Objective:This study aimed to describe our institution's experience with endoscopic approaches to pediatric skull base surgery. Design/Setting/Participants:A retrospective study of consecutive cases of patients under the age of 18 years who underwent endoscopic skull base surgery performed at our institution between 2016 and 2023. Main Outcome Measures:Postoperative outcomes, including hospital length of stay, 30-day readmission, postop cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, tumor recurrence, intracranial infection, endocrinopathy, visual deficit, or cranial neuropathy. Results:In total, 37 surgeries were performed in 32 patients: 32 primary surgeries and 5 revision surgeries. Median patient age was 13.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5.3 years) with a slight female predominance ( N  = 18, 56%). Surgeries were performed for skull base tumor resection ( N  = 27, 73%), skull base defect repair ( N  = 5, 14%), optic nerve decompression ( N  = 3, 8%), and skull base tumor biopsy ( N  = 2, 5%). Median length of hospital stay was 5 days (IQR 5 days); a single postoperative CSF leak required revision surgery (3%), and three patients developed postoperative intracranial infections (8%). The most common endocrinopathy developed after surgery was transient diabetes insipidus (DI) ( N  = 6, 16%). There were no cases of internal carotid artery injury, new cranial neuropathies, or vision loss after surgery. Nine of the 25 endoscopic surgeries for a skull base tumor that achieved gross total resection had tumor recurrence (36%). Conclusion:Endoscopic surgery is a safe and efficacious intervention for skull base pathology in pediatric patient populations.

BACKGROUND:Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) requiring free flap (FF) reconstruction is uncommon with limited reported findings. METHODS:Multicenter, retrospective case series of 49 consecutive adult patients presenting with advanced MRONJ requiring FF reconstruction from 2010 to 2022. Perioperative complications and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS:Eighty-two percent (n = 40) of cases were of the mandible and 18% (n = 9) were of the maxilla. The mean follow-up was 15 months (±19.6). The majority of FF survived (96%, n = 47). FF reconstructions of the maxilla were more likely to require postoperative debridement (56%, 95% CI [27, 81%] vs. 15%, 95% CI [7, 25%], p = 0.008) or develop intraoral bone exposure (56%, 95% CI [27, 81%] vs. 18%, 95% CI [9, 27%], p = 0.02). Most patients (71%, n = 35) received preoperative antibiotics which was associated with a higher rate of FF survival (100% vs. 86%, 95% CI [60, 96%], p = 0.02) and fewer complications. CONCLUSIONS:Patients undergoing FF reconstruction for MRONJ do well with high rates of FF success. MRONJ of the maxilla have a higher rate of some complications. Preoperative antibiotics correlated with higher FF survival and fewer postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND:To describe utilization and outcomes of submandibular gland flap (SGF) reconstruction after transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). METHODS:A multi-institutional retrospective case series of patients who underwent TORS for OPSCC followed by SGF reconstruction with harvest via transcervical approach from 1/1/2016 to 4/1/2023. RESULTS:In total, 14 patients underwent SGF reconstruction after TORS for OPSCC. All patients had HPV-positive disease, predominantly in early local (N = 10 with pT1/pT2 disease, 71%) and regional stages (N = 11 with pN0/pN1 disease, 79%). Most patients received adjuvant radiation treatment (N = 9, 64%). Median hospital LOS after surgery was 4 days (IQR 2 days) with median functional oral intake scale (FOIS) score of 5 (IQR 0.8) at 1-3 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS:SGF reconstruction is a useful technique for closure of appropriately selected TORS defects requiring reconstruction beyond healing by secondary intention and mobilization of adjacent tissue but not large enough to warrant free flap reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the association between poor dental health and risk of oral cavity squamous cell cancer (OCSCC) at individual tumor subsites. STUDY DESIGN:Case-control and cross-sectional METHODS: A case-control study was performed using a population-based cohort in North Carolina (Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Study [CHANCE]). A secondary cross-sectional analysis was performed with an institutional cohort (WashU/Siteman). Cases were adults with primary OCSCC and an identifiable tumor subsite. In the CHANCE cohort, controls were adults without head and neck cancer. In the Washington University/Siteman cohort, patients with tongue cancer served as the comparator group. We used number of missing teeth (categorized 0-6, 7-24, 25-28) as a surrogate for poor dental health, which was self-reported in CHANCE and measured on a pretreatment computed tomography scan in the WashU/Siteman study. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for missing teeth were estimated for each tumor subsite using binomial logistic regression models. RESULTS:Near complete tooth loss (25-28 teeth) was associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of alveolar ridge malignancy (aOR: 3.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-11.01, P = .03) in the CHANCE study. This association was confirmed in our cross-sectional analysis (WashU/Siteman study) where missing 25-28 teeth was associated with an increased risk of alveolar ridge compared to tongue cancer (aOR: 4.60; 95% CI: 1.97-11.10, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS:This study suggests an association between poor dental health and risk of alveolar ridge cancer independent of smoking, alcohol use, age, race, and sex. Future prospective and translational studies are needed to confirm this association and elucidate the mechanism of dental disease in alveolar ridge malignancies.

