Biofilms characteristic of aquifer conditions can be rapidly and efficiently collected using in situ microcosms or “bio‐traps” containing Bio‐Sep® beads (25% Nomex and 75% powdered activated carbon [PAC]) (University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma). Bio‐Sep beads can be “baited” with a variety of organic compounds by vapor‐phase adsorption onto the PAC component of the beads under reduced pressure. In the aquifer, the bait or the amendment does not substantially leach into the aquifer but is available to the bacteria as a carbon source within the bead. When the organic compound is labeled with 13C, phospholipids may be extracted from bead biofilms postincubation and derived fatty acid methyl esters analyzed for 13C. Incorporation of 13C into biomass provides proof of current in situ degradation potential. We have now Bio‐Sep beads with 13C‐labeled methyl‐tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA). Deployment of these 13C‐amended bio‐traps has been coupled with molecular biological methods and stable isotope probing to demonstrate the biodegradation of MTBE and TBA in an anaerobic gasoline plume in southern California. Nonamended bio‐traps were deployed at the same site as a preexperiment to determine if spatial variations in microbial community structure could be linked to concentrations of oxygenates or other electron donors. Analysis of biofilm phospholipids and DNA from nonamended bio‐traps demonstrated a clear relationship between various aspects of the subsurface microbial community structure and the concentration of TBA. There was no correlation of any phospholipid fatty acid or DNA attributes with the concentrations of MTBE; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX); or gasoline range total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHg). Deployment of 13C‐MTBE‐ or 13C‐TBA‐amended bio‐traps in the plume clearly demonstrated the degradation of both MTBE and TBA under aquifer conditions through incorporation of 13C into membrane phospholipids.

Current brine remediation techniques focus on salt removal as the primary goal. However, residual disturbance to the vegetation is a common characteristic of remediated sites. The purpose of this research is to identify potential brine-induced, elemental phytotoxins that could persist in the soil after a successful removal of the sodium chloride salt. Awareness of these phytotoxins could lead to more thorough remediation techniques that draw impacted soils closer to a pristine state. Twenty soils, representing a variety of stages of brine contamination, and three brine samples were investigated. Of the elements identified in brine-impacted soils, most appeared to follow the trend of the salt component of brine in that higher concentrations were found in non-remediated soils than in remediated ones. Historic brine scars typically contained the highest levels of both salt and identified elements, while pristine prairie soils had the lowest. One identified element did not follow this trend. Boron levels remained significant in all soils other than those from unimpacted prairie. In other words, boron was resistant to standard brine remediation techniques. This is significant because boron is a known phytotoxin. Introduction Current produced water (brine) remediation techniques focus on salt removal as the primary goal. Brine impacted soils are typically remediated by increasing soil permeability with organic matter, and perhaps gypsum, to allow salt to wash out of the soil toward an appropriate receptor (a subsurface drainage system, for example) (Carter 2002). These methods have been shown to be effective in sufficiently reducing salinity to allow for re-vegetation of a contaminated area. However, this re-growth could be stunted or altered by the presence of