A 5-year-old Pomeranian was diagnosed with anterior uveitis, hyphema, and secondary glaucoma OD. Concurrent retinal hemorrhage, perivascular sheathing, and papilledema were identified OS. Work-up identified small cell lymphocytosis (>900 x 10(9)/L), anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The patient was diagnosed with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia as a cause of the ocular findings.

A concurrent outbreak of infection by canine parvovirus 2b (CPV-2b) and Clostridium difficile producing A and/or B toxins occurred in Asian small-clawed otters (Amblonyx cinereus). The 5 clinically affected otters were 6- to 24-mo-old intact females that had severe diarrhea, dehydration, were acutely comatose, and died 1-4 d after the onset of clinical signs. Postmortem examination was performed in 3 of 7 otters. Macroscopically, the small intestine was diffusely reddened and contained red-to-brown, malodorous, watery digesta without formed feces (3 of 3). Histologic examination identified loss of enterocytes and necrosis of crypt epithelial cells. Denuded villi were often covered by mixed bacterial colonies with a predominance of gram-positive cocci to short rods in addition to larger gram-positive and -negative rods. There was also splenic lymphoid follicle depletion (2 of 3). Immunofluorescence assay revealed CPV antigen in enterocytes (2 of 3), mesenteric lymph nodes (3 of 3), and spleen (1 of 3). Immunohistochemistry revealed CPV antigen in enterocytes, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells of the Peyer patches and spleen (3 of 3), and lingual epithelial cells (1 of 2). CPV was isolated from tissues from 2 of 3 otters, and DNA sequencing identified CPV-2b for the 1 isolate tested. C. difficile producing A and/or B toxins were identified in the intestinal content by ELISA (3 of 3). To our knowledge, an outbreak of CPV-2b infection and C. difficile with clinically significant gastrointestinal disease has not been described previously in otters. The source of the viral infections remains unknown; however, these agents should be considered in otters and other mesocarnivores with similar clinical and pathologic findings.

Serpentoviruses are an emerging group of nidoviruses known to cause respiratory disease in snakes and have been associated with disease in other non-avian reptile species (lizards and turtles). This study describes multiple episodes of respiratory disease-associated mortalities in a collection of juvenile veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Histopathologic lesions included rhinitis and interstitial pneumonia with epithelial proliferation and abundant mucus. Metagenomic sequencing detected coinfection with two novel serpentoviruses and a novel orthoreovirus. Veiled chameleon serpentoviruses are most closely related to serpentoviruses identified in snakes, lizards, and turtles (approximately 40–50% nucleotide and amino acid identity of ORF1b). Veiled chameleon orthoreovirus is most closely related to reptilian orthoreoviruses identified in snakes (approximately 80–90% nucleotide and amino acid identity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). A high prevalence of serpentovirus infection (>80%) was found in clinically healthy subadult and adult veiled chameleons, suggesting the potential for chronic subclinical carriers. Juvenile veiled chameleons typically exhibited a more rapid progression compared to subadults and adults, indicating a possible age association with morbidity and mortality. This is the first description of a serpentovirus infection in any chameleon species. A causal relationship between serpentovirus infection and respiratory disease in chameleons is suspected. The significance of orthoreovirus coinfection remains unknown.

In this study, 2 previously described surgical techniques for performing an orchiectomy in the adult male degu (Octodon degus) were evaluated: (1) prescrotal open technique and (2) scrotal open technique. Additionally, an ovariectomy procedure was assessed in female degus using the bilateral (dorsolateral) technique similar to that performed in related species. Twenty two animals (n = 14 males; 8 females) from a local small mammal shelter group, that were presented for routine surgical castration for population control measures, were included in this study. There was a significant difference in mean surgical time for the prescrotal and scrotal approach of 16.46 +/- 4.28 and 23.83 +/- 2.09 minutes, respectively. No significant differences were noted on anesthesia and recovery times for the orchiectomy procedures. Overall, the prescrotal approach was a faster procedure and required less anesthesia time. One male degu undergoing the scrotal open technique died during surgery, this was believed to be related to anesthesia complications (increased saliva secretions). No other complications were reported perioperatively in any other animals. All animals were observed to have sufficient pain management using an in-house visual analogue scale. The bilateral flank (dorsolateral) ovariectomy approach in female degus yielded a short total procedure time with no adverse events. No over grooming and or self-injurious behaviors were reported during both the 24 hours and 14 days recheck examinations. Copyright 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A 5-year-old sexually intact male Toulouse goose ( Anser anser domesticus) was presented for ataxia, polyuria, and polydipsia. The goose was cachectic and exhibited head tremors. Results of plasma biochemical analysis and point-of-care glucometry revealed persistent hyperglycemia. Despite supportive care and oral glipizide, the goose died within 48 hours of presentation. Necropsy revealed severe pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis with regionally extensive cerebellar encephalomalacia and generalized Purkinje cell degeneration and necrosis. On a wet basis, hepatic zinc concentration was determined to be twice the reference interval by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Based on these findings, the pancreatic insufficiency with secondary diabetes mellitus was attributed to chronic zinc toxicosis. Despite birds' relative resistance to high blood glucose concentrations, prolonged hyperglycemia is suspected to have caused selective Purkinje cell degeneration and necrosis by glial activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glutamate toxicity, which resulted in the clinically observed motor deficits. This is consistent with experimental diabetic rat models. This case highlights the need for further investigation of the complex pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in birds.

