金鱼、锦鲤、龙鱼、热带鱼及其他观赏鱼.发展观赏渔业,是提高渔业附加值的一个途径.观赏渔业已成为渔业发展的一个新领域,下面从三方面讨论观赏鱼的健康养殖.

随着市场经济体制改革的不断深入,在基本解决了"吃鱼难"的问题基础上,水产品供求关系发生了一定变化.为了促成新的经济增长点,开拓渔业发展新领域,适应新的发展阶段的要求观赏渔业已成为渔业发展新领域的一项内容,是提高渔业附加值的一个途径,是休闲渔业的一部分.在渔业结构调整中,观赏鱼地位逐渐得到了重视.