Agroforestry is crucial in Africa for its ability to enhance food security, improve livelihoods, and promote sustainable land management by integrating trees into farmlands, thereby addressing climate change. Studies addressing the role of psychological factors in the adoption of agroforestry in Africa and island contexts are urgently needed. An extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was applied to assess its influence towards agroforestry adoption among farmers in Seychelles. A stratified random sampling was used to select 247 farmers across the five agricultural zones in Seychelles, and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach, together with descriptive statistics, was applied in the analysis. The results indicate that knowledge improves the explanation of adoption and has a positive impact on farmers' adoption of agroforestry. At the same time, the core TPB variables were found to be statistically insignificant. Regarding the four intention questions administered among the farmers, 67.2 % are willing to learn about agroforestry practices, 65.6 % are willing to receive information about agroforestry, and 60 % are eager to adopt agroforestry with financial support. In contrast, another 47.4 % are willing to adopt agroforestry without financial support. Despite these high levels of agreement, most TPB factors were insignificant predictors of the outcome. The lack of a significant influence of the TPB factors in our study suggests that we cannot confirm that TPB variables affect actual adoption and may support the common criticism of the model concerning the well-known intention-behaviour "gap". We therefore recommend repeating this study in the next five years with the same farmers to address the intention-action gap. Lastly, studies on agroforestry adoption and retention are crucial, as some adopters may discontinue using the technology for various reasons.

Despite being a biodiversity hotspot, the Republic of Seychelles faces a critical challenge with an estimated 90% of its food imported. This dependency exposes the country to global supply disruptions and climate-related risks, while pressure on protected ecosystems continues to rise. In response, the Erasmus+ Capacity Building Higher Education GreenTraINT project (Green Training INTernational Program for agriculture, livestock farming, and conservation), co-funded by the European Union (2024-2026), aims to strengthen local expertise in sustainable agriculture, livestock farming, and biodiversity conservation. Through a transnational partnership involving European and Seychellois universities and institutions, GreenTraINT is co-designing innovative higher education modules tailored to the island's priorities in agriculture, livestock, and biodiversity conservation. This paper focuses on a detailed needs analysis conducted in early 2025 across a diverse group of 84 stakeholders, including students, educators, NGOs, and professionals. The findings reveal a strong demand for applied training in sustainable food systems and biodiversity conservation, blended teaching methods, and programs that bridge theory with hands-on skills. Inspired by other Erasmus+ projects such as NETCHEM and SPARKLE, GreenTraINT adopts a multi-stakeholder, needs-driven approach that aligns international academic expertise with local development goals. As a key milestone, a Summer School in 2026 will pilot the newly developed modules. In the long term, GreenTraINT seeks to leave a lasting legacy by integrating its curriculum into national education pathways, thereby contributing to food security and environmental resilience. With less than four years remaining to achieve the 2030 Agenda targets, the project positions higher education reform as a strategic accelerator for SDG implementation in small island developing states (SIDS). By linking curriculum innovation to measurable sustainability priorities, GreenTraINT helps narrow the SDG implementation gap in vulnerable island contexts. The project offers a model for international collaboration in higher education for sustainability in SIDS.

The repercussions of climate change on global cropping systems are a matter of considerable debate. This is fuelled by uncertainty in climate–crop yield interactions, as well as an inadequate understanding of the economic measurement methods used to value the impacts of climate change on agricultural systems. Global trends of rising temperatures, changes in precipitation, and the persistent accumulation of greenhouse gases are becoming increasingly pronounced. Most critical literature reviews have focused on the impacts of climate change on agricultural systems, highlighting classical approaches, remote sensing, and machine learning models. However, limited reviews of the models and sub-models assess the economic effects of climate change on agricultural systems. This critical literature review identifies three main types of models: cross-sectional models based on farmland values, rents and farm revenues; panel models based on agricultural profitability; and market equilibrium models based on price. This study considers the sub-models under these three broad categories: cross-sectional, panel, and market equilibrium. Our observations indicate that the most frequently used model is the Ricardian model, a cross-sectional model. While the initial Ricardian model focused on the interactions between farmland values and climatic variables, the analysis has expanded to include non-climatic variables. These models have enhanced the quantification of the economic impacts of climate change on agricultural systems by attributing monetary value based on aspects such as farmland values, profits, and prices to such effects. Additionally, these models have facilitated the integration of socio-economic variables into the modelling process. Ultimately, these findings indicate that model selection often depends on the purpose of the study, the type of data available, the scale at which the study is conducted, and time.