A 12-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented for staging and treatment recommendations of a lingual mast cell tumour (MCT). Cytology after fine-needle aspiration of the mandibular lymph nodes revealed regional metastasis. There are limited reports of the biological behaviour, response to treatment and overall prognosis of feline oral MCT. The clinical presentation, cytological and histological features, and response to treatment of a feline lingual MCT are discussed.

Two Vietnamese potbellied pigs ( Sus scrofa) had respiratory disease and, on autopsy, both pigs had large masses in the lungs and thoracic cavity. Microscopically, pulmonary and pleural masses contained large areas with hyphae surrounded by hypereosinophilic cellular debris rimmed by abundant eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes with occasional multinucleate giant cells. The hypereosinophilic debris usually formed tight cuffs, or “sleeves” around the hyphae, compatible with Splendore-Hoeppli–like material. The fungal organisms were determined by PCR to be Conidiobolus incongruus in one pig and Mucor circinelloides in the other. Entomophthoromycosis and mucormycosis should be included in the differential diagnoses for swine pneumonia, particularly when there is evidence of granulomatous pulmonary masses and pleural effusion with eosinophilic inflammation.

This report describes 2 cases of cuterebriasis in an atypical host, the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Case 1 describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by a bot fly larva. Case 2 outlines the clinical syndromes, postmortem, and histopathological findings associated with Cuterebra larval migrans through the respiratory and central nervous systems. In both cases the presence of the parasite caused significant debilitating disease in the host animals, with fatal consequences in one patient.

A 1-year-old sexually intact male fancy rat (Rattus norvegicus) was presented for unilateral purulent otitis externa and weight loss. A small amount of bloody discharge was noted at the ostium of the left ear canal. The canal and the surrounding tissue were firm to the touch. Mild left-sided enophthalmos and facial nerve paralysis were noted. Otoscopic examination demonstrated caseous debris, and a swab of the external ear canal demonstrated a mixed population of rods and cocci on cytological evaluation. Bacterial culture of the external ear canal grew Escherichia coli. The rat was initially placed on oral and topical antimicrobial therapy. Despite treatment, the condition of the affected ear deteriorated and the rat continued to lose weight. Other clinical signs observed at this time included a worsening of the facial nerve paralysis, head tilt, and circling. A biopsy sample of the swollen tissue surrounding the left ear canal was collected; however, the rat died the day following the biopsy procedure. Histopathology of the biopsied tissue revealed an invasive neoplasm consistent with a Zymbal gland (auditory sebaceous gland) carcinoma. Zymbal glands are modified sebaceous glands surrounding the ear canal of rodents. Although chemically induced neoplasia of these glands is frequently observed, spontaneous tumor formation is much less common. Tumors of the Zymbal gland should be considered as underlying causes for unilateral otitis externa in rats.

Renal leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed in a 10-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat with a 3-year history of clinically managed, chronic renal disease. Sudden death was preceded by a brief episode of mental dullness and confusion. At postmortem examination, the gross appearance of the left kidney was suggestive of hydronephrosis, and a nephrolith was present in the contralateral kidney. However, histology revealed an infiltrative, poorly differentiated, spindle cell sarcoma bordering the grossly cavitated area. Neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin, which led to a diagnosis of renal leiomyosarcoma; neoplastic cells were not immunoreactive for desmin. Leiomyosarcoma arising in the kidney is a rare occurrence in humans and an even rarer occurrence in veterinary medicine with no prior cases being reported in cats in the English literature. The macroscopic appearance of the tumor at postmortem examination was misleadingly suggestive of hydronephrosis as a result of the large cavitation and may be similar to particularly unusual cases of renal leiomyosarcomas in humans that have a cystic or cavitated appearance.

