The present study evaluated effects of fermentation with or without enzymes (phytase, pectinase and beta-glucanase) on the nutritional quality of rapeseed cake (RSC). The impact on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers as a consequence of substituting soybean meal (SBM) in the diet with fermented RSC was also investigated. A standard maize-wheat-SBM diet was used as the control (CON). Second experimental diet was produced using untreated RSC (NR; 150 g/kg) as a substitute for SBM. Third and fourth diets were produced using RSC that had been fermented either without (SFR; 321.8 g/kg) or with (EFR; 312.8 g/kg) enzymes. For these two diets, the same diet formulations as NR diets were used. However, since DM content of the fermented products was considerably lower than untreated RSC (355 and 345 vs. 928 g/kg), the inclusion rate of the fermented products in the EFR and SFR diets were adjusted to have the same amount of rapeseed cake DM in the SFR and EFR diets as it was included in the NR diets. A fifth diet (NRE) was produced using 150 g/kg untreated RSC and in-feed inclusion of the same enzymes (at the same inclusion level) as present in the EFR diet. Performance variables were recorded and the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of crude protein, fat, amino acids, Ca and P was determined at the end of the trial (d 35). Data were subjected to ANOVA using the GLM procedure. Fermentation of RSC with enzymes effectively reduced its phytate and insoluble-NSP content, but in the absence of enzymes, fermentation had only a moderate effect on reducing insoluble-NSP concentration. The dietary treatments had no impact on body weight gain or feed intake in this study (P > 0.05). At the end of the starter period (d 1-21) and entire experiment (d 1-35), feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers fed the NRE diet was lower compared with those receiving the CON or NR diet (P <= 0.05). At d 1-21, broilers in the EFR treatment group displayed lower FCR than those in the CON or NR group, but at d 35, birds fed the EFR diet showed lower FCR compared with those fed the NR diet (P <= 0.05). The experimental diets had no impact on CAID of crude protein, fat and all of the amino acids, except cysteine and glycine (P > 0.05). Birds receiving the EFR and NRE diets showed higher CAID of P compared with those fed the CON, NR or SFR diet. Birds in the NRE group showed higher CAID of Ca compared with those in the NR or SFR group, with those in the NR group presenting the lowest CAID of Ca (P <= 0.05). In conclusion, enzymatic fermentation of RSC effectively reduced its anti-nutrient content. Partial replacement of SBM with RSC in broiler diets had no negative impact on digestibility of the nutrients and growth performance of broilers. Furthermore, inclusion of enzymatically fermented RSC in broiler diets and supplementation of the diets containing untreated RSC with a mixture of phytase, pectinases and beta-glucanase could improve the CAID of some of the nutrients and led to better feed efficiency for these diets.

Global warming has increased interest in growing soya in Poland. Variable weather conditions during the vegetation seasons, however, still make its cultivation potentially risky. In this study we wanted to assess how contrasting climate conditions influence on seed yield, 1000 seed weight and other important physical traits, as well as on contents of nutrients, dietary fibre constituents, trypsin inhibitor and phenolic components in nine soybean genotypes of different earliness. The field experiments were conducted in two consecutive vegetation seasons at Radzików, located in central Poland. Comprehensive seed characteristics of physical and chemical traits allowed to identify the best varieties for different end-uses, food or feed. A significant effect of variety and year of cultivation were observed for all evaluated traits. With the exception for the length of vegetation period, seed yield, seed coat and soluble non-starch polysaccharide content, significant interactions between variety and year of cultivation were found for the remaining traits. Weather conditions, such as very low precipitation with an average temperature above the multi-year average temperature in the month of July, when pod and seed is in full development, had a negative effect on all seed traits evaluated, regardless of variety earliness.

Abstract Six wether sheep with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine the effect of rye grain (from an open-pollinated or a hybrid cultivar) and maize grain from hybrid cultivar inclusion in the diet on ruminal fermentation parameters and nutrient digestion in different gastrointestinal tract compartments. The experimental diets consisted of meadow hay (800 g/day) and a concentrate mixture (300 g/day) that contained rye grain from an openpollinated cultivar (OPRG), rye grain from a hybrid cultivar (HRG), or maize grain from a hybrid cultivar (MG) as a main energy source. Each experimental period lasted 17 days and consisted of 10 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for data and sample collection. Ruminal fermentation (pH, short-chain fatty acids, and ammonia concentration) and nutrient digestion up to the duodenum (in reticulorumen, omasum, and abomasum), in the intestine, as well as in the total digestive tract was investigated. Mean ruminal pH was higher for MG compared to HRG and OPRG (P<0.01) but did not differ between HRG and OPRG (6.45, 6.35, and 6.29 for MG, HRG, and OPRG, respectively). Treatment did not affect short-chain fatty acid concentration in the rumen, except for the molar proportions of valeric acid and of isovaleric acid of the total short-chain fatty acids, which was or tended to be higher (P≤0.06) for MG compared to HRG and OPRG. Less starch was digested in the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum and more in the intestine for MG compared to HRG and OPRG (P=0.01); however, total tract nutrient digestibility did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, usage of rye grain in sheep diets resulted in a lower ruminal pH compared to maize grain usage. No differences for ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion up to the duodenum, in the intestine, as well as in the total digestive tract between rye grain from open-pollinated and hybrid cultivar usage in sheep diets were found.

