Current brine remediation techniques focus on salt removal as the primary goal. However, residual disturbance to the vegetation is a common characteristic of remediated sites. The purpose of this research is to identify potential brine-induced, elemental phytotoxins that could persist in the soil after a successful removal of the sodium chloride salt. Awareness of these phytotoxins could lead to more thorough remediation techniques that draw impacted soils closer to a pristine state. Twenty soils, representing a variety of stages of brine contamination, and three brine samples were investigated. Of the elements identified in brine-impacted soils, most appeared to follow the trend of the salt component of brine in that higher concentrations were found in non-remediated soils than in remediated ones. Historic brine scars typically contained the highest levels of both salt and identified elements, while pristine prairie soils had the lowest. One identified element did not follow this trend. Boron levels remained significant in all soils other than those from unimpacted prairie. In other words, boron was resistant to standard brine remediation techniques. This is significant because boron is a known phytotoxin. Introduction Current produced water (brine) remediation techniques focus on salt removal as the primary goal. Brine impacted soils are typically remediated by increasing soil permeability with organic matter, and perhaps gypsum, to allow salt to wash out of the soil toward an appropriate receptor (a subsurface drainage system, for example) (Carter 2002). These methods have been shown to be effective in sufficiently reducing salinity to allow for re-vegetation of a contaminated area. However, this re-growth could be stunted or altered by the presence of

National Center for Supercomputing Applications University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana, Illinois Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Rice University Houston, Texas University of Indiana Bloomington, Indiana University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville, Alabama Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgie University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Portland State University Portland, Oregon University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana, Illinois Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Seattle, Washington University of Miami Miami, Florida

Fanyou Kong*, Ming Xue, Kelvin K. Droegemeier, David Bright, Michael C. Coniglio, Kevin W. Thomas, Yunheng Wang, Dan Weber, Jack Kain, Steven J. Weiss, and Jun Du Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, and School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072 NOAA/NMS/NCEP Storm Prediction Center CIMMS/University of Oklahoma NOAA National Severe Storm Laboratory, Norman, OK 73072 NOAA/NWS/NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746

IntroductionIn an effort to better characterize the fourdimensionaldistribution of water in the atmospherewith a view toward improving our understanding ofits impact on deep convection, the International H 2 OProject (IHOP-2002) field experiment took placeover the Southern Great Plains from 13 May to 25June 2002. The subsequent research will address scientificissues that are very important to weather forecasting,including quantitative precipitation forecasting,convective...