Comparative optimism is the self-advantageous tendency to think that positive events will happen to us more than to others and that negative events are more likely to happen to others than to oneself. This trend that values the self or values others less and requires a feeling of control is recurrent in Western societies. We assume that dominant neoliberal values in these societies facilitate the expression of comparative optimism. The main objective of the present study is to show that the priming of neoliberal values will promote the emergence of comparative optimism and internality. To achieve this goal, we primed neoliberal values using advertisements. In accordance with our main hypothesis, priming with neoliberal values had an indirect effect more on comparative optimism than neutral priming. Using manipulated variables, we confirmed the causal link between neoliberal values and the evaluation of one normative dimension of individualism (internality). The valorization of internality would appear to partially explain the link between neoliberal values and comparative optimism, confirming the support of our main hypothesis. The implications of these results are discussed from an ideological and socio-constructivist perspective. El optimismo comparativo es la tendencia autobeneficiosa a pensar que los acontecimientos positivos nos ocurrir & aacute;n con m & aacute;s frecuencia que a los dem & aacute;s, y que es m & aacute;s probable que los acontecimientos negativos les ocurran a los dem & aacute;s que a uno mismo. Es recurrente en las sociedades occidentales esta tendencia que valora a uno mismo m & aacute;s y menos a los dem & aacute;s y exige una sensaci & oacute;n de control. Partimos de la base de que los valores neoliberales prevalentes en estas sociedades facilitan la expresi & oacute;n de un optimismo comparativo. El objetivo principal del presente estudio es demostrar que el priming de valores neoliberales promover & aacute; el surgimiento del optimismo comparativo y de la internalidad. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se activaron dichos valores mediante el uso de anuncios publicitarios. De acuerdo con nuestra hip & oacute;tesis principal, el priming con valores neoliberales tuvo un efecto indirecto mayor sobre el optimismo comparativo que el priming neutral. Utilizando variables manipuladas, confirmamos el v & iacute;nculo causal entre los valores neoliberales y la evaluaci & oacute;n de una dimensi & oacute;n normativa del individualismo (internalidad). La valoraci & oacute;n de la internalidad parecer & iacute;a explicar parcialmente el v & iacute;nculo entre los valores neoliberales y el optimismo comparativo, lo que confirma el respaldo de nuestra hip & oacute;tesis principal. Las implicaciones de estos resultados se discuten desde una perspectiva ideol & oacute;gica y socioconstructivista.

Cognitive dissonance, traditionally conceptualized as a fundamental psychological process involving discomfort from inconsistent cognitions, may vary across cultures. These variations could be attributed to self-construal, or how individuals define themselves in relation to others. While previous cross-cultural research has predominantly used the free-choice paradigm, significant concerns have been raised regarding its procedural validity and the robustness of its findings. To address this issue, this registered report presents secondary analyses of a large-scale international dataset. We investigated the moderating role of cultural variables on dissonance effects within the induced-compliance paradigm across 18 countries (N = 3,804). We hypothesised that dissonance effects would be stronger for participants with higher individual-level self-construal scores (H1), in more individualistic countries (H2), and in countries with higher country-level self-construal scores (H3). Our results did not support these hypotheses, suggesting that cultural moderation may not generalize to the induced-compliance paradigm. We discuss the necessity of reassessing the procedure's reliability and clarifying the theoretical role of choice.