Materiał badawczy obejmował trzy mieszanki dwuskładnikowe form jarych jęczmienia i pszenżyta z łubinem wąskolistnym i jęczmienia z grochem oraz ich komponenty pochodzące z siewu czystego. Wartość pokarmową zbadano na podstawie składu chemicznego ziarna/nasion i wartości odżywczej białka określonej in vitro oraz bezpośrednio w układzie modelowym na szczurach. Zboża jare i rośliny bobowate grubonasienne, jak również mieszanki skomponowane z ich udziałem, różniły się istotnie pod względem zawartości składników odżywczych i antyżywieniowych. Wyniki pokazały znaczący wpływ doboru składników na wartość pokarmową mieszanek zbóż jarych z roślinami bobowatymi. Udział łubinu wąskolistnego w mieszance przyczynił się do wzrostu zawartości białka i poprawy jego jakości, ale jednocześnie zwiększył ilość włókna pokarmowego. Odnosi się to w szczególności do mieszanki z jęczmieniem. Zboża, ze względu na dużą zawartość skrobi, podwyższały wartość energetyczną mieszanki. Na podstawie wskaźników chemicznych i badań bilansowych na zwierzętach stwierdzono większą wartość odżywczą białka mieszanek zbóż z roślinami bobowatymi niż ich komponentów z siewu czystego. Mieszanka jęczmienia jarego, odmiany Radek, z grochem, odmiany Model, charakteryzowała się najlepszym składem chemicznym i najwyższą wartością odżywczą białka, określoną metodami in vitro i in vivo.

Six wether sheep with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine the effect of rye grain (from an open-pollinated or a hybrid cultivar) and maize grain from hybrid cultivar inclusion in the diet on ruminal fermentation parameters and nutrient digestion in different gastrointestinal tract compartments. The experimental diets consisted of meadow hay (800 g/day) and a concentrate mixture (300 g/day) that contained rye grain from an open-pollinated cultivar (OPRG), rye grain from a hybrid cultivar (HRG), or maize grain from a hybrid cultivar (MG) as a main energy source. Each experimental period lasted 17 days and consisted of 10 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for data and sample collection. Ruminal fermentation (pH, short-chain fatty acids, and ammonia concentration) and nutrient digestion up to the duodenum (in reticulorumen, omasum, and abomasum), in the intestine, as well as in the total digestive tract was investigated. Mean ruminal pH was higher for MG compared to HRG and OPRG (P<0.01) but did not differ between HRG and OPRG (6.45, 6.35, and 6.29 for MG, HRG, and OPRG, respectively). Treatment did not affect short-chain fatty acid concentration in the rumen, except for the molar proportions of valeric acid and of isovaleric acid of the total short-chain fatty acids, which was or tended to be higher (P≤0.06) for MG compared to HRG and OPRG. Less starch was digested in the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum and more in the intestine for MG compared to HRG and OPRG (P=0.01); however, total tract nutrient digestibility did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, usage of rye grain in sheep diets resulted in a lower ruminal pH compared to maize grain usage. No differences for ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion up to the duodenum, in the intestine, as well as in the total digestive tract between rye grain from open-pollinated and hybrid cultivar usage in sheep diets were found.