Importance There is a paucity of large-scale prospective studies evaluating the risk of developing head and neck cancer (HNC) associated with smoking, drinking, and dietary habits. Objective To determine the association of smoking, drinking, and dietary habits with the risk of developing HNC. Design, Setting, and Participants A nested cohort survival analysis of Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial participants was performed. Participants were between 55 and 74 years of age and recruited at 10 centers across the US from November 1993 to July 2001. Participants who developed HNC were matched with controls based on demographics and family history of HNC for analysis of smoking habits; for the analysis of drinking and dietary habits, matching was performed on smoking status and duration in addition to demographics and family history of HNC. Data analysis was performed from January to November 2023. Exposures Smoking, drinking, and dietary habits. Main Outcome and Measure Diagnosis of HNC. Results In total, 139 926 participants (51% female; mean [SD] age, 62.6 [5.4] years) were included in the analysis of smoking habits with a median (IQR) follow-up time of 12.1 (10.3-13.6) years, 571 of whom developed HNC. HNC risk associated with smoking increased the closer the proximity of the head and neck subsite to the lungs, with the greatest risk associated with smoking observed in laryngeal cancer (current smoker hazard ratio [HR], 9.36; 95% CI, 5.78-15.15 compared to a nonsmoker). For analysis of drinking and dietary habits, 94 466 participants were included in the analysis of smoking habits with a median (IQR) follow-up time of 12.2 (10.5-13.6) years, 264 of whom developed HNC. HNC risk increased with heavy drinking (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.44-2.38) and decreased with consumption of whole grains (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.94/oz per day), whole fruits (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98/cup per day), and overall healthy eating, as scored by Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98/10 points). Conclusions and Relevance In this nested cohort study, the risk of HNC associated with smoking was higher for subsites that were closer to the lungs; heavy drinking was associated with greater HNC risk, while healthy eating was associated with a modest reduction in HNC risk.

BACKGROUND:Head and neck osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the midface requiring free flap (FF) reconstruction is uncommon. This multi-institutional study was designed to review outcomes for this rare patient population. METHODS:Retrospective multi-institutional review of FF reconstruction for midface ORN (2005-2022; n = 54). RESULTS:The FF survival rate was 87% (n = 54). Patients were less likely to be tolerating a regular diet at 3 months postoperative if they had a preoperative history of prior head and surgery (80% vs. 95%; p = 0.02), a pathologic fracture (50% vs. 90%; p = 0.04), exposed bone intraorally (43% vs. 94%; p = 0.002), or a fistula (67% vs. 96%; p = 0.03). Mean albumin was higher in patients whose FF survived (3.6 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 1.4; p = 0.03). Patients with low prealbumin were more likely to undergo a hematoma evacuation (27% vs. 0%; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION:In this series of midface ORN requiring FF reconstruction preoperative nutritional status impacted postoperative complications. Preoperative occurrence of a fistula, pathologic fracture, and intraoral bone exposure correlated with decreased tolerance of a regular diet following reconstruction.

This review aims to present the current classification schema for fungal rhinosinusitis, highlight current topics of interest, and identify potential areas for improvement and further research. There have been recent concerns that the allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) criteria may be too stringent, leading to missed diagnoses. Additionally, many individual components of the AFRS criteria are non-specific. A “subacute” or “intermediate” category for invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS) has been proposed in addition to acute and chronic classifications. A new “microinvasive” variant of invasive fungal sinusitis has also been suggested. Recently, there have been reports of progression from non-invasive forms of fungal sinusitis to IFS in immunosuppressed patients. While diagnostic criteria have been published and widely accepted, there is a possibility that fungal sinusitis is a spectrum of disease both in terms of aggressiveness and invasiveness. There is a vast opportunity for multi-institutional studies, translational research, and updates to the classifications and guidelines for fungal sinusitis.