Digital technologies have undeniable potentials in enhancing agricultural resilience to climate change and food security through improved precision in resource management, real-time crop monitoring, and data-driven decision-making. Research on this topic does not currently provide a holistic picture of how these technologies are used by countries that produce the most scientific literature. This hinders comprehensive understanding of the patterns of research in this domain. This study aims to fill this research gap by providing a holistic picture of the status of digital agriculture across countries that publish the most scientific literature on this topic. This work employs a systematic tracking approach across six regions, selecting the top five countries from each region based on publication volume in this field. A total of 1259 articles were analyzed to identify digital technologies reported in agricultural research literature across the selected countries. Thirteen digital technologies are recorded in the scientific literature, of which the six most reported are web/mobile applications and software (36

Integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) has gained traction among scientists and development practitioners, given their complementary benefits of reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems, livelihoods and protection of assets while concomitantly enabling the achievements of the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework on DRR. However, guidance on integrating climate and disaster risk is poorly understood because of insufficient scholarship. Although common concerns exist, the effective integration of DRR and CCA faces diverse challenges in various countries and contexts, and no study has addressed this topic in the Indian Ocean Region and Seychelles. To address this knowledge gap, a content analysis of relevant policies and strategies and in-depth interviews with 40 stakeholders were conducted to identify the challenges of integrating DRR and CCA alongside their proposed strategy for improvement. Barriers that impede the effective mainstreaming of DRR and CCA include issues about (1) governance and politics; (2) policy integration; (3) competing actors and institutions; (4) coordination and collaboration; (5) resources and funding mechanism; (6) scale mismatches; (7) implementation and mainstreaming; (8) community involvement; and (9) information, communication and knowledge sharing. This study reveals that structural coherence was weak on the strategic rather than conceptual levels, leading to poor institutional, operational and financial coordination. This led to incidental integration and collaboration happening on an ad hoc basis with the Disaster Risk Management Division positioned towards emergency preparedness and response. Proposed recommendations to enhance DRR and CCA integration are provided. Contribution: This study serves as a guide for Seychelles and other countries on how to effectively link DRR and CCA to minimise duplication of efforts and enhance the efficient use of human and financial resources while concomitantly achieving the objectives of DRR - to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience.

Tillage system is an eco-friendly farming method that can improve the soil health and increase the crop yields even under unfavorable climatic conditions. These benefits, however, will likely vary, based on the farming practice used, tillage, and crop types, which the current study seeks to address. During this triennial research, a crop rotation was as follows: soybeans (Glycine max L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study aimed to determine the effects of different tillage approaches (conventional tillage [CT], disk harrowing [DH], chiseling [CH], and subsoiling [SS]) on a crop residue and a crop yield as the indicators. The applied tillage systems resulted in the statistically significant differences in some yield components. The highest yields, the highest harvest index, and the highest biological yield in the soybean and maize cultivation were achieved with the SS and CH tillage systems, followed by the DH and CT tillage. The conservation (CH and SS), reduced (DH), and conventional (CT) tillage systems resulted in the statistically significant differences in the number of postharvest residues remaining on the soil surface.

Mitigating climate change requires a variety of energy technologies and energy simulation approaches to evaluate the best possible system structures. Screening whether novel technologies are a viable solution for a particular country within a cost-optimised system setup is usually simulation- and time-intensive. This study introduces the novel add-on optimisation tool EP-ALISON-LUT for use in combination with EnergyPLAN applied to the test case of wave power in the case of Seychelles in 2030 and 2050 within a structured sensitivity analysis. The tool enables a high number of possible system setups and scenarios, including the import and domestic production of electricity-based fuels, to be modelled, allowing for an in-depth view of the system impacts of integrating wave power. The results indicate a limited role for wave power due to its relatively low yield, especially in 2030. However, in 2050, up to 500 MW of wave power capacity is possible with a lower or similar levelised cost of final energy compared to the reference scenario in 2019, which can benefit the diversification of the power generation portfolio. Thus, this novel tool is fast and effective in technology screening studies requiring a fast optimisation algorithm.