Praca miała na celu określenie zawartości substancji odżywczych i bioaktywnych w ziarnie mieszanin odmianowych, dwu i trójskładnikowych, pszenicy jarej w porównaniu do ziarna odmian wchodzących w skład tych mieszanin z siewu czystego oraz wykazanie czy ten sposób produkcji ziarna umożliwia, oprócz lepszego plonowania, także poprawę jego wartości pokarmowej. Materiał badawczy stanowiło ziarno 14 odmian oraz 60 mieszanek, w tym 10 dwuskładnikowych, z lat zbioru 2014, 2016 i 2018. Oznaczono zawartość białka, lipidów, składników mineralnych i skrobi, składających się na substancje odżywcze, a także błonnika pokarmowego, jego podstawowych składników oraz związków fenolowych, włączając alkilorezorcynole jako substancje bioaktywne w ziarnie zbóż. Wyniki badań wykazały, że poprawa wartości użytkowej ziarna jest możliwa poprzez uprawę mieszanek odmianowych pszenicy jarej. Czynnik genetyczny miał istotny wpływ na zawartość substancji odżywczych oraz kompleksu błonnika pokarmowego w ziarnie mieszanin odmianowych pszenicy jarej. Identyfikacja odpowiednich odmian do siewów mieszanych jest niezbędna do poprawy wartości użytkowej ziarna pszenicy jarej.

1. In this study, 240 ISA Brown hens were fed diets containing different levels of hybrid rye, and the influence of xylanase addition on laying performance and egg quality was evaluated. 2. Birds were allocated to 10 treatment groups with 12 replicates (cages) of two hens and were fed, from week 26 to 50, isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets. A 5 × 2 experimental arrangement was applied, using diets with increasing level of rye (0%, 10%, 15%, 20% or 25%) with or without xylanase supplementation (200 mg/kg of feed; Ronozyme WX (CT) with minimum xylanase activity of 1,000 FXU/g). 3. Increasing dietary level of rye did not affect daily mass of eggs, mean egg weight or feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Laying rate decreased in all groups fed with rye. Egg and eggshell quality indices were unaffected by dietary rye grain (P > 0.05); however, rye inclusion significantly decreased yolk colour on the DSM scale (P < 0.05). In comparison with the control group, high dietary levels of rye (25%) significantly increased viscosity of small intestine content (P < 0.05). Diet supplementation with xylanase had no significant effect on egg production indices and egg quality (except for yolk colour) but decreased the viscosity of intestinal content in laying hens fed high levels of rye (P < 0.05). 4. The results of this experiment suggest that rye may be incorporated to a level of 25% in the diet of laying hens without any strong negative effect on egg performance, while xylanase added to high-rye grain reduced the viscosity of intestinal content; however, it did not positively affect the laying performance or egg quality.

In this paper, we present a study on the evaluation of the effect of xylanase addition to a diet with an increasing content of modern hybrid rye (Brasetto variety) on the performance indices and viscosity of small intestine content in broiler chickens. A total of 560 1-day-old male Ross 308 chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 treatments, each comprising 7 replicate cages, with 8 male birds per cage. A 5 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed, with five dietary levels of ground rye (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). All the diets were either unsupplemented or supplemented with xylanase (200 mg/kg of feed; with minimum xylanase activity 1000 FXU/g). In the starter rearing period (1–21 days of age), the inclusion of rye (without xylanase supplementation) to the diet, even at the lowest dietary level (5%), negatively affected body weight gain (p < 0.05); there was no effect on feed intake and feed conversion ratio. In older chickens (the grower-finisher rearing period; 22–42 days of age), none of the dietary levels of rye (5–20%) affected growth performance indices. Similarly, no significant effect of increasing dietary level of rye was found for the entire rearing period (1–42 days of age). Diet supplementation with xylanase improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. No positive effect of enzyme was found in older birds. No significant effects of the experimental factors used were noticed on the results of slaughter analysis, i.e., the carcass yield, breast meat yield, abdominal fat, and relative weight of the liver and gizzard. A high dietary concentration of rye (20%) increased the viscosity of small intestine content (p < 0.05); however, diet supplementation with xylanase significantly alleviated this effect. The findings of this experiment indicated that modern hybrid rye grain may be used at a 20% dietary level in broiler diets during the second feeding phase, i.e., from 22 to 42 days of age, without any detrimental influence on growth performance indices, while enzyme (xylanase) positively affected body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in younger chicks (1–21 days of age).

Badania miały na celu charakterystykę składu chemicznego ziarna oplewionego i obłuszczonego, a także ocenę wpływu warunków uprawy na cechy fizykochemiczne odmian owsa zwyczajnego. Materiałem badawczym było ziarno oplewione i obłuszczone 22 odmian owsa, a także 3 odmian form nagich, z kolekcji HR Strzelce. W materiale oznaczono udział plewki, składniki mineralne, białko, lipidy ogółem, oligocukry, kaloryczność, skrobię strawną, nieskrobiowe polisacharydy z podziałem na frakcję rozpuszczalną i nierozpuszczalną, β-glukan oraz ligninę Klasona.

The article presents basic information on dietary fibre, including its current definition and characteristicsof individual components. The physiological and health-promoting effects of soluble and insoluble fractionsof fibre, are also presented. The characteristics of dietary fibre are discussed, taking as examples the selectedcereal species most popular in Poland and in Europe which make up a significant part of the diet and, as such,are an important source of this component.