Supplementary Figure from Stromal Reprogramming by FAK Inhibition Overcomes Radiation Resistance to Allow for Immune Priming and Response to Checkpoint Blockade

Importance: Time to surgical intervention is an oft-investigated potentially modifiable risk factor for complications after mandible fracture. Objective: To identify novel risk factors for malunion/nonunion after mandible fracture and determine the impact of treatment delay on malunion and nonunion after open reduction of mandible fractures. Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting and Participants: Encounter billing records from the New York State Inpatient Databases, State Emergency Department Databases, and State Ambulatory Surgery Databases. Patients aged 18 years and older with isolated mandible fracture in the emergency department or inpatient setting from January 1, 2006 to September 30, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mandibular Malunion/Nonunion. Results: A total of 19,152 adults were diagnosed with isolated mandible fracture. After fracture, 247 patients (1.3%) developed mandibular malunion or nonunion. In multivariable analysis, patients with open fractures (odds ratio [OR] 1.93, confidence interval [95% CI] 1.40-2.65), body fractures (OR 2.00, 1.50-2.65), alcohol abuse (OR 1.61, 1.22-2.11), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.57, 1.02-2.42), and Medicaid insurance (OR 1.46, 1.03-2.07) had increased risk, whereas patients with subcondylar fractures had reduced risk (OR 0.45, 0.28-0.72) of mandibular malunion/nonunion. The risk of mandibular malunion/nonunion after open reduction increased with treatment delay until 6-7 days after presentation (OR 1.84, 1.11-3.06). Conclusion and Relevance: Although treatment delay is often unavoidable, these findings suggest that physicians should consider early intervention in patients requiring open reduction of mandible fractures when able.

Purpose: Controversy exists regarding the ideal approach for repair of lateral skull base defects. Our goal is to report the outcomes following middle cranial fossa (MCF) mini-craniotomy combined with mastoidectomy for patients with superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD), spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, and cholesteatoma. Materials and methods: A retrospective database from chart review was formed consisting of 97 patients who met surgical criteria: SSCD, spontaneous CSF leak, and cholesteatoma. Mini-craniotomy MCF approach (<4 x 2 cm in size) combined with mastoidectomy was performed. All patients were admitted directly to the ICU postoperatively. Multiple factors were assessed, including need for revision surgery, duration of surgery, length of post-operative stay, and hospital readmission. Results: Average surgery time was 110 min with no intraoperative complications. The average length of hospitalization was 2 days with an average ICU stay of 1 day. There were no neurologic complications; however, there were 3 inpatient complications (3%) which included 1 patient (1%) that had wound breakdown and 2 patients (2%) that had severe post-operative vertigo. A total of 8 patients (8%) required revision surgery and these were primarily for SSCD. The 30-day readmission rate was 3%. Conclusion: In the current series, all patients that underwent mini-craniotomy MCF surgery combined with mastoidectomy had minimal complications, short surgical time, limited hospital stay, low revision surgery rate and few hospital readmissions. This combined approach offers superior visualization of lateral skull base defects without the morbidity and risk typically associated with traditional, extensive MCF surgery.

BACKGROUND:Prolonged time to extubation after general anaesthesia has been defined as a time from the end of surgery to airway extubation of at least 15 min. This occurrence can result in ineffective utilisation of operating rooms and delays in patient care. It is unknown if unanticipated delayed extubation is associated with escalation of care.OBJECTIVES:To assess the frequency of 'prolonged extubation' after general anaesthesia and its association with 'escalation of care before discharge from the postanaesthesia care unit', defined as administration of reversal agents for opioids and benzodiazepines, airway re-intubation and need for ventilatory support. In addition, we tried to identify independent factors associated with 'prolonged extubation'.DESIGN:Single-centre retrospective study of cases performed from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2014.SETTING:A large US tertiary academic medical centre.PATIENTS:Adult general anaesthesia cases excluding cardiothoracic, otolaryngology and neurosurgery procedures, classified as: Group 1 - regular extubation (≤15 min); Group 2 - prolonged extubation (≥16 and ≤60 min); Group 3 - very prolonged extubation (≥61 min).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:First, cases with prolonged time to extubation; second, instances of escalation of care per extubation group; third, independent factors associated with prolonged time to extubation.RESULTS:A total of 86 123 cases were analysed. Prolonged extubation occurred in 8138 cases (9.5%) and very prolonged extubation in 357 cases (0.4%). In Groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively, naloxone was used in 0.4, 4.1 and 3.9% of cases, flumazenil in 0.03, 0.6 and 2% and respiratory support in 0.2, 0.7 and 2%, and immediate re-intubation occurred in 0.1, 0.3 and 2.8% of cases. Several patient-related, anaesthesia-related and procedure-related factors were independently associated with prolonged time to extubation.CONCLUSION:Prolonged time to extubation occurred in nearly 10% of cases and was associated with an increased incidence of escalation of care. Many independent factors associated with 'prolonged extubation' were nonmodifiable by anaesthetic management.

This cohort study uses data from state health care databases to determine the incidence and timing of infectious complications following cochlear implant surgery among patients in 5 US states between 2006 and 2016.