Drawing upon role balance theory and living systems theory, this paper aims to examine the effect of transformational leadership on satisfaction with work-life balance. We explore the mediating role of collective regulations (global team reflexivity) and the moderating role of individual regulations (self-consciousness). A cross-sectional study (involving 358 employees in French enterprises) showed that the relationship between transformational leadership and satisfaction with work-life balance involved an indirect effect through global team reflexivity. This mediation was moderated by self-consciousness. These results indicated that transformational leadership enhanced collective regulations and that collective regulations favored satisfaction with work-life balance. In addition, collective regulations compensated failure of individual regulations. This study confirms the interest of integrating leadership and regulation theories when studying the management of work-life balance. Organizations should promote transformational leadership and managers should pay attention to team reflexivity. These two factors may be effective both in the workplace and outside, by promoting satisfaction with work-life balance. (c) 2025 Societe Franc, aise de Psychologie. Published by Elsevier those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Cognitive dissonance, a fundamental psychological process involving inconsistent cognitions causing discomfort, may vary across cultures. These variations could be attributed to differences in the way people define themselves, known as “self-construal”. Previous cross-cultural studies on the role of self-construal in cognitive dissonance have mainly employed the free-choice paradigm. However, many concerns have been raised about the validity of this procedure and these studies, more generally. To address this issue, we will conduct secondary analyses to explore unexamined associations in a large existing dataset (Vaidis et al., 2024). Specifically, the current study will investigate the moderating role of individual (self-construal) and cultural (individualism) variables on dissonance effects following an induced-compliance paradigm across 18 countries (N = 3822). Based on the literature, we hypothesised that induced-compliance effects (i.e., adjusting attitude to match behaviour, particularly when it has been adopted freely) will be stronger for participants with higher individual self-construal scores (H1), in more individualistic countries (H2), and in countries with higher aggregated levels of independent self-construal (H3). The analyses [supported / did not support] H1, [supported / did not support] H2 and [supported / did not support] H3.Keywords: Self-Construal, Culture, Cognitive Dissonance, Induced Compliance, Cross-cultural study

According to cognitive-dissonance theory, performing counterattitudinal behavior produces a state of dissonance that people are motivated to resolve, usually by changing their attitude to be in line with their behavior. One of the most popular experimental paradigms used to produce such attitude change is the induced-compliance paradigm. Despite its popularity, the replication crisis in social psychology and other fields, as well as methodological limitations associated with the paradigm, raise concerns about the robustness of classic studies in this literature. We therefore conducted a multilab constructive replication of the induced-compliance paradigm based on Croyle and Cooper (Experiment 1). In a total of 39 labs from 19 countries and 14 languages, participants (N = 4,898) were assigned to one of three conditions: writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice, writing a counterattitudinal essay under low choice, or writing a neutral essay under high choice. The primary analyses failed to support the core hypothesis: No significant difference in attitude was observed after writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice compared with low choice. However, we did observe a significant difference in attitude after writing a counterattitudinal essay compared with writing a neutral essay. Secondary analyses revealed the pattern of results to be robust to data exclusions, lab variability, and attitude assessment. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted to test predictions from cognitive-dissonance theory. Overall, the results call into question whether the induced-compliance paradigm provides robust evidence for cognitive dissonance.

In this commentary, we examine the implications of the failed replication reported by Vaidis et al., which represents the largest multilab attempt to replicate the induced-compliance paradigm in cognitive-dissonance theory. We respond to commentaries on this study and discuss potential explanations for the null findings, including issues with the perceived choice manipulation and various post hoc explanations. Our commentary includes an assessment of the broader landscape of cognitive-dissonance research, revealing pervasive methodological limitations, such as underpowered studies and a lack of open-science practices. We conclude that our replication study and our examination of the literature raise substantial concerns about the reliability of the induced-compliance paradigm and highlight the need for more rigorous research practices in the field of cognitive dissonance.

The induced-hypocrisy paradigm is an effective two-step procedure-the behavioral standards salience step and the transgressions salience step-for encouraging normative behaviors. Recent findings have raised questions about the necessity of the first step in inducing behavioral change. This research aims to test the role of the standards salience step in the hypocrisy paradigm. To this end, we used a meta-analytic approach to test the moderation of standards salience on hypocrisy effect sizes. We compared 16 studies with "strong" standards salience with 19 studies with "weak" standards salience. The results revealed that, compared with control and transgressions-only conditions, the hypocrisy effect sizes were moderate in the "strong" standards group and weak or nonsignificant in the "weak" standards group. These results contribute to the further investigation of the processes underlying the hypocrisy paradigm and represent progress by identifying the optimal conditions for implementing its first step.