Climate projections across Québec indicate increased water stress and recurrent vulnerability of cropping systems. In recent years, reports of droughts and water stress have been recorded across the province. Many parts of Québec have experienced droughts in the past few years, which have had uninvestigated impacts on crops. These droughts have been described as some of the most significant in the last 80 years. On the positive side, climate change is likely to trigger shorter winters and therefore longer growing seasons for several crops. However, for crops like maple syrup, the regions suitable for their cultivation will shift northwards. Despite these projections, studies monitoring the susceptibility of barley to environmental changes, climate variability, and adaptive capacity across Québec are still limited. This study aims to provide a provincial-scale portrait of vulnerability of barley in Québec based on historical growing season precipitation, barley yield, and socioeconomic data (literacy and poverty rates) using a composite statistical model. Growing season precipitation data were downloaded from Ouranos. Barley yield data were collected from the Institut de la Statistique du Québec, and the socio-demographic data were collected from the Advisory Council of Poverty and the Institut de la Statistique du Québec. A vulnerability index with sub-indices (sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity) is deployed. It is hypothesised that (1) vulnerability is inversely associated with adaptive capacity, and (2) the peripheral regions of Québec are more vulnerable and less adaptive to climate stressors. Initial results show that when the vulnerability index for barley is more prominent, the associated index of adaptive capacity is relatively lower. A significant gradient between the peripheral and southern regions of Québec is observed, with vulnerability lowest around Montreal/Laval and gradually increasing towards the peripheral regions. A better understanding of vulnerability warrants a change in approach from focusing solely on climate-related variables to integrating socioeconomic proxies. The challenge, however, has been how to introduce these socioeconomic proxies into empirical and process-based crop models.

Climate change is a veracity that drives huge differences between the actual and projected yield and growing season precipitation. Therefore, this work identifies yield and precipitation gaps for maize and millet at the national and subnational scales as well as policy considerations for agricultural policy experts that can mitigate these gaps. Yield data for the national and subnational scale analyses are obtained for the period 1961-2021 from the FAOSTAT and the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI)/IRAD of Cameroon, respectively. Growing season precipitation data for the national and subnational scales were collected from the World Bank climate change portal and the Climate Research Unit (CRU). Various machine learning algorithms were used to bias-adjust the data and to compute the potential yield and growing season precipitation from which the yield and precipitation gaps were computed. The results show a positive correlation between yield and precipitation gaps, with millet depicting the strongest correlation. The average yield gap for maize is 0.55 t/ha, higher than the average yield gap for millet that is 0.28 t/ha. Not all years with yield gaps are correlated with precipitation gaps. The average precipitation gap for maize is 108 mm/year, and it is higher than the 101 mm/year recorded for millet.

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can improve the resilience of farming systems in the face of climate-related shocks, providing a win–win for food security and environmental protection. Despite such promising benefits, its level of adoption, as well as the drivers of adoption, are still not well understood due to insufficient scholarship in this domain. This study assesses the determinants of the adoption of five CSA practices among 247 randomly selected farmers across five agricultural zones in Seychelles. A multivariate probit model was used to evaluate the determinants of adoption, allowing for the examination of synergies and trade-offs between the CSA practices. These practices include crop and livestock diversity, agroforestry, irrigation, and shade houses. Though the adoption rate varied, all farmers have adopted at least one of five CSA practices. The level of adoption of shade houses was low at 18.2