Nowadays non-bread cereals, including oats, due to their healthy properties are increasingly used as additives in bread production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate new healthy triticale-oat bread by replacement as much as possible of triticale flour by high fibre oat concentrate (COF), without decreasing technological quality of bread. The flours obtained from 4 winter triticale varieties were enriched with 2.5%, 5% and 10% of COF. An increasing COF level resulted in significantly increased nutritional parameters content as well as dietary fibre (up to 11.5%), including six-fold increase in 13 glucan content (from 0.3% for control breads to 1.0% and 1.8% for 5% and 10% COF, respectively) and as a consequence even two-fold increase in viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Obtained results were compared to popular, available in bakery wheat and wheat-rye breads. All obtained triticale-oat breads can be included as food products high in fibre (over 6 g per 100 g). The dough properties and bread parameters, especially bread volume, shape and crumb texture decreased with the addition of COF. Results show that triticale flour replaced by up to 5% of COF makes it possible to prepare new kind of healthy bread. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The present study was conducted to investigate how fermentation (FE) and enzymatic treatment (ET) of pea affect standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nutrients in diets with peas as the only protein source, and evaluate the consequences of inclusion of different pea products in turkey diets (100 g/kg) on growth performance and bird health. For FE process, Pisum sativum L. was mixed with water (1:1) containing 4.9 x 10(8) Bacillus subtilis and licheniformis spores/kg pea (BIOPLUS 2B (R), Chr. Hansen, Denmark). The prepared dough was fermented for 48 hat 30 degrees C. For ET, the dough water contained three enzymes, AlphaGal (TM) (alpha-galactosidase - Kerry, USA), RONOZYME (R) ProAct and VP (protease and pectinases, respectively - DSM, Switzerland). The dough (500 g/kg DM) was incubated for 24 h at 30 degrees C. Both processes reduced alpha-galactosides, phytate, trypsin inhibitor activity and resistant starch in peas. For standardized ileal digestibility (SID) assay, 288 turkeys were assigned to 24 pens and received four experimental diets including native (NP), fermented (FEP) and enzymatically treated peas (ETP) as well as a N-free diet (all supplemented with vitamins and minerals). The ETP had better SID of protein, Glu, Phe and Val compared with FEP and NP. Enzymatic treatment of pea also improved standardized ileal digestibility of Ala, Gly, His, Ilu, Leu and Lys (P <= 0.05), however digestibility of these nutrients in fermented pea were similar to other two types of pea (P > 0.05). Both processes drastically improved ileal digestibility of starch (P <= 0.05). For performance trial, 960 turkeys were allocated into 60 pens and received 4 different diets consisted of a basal mash wheat-SBM diet (CON) and there experimental diets which were prepared by inclusion of each pea products NP (NPD), FEP (FEPD) and ETP (ETPD) in the basal diet at the rate of 100 g/kg. The experiment lasted 105 d. In general, in the most time periods of the performance trial, birds received ETPD or FEPD diets showed better growth performance than those fed NPD diet, while birds in ETPD group displayed similar performance to those fed CON diet. At the end of the trial, birds fed CON and ETPD diets had the best FCR and birds which received NPD diet had the worst one (P <= 0.05). Birds in ETPD group showed the best footpad dermatitis score and turkeys in the NPD group had the worst score (P <= 0.05). The footpad dermatitis scores for turkeys in CON and FEPD groups were identical and considerably different from those in ETPD and NPD groups (P <= 0.05). In conclusion, both processes could improve the nutritional quality of pea by reduction in ANF and increasing ileal starch digestibility. Furthermore, ET process considerably improved SID of protein and AAs in pea. Inclusion of ETP in turkey diets (100 g/kg) demonstrated neither positive nor negative impact on growth performance, while it remarkably improved footpad dermatitis score. The present data shows the feasibility of these processes, particularly ET, for improving the nutritional quality of pea as a protein source for turkey diets.

The major grains in human diet are wheat, rice and corn, but in the last few years oats (Avena sativa L.) have received increased attention by the food industry because of their unique chemical composition and structure. They are known as a healthy food containing high biological value protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and a significant amount of soluble dietary fibre. Due to the increasing number of civilisation diseases, the regular consumption of whole grains and whole grain products is recommended. Oat has the advantage that it is consumed as a whole grain cereal. The present study analyses the content of nutrients (protein, minerals, lipids, starch) and bioactive (beta-glucan, dietary fibre, total phenolics) components of oat products available on the market. Analysed material included concentrated oat fibre, oat flour, two kinds of rolled oats and bran. The highest amount of nutrients and bioactive components was observed in concentrated oat fibre, particular in terms of protein (22.9%), lipids (10.2%), dietary fibre (27.7%) and its important beta-glucan fraction (14.9%), as well as in oat bran with high fibre content. Concentrated oat fibre even in small amounts can be used for enrichment of human daily diet, while the high fibre oat bran is more popular and available on the market.