This paper aims to replicate the effect of a nudge on behavior (efficiency) and acceptability in a natural field experiment. The nudge in our study consists in setting zero sugars as the default level of sugar in hot drinks–vending machines in a French university. We compared Campus A (default option set to 0 sugars) to Campus B (default option set to 3 sugars). We measured the efficiency of this default option by observing the level of sugar actually chosen by the participants, and we measured acceptability through a questionnaire. We hypothesized a high level of efficiency for the nudge and a higher acceptability in Campus A (default option set to 0 sugars) compared to Campus B (default option set to 3 sugars). Our results show that participants with the default option set to zero sugars (Campus A) consumed less sugar than those with the default option set to 3 sugars (Campus B). We also found a high level of acceptability on both campuses, though with no difference between Campus A (where the nudge was implemented) and Campus B (where a future nudge would be implemented). The discussion addresses the applied perspectives and ethical implications of these results.

Nudges - incentives to adopt a desirable behavior - are widely used and accepted today, especially in public health. Through two experiments, the reasons for the high acceptability of nudges were examined from the perspective of the rationalization effect. In Study 1 (before the Covid-19 pandemic) and Study 2 (during the pandemic), attitudes toward nudges were measured, and the efficacy of nudges (i.e., adoption of the target behavior: The use of hand sanitizer) was observed. The results do not confirm the rationalization effect but rather a recognition of the nudges.

The induced-hypocrisy is a paradigm in which people promote a normative behavior (normative salience step) and then recall their past transgressions (transgression salience step). It is an effective two-step procedure for encouraging prosocial behaviors. This study aims to explore whether discrimination can be reduced using the hypocrisy paradigm combining two kinds of social norms, namely injunctive and descriptive norms. We assigned 80 participants to descriptive norm-related hypocrisy, injunctive norm-related hypocrisy, combined-norm hypocrisy, and control conditions. Results showed that intention to adopt active normative behaviors was higher in the combined-norms than in the single norm hypocrisy conditions. We observed the same pattern in reducing discriminatory behaviors in the Cyberball game, which measures passive discrimination (exclusion). Our findings have both practical and theoretical implications. First, they provide a new and effective means for producing behavioral changes in the field of discrimination. Second, they contribute to further investigating the explanatory processes underlying the hypocrisy effect.

Introduction. - The COVID-19 health crisis considerably accelerated the use of telework. Objective. - The present study focuses on the impact of telework frequency on workers' work-life satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. This study also evaluates the mediating role of satisfaction with work-family balance in these two relationships. Finally, it investigates the moderator role of telework adjustment (i.e., adaptation to changes resulting from the transition to a virtual environment) in the relationship between telework frequency and work-family balance satisfaction, as well as the drivers of this adjustment. Method. - In all, 377 teleworkers replied to an online questionnaire measuring the above-mentioned variables. Results. - The increase in telework frequency is directly associated with a decrease in workers' work-life satisfaction and affective organizational commitment, due to the degradation of their work-family balance satisfaction. Yet, once workers have made significant adjustments to telework, direct and indirect negative impacts of telework frequency are reduced. Finally, telework adjustment is largely predicted by whether telework resulted from choice or obligation, by the telework environment at home, and by the organizational support provided to workers. Conclusion. - Theoretical and practical implications of these results will be discussed, with potential avenues to best support the deployment of remote work. (C) 2022 Societe Francaise de Psychologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

IntroductionLa crise sanitaire a été un considérable accélérateur du recours au télétravail.ObjectifsNotre étude explore les effets de la fréquence du télétravail sur la satisfaction de vie professionnelle et l’engagement organisationnel affectif des travailleur·se·s. Par ailleurs, elle évalue le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction vis-à-vis de l’équilibre entre domaines de vie dans ces deux relations. Enfin, elle étudie le rôle modérateur de l’ajustement au télétravail (i.e., adaptation aux changements découlant du passage à un environnement virtuel) dans la relation entre la fréquence du télétravail et la satisfaction vis-à-vis de l’équilibre entre domaines de vie ainsi que les leviers de cet ajustement.MéthodeAu total, 377 télétravailleur·se·s « tout venant » ont répondu à un questionnaire en ligne mesurant ces variables.RésultatsL’augmentation de la fréquence du télétravail entraîne indirectement une baisse de la satisfaction de vie professionnelle et de l’engagement organisationnel affectif chez les travailleur·se·s, en raison d’une dégradation de leur satisfaction vis-à-vis de l’équilibre entre domaines de vie. De plus, lorsque les personnes se sont fortement ajustées au télétravail, les effets négatifs – directs et indirects – de la fréquence du télétravail s’atténuent. Enfin, l’ajustement au télétravail est en grande partie prédit par le fait d’avoir choisi ou subi cette modalité de travail, par l’environnement de télétravail au domicile et par le soutien organisationnel fourni aux travailleur·se·s.ConclusionNous discutons des implications théoriques de ces résultats et proposons des pistes pour accompagner au mieux le déploiement du télétravail.