Designated as a protected area (PA) in 1979, the Morne Seychellois National Park (MSNP) hosts one of the three Ramsar sites in Seychelles – the Mare Aux Cochon (MAC). The park occurs partly in an area with private land ownership suffering from development pressure. Understanding community perceptions and attitudes towards the MSNP can improve the park's role in addressing climate change and biodiversity loss. This study used a stratified random sampling of 130 households to (i) determine socio-demographic factors that influence local communities' attitudes toward biodiversity conservation in the MSNP, (ii) pereceived importance of the MSNP, (iii) to assess what activities are (un)acceptable in the MAC and the rest of the park, and (iv) who has rights to access, land ownership and land-use decision making in the park. The findings indicated that the positive behavior of local communities towards biodiversity conservation is influenced by the frequency of visits and benefits derived in terms of ecosystem services at the 5% significance level. Chief among the importance of the MSNP as viewed by community members included ecotourism (93.5%), biodiversity conservation (84.6%), and environmental protection (66.7%). Respondents generally perceived that low-impact activities should occur at the MAC and the rest of the park. However, the impact from activities such as camping and picnic, hiking, and nature walks, and the harvesting of non-timber forest products, a non-tourism activity, was of greater concern in the MAC. On the other hand, high-impact activities, such as logging and infrastructural development, received over 70% disagreement in the MAC and the rest of the park. Our findings have implications for Seychelles' land acquisition in the public interest Act 1996, which is silent about land within PAs.

As the global climate continues to change, changes need to be made in our production systems to ensure global food production. These constraints are daunting in Africa as Africa is the most vulnerable region to climate change and variability. Agroecology provides a unique opportunity for Africa to achieve the twin challenges of food security and environmental resilience. This chapter aims at examining the relative contributions of agroecology and conventional agriculture toward resilient food security in Africa. The chapter examines the theoretical foundations and components of these two paradigms as well as their contributions to food security in Africa. This chapter also examines the likely benefits and challenges associated with these systems and discusses in an integrated manner which of these options offer the most likely resilient agricultural revolution for Africa. The methodology is based on a bibliometric review of publications in the gray and peer review literature on this subject. The compendium of 49 suitable studies was culled through search engines such as Google Scholar, Scopus, SCI, and ISI Web of Science. It is observed that agroecology needs more valorization to be able to match the yields of conventional agriculture in Africa. Since agriculture in Africa is mostly in the hands of smallholders, production is generally under natural conditions driven by limited access to conventional production inputs. Agroecology will require inputs from conventional production to be able to sustain production except the system is valorized.

Agroforestry can leverage the co-benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation while conserving biodiversity and restoring degraded and deforested lands. The preference of relevant stakeholders regarding agroforestry practices enhances sustainable land management through strategic decision-making in Seychelles and other island states. A suitable approach for assessing stakeholders’ preferences of agroforestry is the implementation of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) approach in combination with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The entry point of this study is an extensive literature review process, during which 28 SWOT factors were identified. These SWOT factors were deliberated on during a half-day workshop with agricultural experts who agreed on 20 SWOT factors that reflect the local realities of the Seychelles through a consensus approach. Using the SWOT-AHP approach, focus group discussions were conducted to examine the perceptions of researchers and extension workers about the adoption of agroforestry in Seychelles. The results indicated that the positive aspects of smallholder agroforestry outweigh the negative aspects. For example, increased agricultural production, control runoff and soil erosion receive the highest scores among the strength factors perceived by researchers and extension workers, respectively. The willingness of international organizations to fund agroforestry-related projects and the existence of native tree species on farmlands have the highest scores among the opportunity factors. The lack of education, information, and communication between the government and farmers, and the small land size and crop competition have the highest scores among the weakness factors. Lastly, change in government policies on land use has the highest score among the threat factors by researchers, whereas the most significant threat is climate change and variability for the extension workers. The provision for a thirty-year land lease agreement in the National Agroforestry Policy of Seychelles is viewed by both groups as an incentive that could potentially drive the adoption and acceptability of agroforestry. Furthermore, better coordination of various efforts to promote agroforestry and more substantial extension services for farmers, especially the role of technologies for optimal production on small plots of land, can enhance climate resilience in Seychelles and other small island developing states.

