La función del aparato circulatorio consiste en transportar la sangre, y por tanto el oxígeno, de uno a otro sector del organismo. La fisiología arterial se basa en el estudio de numerosos factores, como la velocidad de flujo de la sangre en las arterias, el flujo arterial, la presión arterial, las resistencias arteriales, la energía de un fluido, la hemorreología y el endotelio vascular. Este sistema complejo está regulado por mecanismos locales y sistémicos. La circulación arterial se explora, en el aspecto hemodinámico, a través de la medición de la presión arterial, de la velocimetría ultrasónica por efecto Doppler y del flujo arterial. El aspecto metabólico se explora con la oximetría tisular. La valoración morfológica se efectúa sobre todo con la ecografía.

Introduction. - Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a frequent and serious condition with a risk of mortality comparable to that of certain cancers. However, in France, the literature on this medical condition is scarce and data on management, incidence of complications and prognosis are tacking.Purposes. - The COPART I registry, set up in June 2004, in the Vascular Medicine Department of the University Hospital of Toulouse, France, constitutes an observational database on hospitalized patients with PAD, in order to evaluate management, follow-up and prognosis of the patients. The aim of the present work is to compare medical prescriptions at hospital discharge, with the recent guidelines of the French High Authority of Health.Methods. - All consecutive patients with PAD, hospitalized in the Vascular Medicine Department of the University of Toulouse, between June 1, 2004 and July 31, 2006 were included. Only surviving patients were analysed.Results. - Four hundred patients were included in the study. As expected, the majority were mate (70%). Common cardiovascular risk factors were: arterial hypertension (66.7%), dyslipidemia (58.9%), diabetes (42.9%), and smoking (27.4%). Three patients out of 10 had claudication intermittens, nearly two out of 10 patients complained of persistent pain, and four out of 10 patients had Leriche and Fontaine stage IV arteriopathy. At hospital discharge, 86.9% of the patients were taking at least one antiptatetet treatment, 71.2% a statin, 54% a renin-angiotensin-system inhibitor. Nearly 66% of the patients (65.8%) received at least one antiplatelet agent and a statin. Nearly 50% of the patients (49.4%) had the three drugs recommended by the French High Authority of Health. We observed a change in prescription practices for statins (+30%), as welt as for prescription of evidence-based tri-therapy (+29%) between 2004 and 2006.Conclusion. - Treatments prescribed at hospital discharge of patient with PAD included in the COPART I registry are in compliance with the French High Authority of Health guidelines concerning antiplatelet drugs and statins. Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system seem insufficiently used. However, favorable trends in medical practices between 2004 and 2006 have been observed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits reserves.

Almost all patients with the most severe peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) patients are hospitalised. This means that the hospital is a particularly good place to observe the characteristics and outcome of PAD patients. It is for this reason that the hospitalised patient registry (COPART I) was created.From June 1st 2004 to May 31st 2005, we included 187 patients surviving at hospital discharge. As expected the majority were men (68.4%). The median age was 72 (+/- 13 years). Almost one third of the PAD of patients suffered from intermittent claudication and two thir (63,6%) from permanent ischemia. A large majority of this latter group had critical limb ischemia. We found a mortality rate of 17.1% at the on year follow-up. These deaths were mainly of cardiovascular origin (9.1%). Almost 2/3 of the deaths had already occurred by six months. One patient in four undergone major or minor amputation during the follow up 2/3 of them involving major amputation. This figure rose to fou patients in ten for critical limb disease. A previous history of both major and minor amputation is strongly related with new amputations (RR = (CI: 1.2-7.5) P = 0.02). After one year of follow-up, almost four patients in ten (42.6%) with permanent ischemia had died, undergone major amputation, or suffered an MI or an IS.Peripheral arterial disease remains a severe chronic disease linked to excess mortality of cardiovascular origin. Therefore patients should be given optimal treatment.