Reconstructive outcomes after complete temporomandibular joint (TMJ) resection, including the condyle and glenoid fossa bone, are poorly defined in the literature. We described our technique and reviewed occlusion and functional outcomes of 6 consecutive patients undergoing complete TMJ resection and reconstruction with anterolateral thigh free tissue transfer and intermaxillary fixation with elastic bands for 6 to 8 weeks. At median follow-up of 14 months, median Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire score was 32 (range, 4-38), indicating mild to moderate impairment. Subjective occlusion was normal in 4 of 6 patients. Premature occlusal contact was seen in 2 of 6 patients. Maximal interincisor distance and horizontal mandibular shift with jaw abduction ranged from 29 to 40 mm and 5 to 8 mm, respectively. Four of 6 tolerated regular diets while 2 adhered to mechanical soft diets; no patients were feeding tube dependent. Soft tissue-only reconstruction after complete TMJ resection resulted in good subjective and objective occlusion in 4 of 6 patients and no cases of severe functional impairment.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the trend and factors associated with surgical management of orbital cellulitis. Study Design Retrospective database study. Methods Study using the State Inpatient Databases (SIDs) from 2008 to 2015. Patients with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis code for orbital cellulitis were identified in the SIDs for the following states: Arkansas, Florida, Iowa, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, and Wisconsin. Surgery was defined as an ICD-9-CM procedure code for orbitotomy and/or functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The trend of surgery over time was evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify patient- and hospital-level factors associated with surgery. Results From 2008 to 2013, the number of hospitalizations for orbital cellulitis ranged from 1,349 to 1,574, but declined to 865 in 2014. From 2008 to 2015, the number of surgeries ranged from 103 to 154. For children (n = 3,041), age, ophthalmologic comorbidity, and conjunctival edema were significantly associated with surgery, whereas for adults (n = 7,961), male gender, private insurance, optic neuritis, and cranial nerves III/VI/VI palsy were associated with surgery. Conclusions Although the number of inpatient hospitalizations for orbital cellulitis has markedly declined, the number of surgeries for orbital cellulitis has remained fairly stable, leading to an observed higher proportion of hospitalized patients undergoing surgery. Future directions include extending the time frame to the present day to assess current rates of hospitalization and surgery. Knowledge of surgical trends and patient- and hospital-level characteristics associated with surgery may help improve management guidelines for and understanding of this vision-threatening disease. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:567-574, 2020

Question Can hearing loss after radiotherapy and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer be accurately predicted prior to the initiation of treatment? Findings In this cohort study of 242 patients (482 ears), a predictive model was developed that agreed with 77% of the variability in the posttreatment 1-, 2-, and 4-kHz pure tone average. This predictive model also had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 75% for predicting an observed posttreatment pure tone average greater than 35 dB. Meaning Predictive models can provide patients with cancer accurate estimates of the changes in their hearing that will occur after irradiation and cisplatin chemotherapy. Importance Accurate, accessible predictions of posttreatment hearing loss for patients with head and neck cancer prior to the initiation of treatment are a necessary part of informed patient decision-making. Objective To develop a prediction model for postradiotherapy and/or post-cisplatin chemotherapy hearing loss for patients with head and neck cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary academic medical center among 242 patients (482 ears) with head and neck cancer who were treated with radiotherapy and/or cisplatin from October 1, 2014, to July 31, 2018, and had follow-up audiometric data available. Exposures Radiotherapy and cisplatin chemotherapy. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient hearing level, as measured by the mean of pure tone audiometry at 1, 2, and 4 kHz on completion of treatment. A multivariable mixed model for predicting the posttreatment pure tone average was developed using only information available to clinicians at the beginning of treatment. Results A total of 242 patients (482 ears; 56 women and 186 men; mean [SD] age, 60 [10] years) were included in the analysis. All patients in the study received radiotherapy, and 105 (43.4%) received cisplatin chemotherapy. The mean (SD) total cumulative cisplatin dose was 298 (109) mg/m(2). Patients' ears received a mean (SD) cochlear radiotherapy dose of 15 (13) Gy. The fixed-effects predictions from the predictive model agreed with 77% (95% CI, 73%-81%) of the variability in the posttreatment pure tone average. This predictive model also had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 75% for predicting an observed posttreatment pure tone average greater than 35 dB (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.85). Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this study develops the first accurate prediction model of posttreatment hearing in patients with head and neck cancer that is feasible for use in the clinical setting before the initiation of treatment. This research confirms that exposure of the cochlea to cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy is associated with hearing loss in patients with head and neck cancer. Finally, this research motivates future studies of ototoxic effects to better understand the adverse effects of head and neck cancer treatment. This cohort study develops a hearing loss prediction model for patients with head and neck cancer after radiotherapy and/or cisplatin chemotherapy.