Seychelles is among four countries in the African continent with 100% access to electricity, of which over 90% of the energy is generated from fossil fuels. The energy transition is a crucial enabler of sustainable development and climate resilience. Therefore, this study seeks to understand the determinants of solar PV uptake based on a stratified random sample of 130 households on Mahe Island, Seychelles. We applied logistic regression and descriptive statistics to analyze the driving factors of a household decision regarding the adoption of a solar PV system. Results indicated that access to credit and monthly household income influenced the adoption of solar PV systems at the 1% significance level. Independent variables such as gender, age, and education of household heads, including family size that were significant in other studies, were not significant in the current study. Cost-saving (100%), energy security (91.7%), and environmentally friendly perceptions (76.7%), and access to loans (56.7%), were chief among the motivational drivers of the 60 households that had adopted solar PV systems. Whereas, for the non-adopters, the four most essential barriers cited were cheap electricity (82.9%), high initial cost (65.7%), existing loans (52.9%), and long payback time (40.0%). For the communal approach to solar PV systems in Seychelles to be successful, the adoption barriers that occur at the level of households should be considered.

The influence of growing season rainfall on agricultural production is indisputable. In Morocco, the production of crops such as barley, maize, and wheat is impacted by growing season rainfall. Due to persistent gaps in growing season rainfall and other drivers of crop yield, crops have experienced observed yields that are often below projected or potential yields. However, there are currently no studies that have quantified these gaps in yield and growing season rainfall in Morocco. To achieve this objective, time-series crop yield for all three crops and growing season rainfall data for the period 1991–2020 were collected from FAOSTAT and the World Bank climate portal, respectively. Growing season rainfall and crop yield data for the spatial variations were culled from System National de Suivi Agrometeorologique (GCMS) and the yield gaps atlas, respectively, for the same historical period. The data were subjected to bias correction to handle uncertainty. The projected/simulated crop yields and growing season rainfall were computed by regression analysis. Crop yield and growing season rainfall gaps were determined by establishing the difference between the projected and observed crop yields and rainfall data. The results show that observed and simulated wheat have a stronger relationship when compared to the other crops. Also, most years with crop yield gaps are associated with growing season rainfall gaps. Wheat records the lowest number of years with yield gaps and the highest number of years with growing season rainfall gaps during the entire data series. Therefore, even though yield gaps are strongly tied to growing season rainfall gaps, it is not the case for wheat, and therefore other drivers might be important because wheat has the lowest number of years with crop yield gaps and the highest number of years with growing season rainfall gaps. Spatially, yield and growing season rainfall gaps decline with increased latitude. The broader perspective and policy implication here is that a better understanding of yield and growing season rainfall gaps mandates an understanding of growing season rainfall and other drivers of yield. As a way forward, potential research should focus on identifying the drivers of yield gaps, sub-national experimentation at the plot level as well as on closing yield gaps through water and nutrient management.

As a Small Island Developing State, Seychelles is disproportionately affected by climate change, and enhancing her adaptive capacity is a national priority. Identifying and integrating local capacity needs into policy measures can improve multilevel governance and the effective implementation of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), given that local governments have contextual knowledge about their territories and the climate change challenges affecting them. Based on the Capital Approach Framework (CAF), this study carries out an analysis of local governance capacity needs for implementing climate change adaptation in Seychelles. Data were collected using two methods: (i) questionnaire-led interviews among twenty-four district administrators (DAs), and (ii) an interactive workshop involving thirty-one participants, of which twenty-six were DAs and five were members of the National Climate Change Committee. The CAF was measured in two ways: (i) through descriptive statistics such as frequencies based on interview data, and (ii) through the ranking of types of capital to assess their weightings across four categories using a consensus approach during the participatory workshop. The findings of this study indicate significant political, financial, and human resource capacity gaps, which collectively hinder local adaptation. The critical shortcomings identified include the low participation in national-level decision-making processes, the inability to access external funding sources, and the lack of technical know-how. Through a participatory approach involving the local government representatives and the National Climate Change Committee, ten recommendations for policy measures that can enhance the effectiveness of local governance in climate change adaptation were co-developed. Seven of these recommendations partly address issues related to political capital. These recommendations highlight that a siloed approach cannot effectively address the impacts of climate change. For example, one of the recommendations stated that land-use planning should be guided by location-specific vulnerabilities, as these differ across districts.