Veterinary Clinical PathologyVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 113-114 What Is Your Diagnosis? What is your diagnosis? Abdominal fluid from a dog Aradhana Gupta, Corresponding Author Aradhana Gupta Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Correspondence Aradhana Gupta, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJocelyn Garber, Jocelyn Garber Department ofVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorNatalie Fowlkes, Natalie Fowlkes Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorNathalie Rademacher, Nathalie Rademacher Department ofVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorKeijiro Shiomitsu, Keijiro Shiomitsu Department ofVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorDawn E. Evans, Dawn E. Evans Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen D. Gaunt, Stephen D. Gaunt Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this author Aradhana Gupta, Corresponding Author Aradhana Gupta Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Correspondence Aradhana Gupta, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJocelyn Garber, Jocelyn Garber Department ofVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorNatalie Fowlkes, Natalie Fowlkes Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorNathalie Rademacher, Nathalie Rademacher Department ofVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorKeijiro Shiomitsu, Keijiro Shiomitsu Department ofVeterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorDawn E. Evans, Dawn E. Evans Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this authorStephen D. Gaunt, Stephen D. Gaunt Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 October 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2012.00479.xCitations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1Stockham SL, Scott MA. Leukocytes. Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2nd ed. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publishing; 2008: 53–106. 2Marchetti V, Benetti C, Citi S, Taccini V. Paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia in a dog with intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005; 34: 259–263. 3Ozaki K, Yamagami T, Nomura K, Narama I. T-cell lymphoma with eosinophilic infiltration involving the intestinal tract in 11 dogs. Vet Pathol. 2006; 43: 339–344. 4Gleich GJ, Leiferman KM. The hypereosinophilic syndromes: current concepts and treatments. Br J Haematol. 2009; 145: 271–285. Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1March 2013Pages 113-114 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Concurrent tracheal hypoplasia and discrete subaortic stenosis are described in a 12-week-old Rottweiler puppy that presumably died of pulmonary edema. A brief literature review and comparison to previously published cases of tracheal hypoplasia in other breeds is presented along with a description of a subaortic septal ridge and comparison to the analogous condition in humans.

Spinal lymphoma and concurrent pulmonary filariasis are reported in a pet rabbit. The rabbit presented for pelvic limb paralysis resulting from extradural spinal lymphoma, presumably rising from the body of the sixth lumbar vertebra. The neoplasm was subsequently immunophenotyped as a B-cell lymphoma. Pulmonary filariasis was an incidental finding at necropsy.

Lipomatosis is described in a miniature Zebu, Bos primigenius indicus, bull that died of perianesthetic complications. This is the first pathologic description of lipomatosis that we are aware of in this species and breed of cattle. Infiltration of multiple visceral organs is described and depicted along with comparison to previously published cases of lipomatosis in other breeds of cattle.

A 2-year-old sun conure (Aratinga solstitialis) was examined because of acute lethargy and depression. Physical examination revealed severe weakness with ventroflexion of the head and neck and seizure episodes precipitated by handling. Empirical and supportive care was instituted, and serial diagnostic testing revealed no specific diagnosis or etiology. Antemortem test results for West Nile virus were negative. After 2 weeks of a deteriorating clinical condition, euthanasia was elected and necropsy was performed. Gross examination revealed no significant lesions; however, histologic examination of brain tissue revealed perivascular cuffing of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the cerebrum and mild perivascular, lymphocytic, and plasmacytic infiltrates scattered in the grey matter of the cervical spinal cord. Viral isolation of brain tissue was positive for West Nile virus.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the infraorbital sinus was diagnosed in a 5-year-old Solomon Island eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus solomonensis) that presented with exophthalmos of the right globe and an ulcerative mass of 2-months duration at the right commissure of the beak. The mass was 2.5 X 2 X 2 cm and contained caseous exudate. The ulcerative lesion was surgically debulked, but the bird died and was submitted for necropsy. Histopathologic examination of the infraorbital sinus revealed squamous cell carcinoma with no evidence of metastasis. The trachea was heavily infiltrated with thick, septate fungal hyphae, and evidence of fungal angioinvasion was observed in the trachea and muscular layer of the crop.

Cardiovascular anomalies have been reported rarely in psittacine birds. This report describes 2 cockatoos, each presenting with a heart murmur, tachycardia, and a bounding pulse. Clinical signs associated with these patients included cyanosis of the cere and, in I bird, ascites. Echocardiographic evaluations of both birds suggested ventricular septal defects, which corresponded to radiographic evidence of an enlarged cardiac silhouette. Pathologic evaluation revealed a ventricular septal defect and persistent truncus arteriosus in an umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba), whereas a Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) had a subvalvular septal defect and aortic hypoplasia. Congenital cardiovascular anomalies should be considered when young psittacine birds are presented with heart murmurs and signs of circulatory dysfunction.