In this study, we are interested in the determinants of health and performance at work in terms of regulations. Precisely, we hypothesize that reflection about oneself or one's group can be a resource for the individual and for the organization. Five hundred and fifty-three participants completed a questionnaire measuring self-consciousness, team reflexivity, well-being, and distress at work as well as perceptions of personal and organizational performance. The results highlight a more systematic and significant effect of team reflexivity (i.e., collective regulation) on health and performance in comparison with self-consciousness (i.e., self-regulation). In addition, there is an indirect effect of team reflexivity on the perceptions of personal performance and organizational performance via work psychological well-being. These results are discussed from individual and organizational points of view.

Introduction.-The chaining procedure consists in linking together two or more compliance gaining strategies in order to obtain greater behavioral compliance. Objective.-In two studies we tested chaining that included two compliance gaining procedures: the "but you are free" technique (BYAF) and social proof (SP). Method.-A total of 2204 passersby were approached in different countries (France, Tunisia, China and Moldavia). They were asked to donate money for cancer research with, respectively, a control formulation, a BYAF formulation, a SP formulation or a BYAF + SP formulation. Results.-Observations indicate that chaining did not work because the BYAF + SP condition produced the same behavioral compliance as BYAF or SP separately (studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, we analyzed the participants' justifications after complying with or rejecting the request and the reasons were substantially the same under each condition (study 2). Conclusion.-Failure to observe the chaining process is interpreted through theoretical explanations whereby BYAF and SP are antagonistic. (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this paper is to test the main hypothesis that the endorsement of neoliberal ideology, comprising beliefs and values such as personal responsibility and hedonism, is negatively associated with the engagement in the Yellow Vest (YV) movement. In a first study (N = 489), analysis of qualitative data shows that most of the YV movement grievances are system challenging. Furthermore, consistent with our hypotheses, the more participants endorsed neoliberal ideology, the less they perceived inequalities against the lower and middle classes, the less angry they felt in the face of such inequalities, the less they identified with the Yellow Vests and finally, the less they engaged in the Yellow Vest movement. In Study 2 (N = 201), the relationship between neoliberal ideology, measured in a different way, and engagement in the movement was replicated amongst a sample of participants who support the YV movement. Moreover, it appeared that this relationship was mediated by a greater sense of personal control, leading to a higher level of system justification. In fact, neoliberal ideology appears to enhance personal control, giving them a heightened sense that the system is just and legitimate. This perception, in turn, appears to undermine the politicized identification with the Yellow Vest and as a consequence, engagement in the movement.

Introduction. - Social psychology research about commitment has demonstrated that it is possible to change one people's cognition and behavior. Objective. - The aim of the present article is to show that commitment can be used as a reduction strategy of smokers' valorization and smoking normativity in order to reduce smoking. Method. - Students have been followed into a longitudinal study from end of elementary school to 8th grade class. They have been divided into different groups representing the smoking prevention's degree of commitment. Results. - Rsults suggest that the sooner they are engaged in schooling, the better is the prevention. Commitment intervention made later in schooling has no influence on students smoking valorization. Conclusion. - Results will be discussed in terms of commitment theory by highlighting that an intervention using commitment is efficient only if the target is not already committed in an opposite behavior. (C) 2019 Societe Francaise de Psychologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.