Mangroves play an important role in coastal ecosystems worldwide, performing vital functions like protecting coastlines, seagrass, and coral reefs, purification of water, trapping sediments, and providing nursery grounds for many terrestrial and aquatic organisms.Despite their importance, mangroves are threatened worldwide due to increasing human development in coastal areas, and therefore, efforts to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems have gained traction.Mangrove restoration requires specialized knowledge and skills, ranging from selecting seeds, to the planting of seedlings in nurseries and along degraded coastlines.The following study explores the survivorship and growth rate of seedlings of three mangrove speciesnamely Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, and Ceriops tagalin freshwater and seawater treatments.The experiment was conducted in a nursery-based environment to inform mangrove rehabilitation programs.Root count and length, leaf count and length, and the length of the entire seedling were measured for each sample species every week for 12 weeks.The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA to identify significant differences in the measured variables between each species in the freshwater and seawater treatments.Seedlings grown in freshwater revealed a more rapid growth rate and lower mortality relative to those in seawater.Mangrove seedlings can be raised in nursery-based environments.They can be irrigated using freshwater with species like A. marina, less constrained by freshwater and hence display higher growth rates.Therefore, A. marina should be considered a priority species for mangrove restoration, given its relatively higher growth rate than the other species in the experiment.

Agriculture is an important sector of the Moroccan economy, employing a huge portion of the Moroccan population and contributing about 14 - 20% to the country's GDP. Unfortunately, agricultural production in Morocco is impacted by climatic, non-climatic, biophysical, and non-biophysical stressors. Researchers have employed various crop models to understand how different crops respond to different environmental conditions such as temperature, precipitation, soil properties, fertilization, and irrigation. Unfortunately, there are no studies that provide a summary and a holistic perspective of the most frequently used models and their calibration inputs in Morocco. This work, therefore, seeks to fill these knowledge gaps by providing a summary of the most calibrated crop models, their calibration input data, the most frequently studied crops, how the studies are published (peer-review or grey literature), and the affiliations of the lead authors. This is achieved through a systematic review of the primary peer review and grey literature. A total of 68 relevant peer review and grey literature papers were considered. The results show that most of the authors are affiliated with Moroccan universities/organizations while wheat is the most studied crop. In addition, the AQUACROP and the regression-based models are the most used crop models. Additionally, most of the models are calibrated in order of importance with variables such as temperature, precipitation, soil properties, irrigation, and fertilizers. On the other hand, there is an observed increase in the use of non-climatic indicators such as poverty, farm income, and literacy levels to fit empirical models. It is still unclear how process-based models will integrate socio-economic indicators. This work has implications for future research as it provides a holistic picture of the key models that are currently used and their calibration. This information can be used by other projects to select methods to use, and crops to study based on the available data when working on crop models in Morocco, and North Africa. These results underscore the leading role in research funding offered by the government of Morocco and other organizations such as UM6P and OCP Africa in research valorization in Morocco and Africa.

Mainstreaming climate adaptation objectives into existing policies and practices, as opposed to developing new or dedicated adaptation policies has several advantages for achieving sustainable change. Based on in-depth analysis of 31 strategic policy documents together with 34 stakeholder interviews, this article addresses the following questions across six sectors as follows: (i) to what extent has climate adaptation been mainstreamed into sectoral policies; (ii) what are the constraints impeding adaptation mainstreaming; (iii) what steps are needed to address inherent constraints/obstacles in order to facilitate adaptation mainstreaming across sectoral policies in Seychelles. While significant progress has been made in mainstreaming climate adaptation into the agriculture, water and energy sectors, little progress seems to have occurred in the Blue Economy, forestry, and health sectors. The lack of progress in these sectors can be attributed to the absence of national policies and or lack of add-ons on adaptation projects in these sectors. For example, mainstreaming climate adaptation into sector policies and strategies have occurred on an ad hoc basis through different projects. Stakeholder further indicated that there are still many obstacles such as the lack of human and financial resources that need to be addressed to enhance climate adaptation mainstreaming especially in the health, agriculture and BE sectors. Further, sectoral objectives were given greater priorities when compared to adaptation objectives especially for sectors whose mandate were not directly linked to climate change. In fact, the issue of coordination and corporation not just among government entities, but also between the government and private sectors was highlighted another barrier. Strategies for improvement include long-term climate impact studies, better public-private partnership, building on existing adaptation projects, ensure consistency in policy, and enhance access to resources – human, technical and financial. Lastly, adaptation mainstreaming is a process that should institutionalized across sector to promote sustainable growth.