The aim was to determine how the nutritional composition of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sprouts is affected by the mineral composition of different waters used during their cultivation. We used tap water (TW) and two mineral-rich waters (MRWs), namely moderately mineral-rich water (MMRW) and extremely mineral-rich water (EMRW) originating from springs that contain naturally present mineral elements. Grain germination was not negatively affected by MRWs, however EMRW impeded radicle growth, and consequently prevented sprout development. In comparison to cultivation in TW, cultivation in MMRW resulted in higher Na, Mg, K and Mn concentrations in both sprouts. There were no water-related effects on distribution of mineral elements within plant species, however there were differences in Ca distribution. In Tartary buckwheat Ca was located in inter-vasculature mesophyll, presumably as oxalate crystals. In wheat Ca predominated in epidermis. Only in Tartary buckwheat cultivation in MMRW resulted in less dietary fibre and catechin and more quercetin. By capturing compositional profiles of mineral elements and bioactive compounds in Tartary buckwheat and wheat sprouts we identified the potential for selective enhancement of MMRW. We suggest further work using different spring MRWs to identify optimal conditions for cultivation of different sprouts.

During the last few decades triticale has become a commercial crop grown in a variety of environmental conditions worldwide. Triticale, a hybrid cereal developed by crossing wheat and rye combines the valuable properties of both parental forms. In the present study the differences in chemical composition between grain, flour and bread of eight triticale varieties were determined. The results were compared against the standard wheat variety. Independently of the degree of material processing, all samples were characterised for nutrients (protein, starch, ash, lipids) and bioactive components (dietary fibre (DF), total polyphenols (TPC)) and viscosity of water extracts (WEV). Following grain milling, the average content of some components decreased significantly in comparison to grain (protein (2%), ash (58%), lipids (38%), DF (64%), TPC (40%)). After baking the differences in the content of some bread components were compared to flour. The most significant differences between flour and bread samples were noted in the average content of ash (0.8% vs. 2.3%), starch (74.1% vs. 64.7%), DF (4.6% vs. 5.4%), TPC (0.9mgGAE/g vs. 0.5mgGAE/g). Our results show that the grain of some modern triticale varieties, with a favourable chemical composition from a technological and nutritional perspective, is good material for flour and bread production.

The present study examined the impacts of native, fermented or enzymatically treated peas (Pisum sativum L.) inclusion in broiler diets, on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. For the fermentation process, Madonna pea was mixed with water (1/1) containing 2.57×108 Bacillus subtilis (GalliPro®) spores/kg pea and then, incubated for 48 h at 30 °C. For the enzymatic treatment process, the used water for dough production contained three enzymes, AlphaGalTM (α-galactosidase), RONOZYME® ProAct and VP (protease and pectinases respectively – DSM, Switzerland) and the pea dough incubated for 24 h at 30°C. Nine corn-wheat-soybean diets were formulated by supplying 10%, 20% and 30% of the required CP with either native, fermented or enzymatically treated peas. Performance was recorded weekly and at the end of the experiment (day 35), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP, amino acids (AA), crude fat, starch, Ca, P and K were determined. Data were subjected to ANOVA using GLM procedure with a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Both processes reduced α-galactosides, phytate, trypsin inhibitor activity and resistant starch in peas. Increasing levels of pea products up to 300 g/kg diet, reduced BW gain and feed intake (P⩽0.05). Broilers fed diets containing enzymatically treated pea had the best feed conversion ratio at day 35. Different types of pea product and their inclusion levels had no effect on AID of all nutrients. The interaction between type of the pea products and inclusion levels was significant for AID of starch. For native pea diets, 10% group showed similar AID of starch to 20% native pea but it had higher AID than 30% native pea. For fermented and enzymatically treated groups, all three levels displayed similar AID of starch. In conclusion, enzymatic treatment and fermentation could improve the nutritional quality of pea. Inclusion of enzymatically treated pea in broiler diets could improve broiler performance compared with other pea products while, it displayed neither positive nor negative impact on nutrient digestibility. The present findings indicate the feasibility of these processes, particularly enzymatic treatment, for improving the nutritional quality of pea as a protein source for broiler nutrition.