INTRODUCTION:Almost all patients with the most severe peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) patients are hospitalised. This means that the hospital is a particularly good place to observe the characteristics and outcome of PAD patients. It is for this reason that the hospitalised patient registry (COPART I) was created.RESULTS:From June 1st 2004 to May 31st 2005, we included 187 patients surviving at hospital discharge. As expected the majority were men (68.4%). The median age was 72 (+/- 13 years). Almost one third of the PAD of patients suffered from intermittent claudication and two thir (63,6%) from permanent ischemia. A large majority of this latter group had critical limb ischemia. We found a mortality rate of 17.1% at the on year follow-up. These deaths were mainly of cardiovascular origin (9.1%). Almost 2/3 of the deaths had already occurred by six months. One patient in four undergone major or minor amputation during the follow up 2/3 of them involving major amputation. This figure rose to fou patients in ten for critical limb disease. A previous history of both major and minor amputation is strongly related with new amputations (RR = (CI: 1.2-7.5) P = 0.02). After one year of follow-up, almost four patients in ten (42.6%) with permanent ischemia had died, undergone major amputation, or suffered an MI or an IS.CONCLUSION:Peripheral arterial disease remains a severe chronic disease linked to excess mortality of cardiovascular origin. Therefore patients should be given optimal treatment.

L’art-thérapie est un moyen de réhabilitation psycho-sociale. Plusieurs définitions concernent l’art-thérapie, si l’on veut considérer son évaluation. Le mécanisme thérapeutique est indirect, par stimulation de la créativité, et non direct sur les symptômes comme dans les programmes d’habiletés.

This paper considers the problem of testing VLSI integrated circuits without exceeding their power ratings during test. The proposed approach is based on a re-ordering of the vectors in the test sequence to minimize the switching activity of the circuit during test application. Our technique uses the Hamming distance between test vectors and guarantees a decrease in power consumption and heat dissipation without modifying the initial fault coverage. Results of experiments are presented at the end of this paper and shows a reduction of the circuit activity in the range from 8.2 to 54.1% during test application

With the advent of portable and high density microelectronic devices, the power dissipation of VLSI circuits is becoming a critical concern. A post-mapping technique is proposed that can reduce the power dissipation by performing gate resizing. Experiments performed on benchmark circuits have shown a power reduction in the range from 4.2 to 27.9% compared to circuits without resizing, with solutions obtained in a short computation time (no more than 8.5 s).

With the advent of portable and high-density microelectronic devices, the power dissipation of VLSI circuits is becoming a critical concern. Optimization for low power can be applied at many different levels of the design hierarchy to ensure a substantial power reduction. In this paper, we propose a post-mapping technique that can reduce the power dissipation by performing gate resizing. This technique consists of replacing some gates of the circuit with devices in a complete cell library having smaller area and, therefore, smaller gate capacitance with lower power consumption. The slack time of each gate in the circuit is first computed to determine the set of gates that can be down-sized. A global optimization procedure for low power, which is based on integer linear programming and the simplex method, is then applied to determine the best overall gate resizing solution. Experimental results on benchmark circuits have shown a power reduction in the range 2.8–27.9% compared to circuits without resizing. The most relevant features of our technique are that it is applicable to large digital circuits and gives an optimal resizing solution in a short computation time (no more than 15.8s).

With the advent of portable and high density microelectronic devices, the power dissipation of VLSI circuits is becoming a critical concern. In this paper we propose a post-mapping technique that can reduce the power dissipation by performing gate resizing. This technique consists of replacing some gates of the circuit with devices in a complete cell library having smaller area and, therefore, smaller gate capacitance with lower power consumption. The slack time of each gate in the circuit is first computed to determine the set of gates that can be down-sized. A global optimization procedure based on integer linear programming and the simplex method is then applied to determine the best overall gate resizing solution. Experimental results on benchmark circuits have shown a power reduction in the range from 2.8 to 27.9% compared to circuits without resizing. The most relevant features of our technique are that it is applicable to large digital circuits and gives an optimal resizing solution in a short computation time (no more than 15.8 seconds).