This study examines the impact of ecotourism ventures in the Amerind communities of Guyana. It compares the impact on livelihoods, conservation and governance of the different institutional frameworks through which ecotourism services are delivered. The central focus is directed to the region in which the world famous Iwokrama Rainforest project was established with widespread institutional support. The outcomes for ecotourism developed by this project are compared with the operations of a private company and a local community-based ecotourism enterprise. The North Rupununi area is inhabited by Amerindians who have always utilised rainforest resources for their livelihoods but are gradually being absorbed into the global economy. They remain by far the poorest communities in Guyana but there are powerful claims that ecotourism can materially assist in improving their livelihoods. At the same time there are strong pressures through agencies such as the Iwokrama Reserve to maintain pristine rainforest ecologies and therefore the agencies argue that an ecotourism approach can be used to satisfy both conservation and livelihood demands.

The Geographical JournalVolume 169, Issue 3 p. 183-190 Mountain geography: a review Don C Funnell, Don C Funnell Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SJ E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMartin F Price, Martin F Price Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College, UHI Millennium Institute, Crieff Rd, Perth PH1 2NXSearch for more papers by this author Don C Funnell, Don C Funnell Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SJ E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMartin F Price, Martin F Price Centre for Mountain Studies, Perth College, UHI Millennium Institute, Crieff Rd, Perth PH1 2NXSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 August 2003 https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00083Citations: 26Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. 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Mountain areas are particularly sensitive to climate change. Seasonal and annual variations in climate already strongly influence agro-ecosystems, and although there is much speculation about the precise effects in such areas, any response of the communities will emerge from existing coping practices. Using examples from the High Atlas in Morocco, the paper explores the implications for livestock management, arboriculture and tourism. Although the local agro-ecosystem may prove resilient initially, the need to change tenure conditions and other rules of management may lead to conflict which exceeds the capacity of local institutions to resolve. At the same time national considerations may also draw the state more fully into conflict with mountain communities over resource use. However, the paper argues that these issues are just as likely to emerge from the evolution of the national economy as from climate change. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

As a result of the Rio Conference, mountain areas have been placed at the centre of several international initiatives to prepare suitable strategies for long‐term development. In recent years, the concepts of cultural theory and complexity have been proposed as frameworks in which to develop practical agenda encouraging the sustainable development. Any such agenda must account for the dynamic interaction between the particular physical conditions of mountains and the livelihoods of the population, itself a long‐standing problem for geographers. This paper draws upon a number of development initiatives in the Moroccan High Atlas to provide a critique of these concepts. It outlines the initiatives for livestock management, soil erosion, arboriculture and tourism as they represent four important areas of policy debate. The principal features of cultural theory and the use of complexity thinking in social science are then outlined. This provides an opportunity to recast the development problems in the light of these concepts, and it is argued that co‐evolution, diversity and indeterminacy provide helpful pointers to the design of successful strategies.

This article considers the issues arising from agency intervention in both traditional irrigation systems and those recently developed through farmer initiatives. Using examples from Morocco and Swaziland, the current focus of interest in farmer-managed irrigation schemes is examined. It is argued that whilst FMIS have many advantages, they often tend to support traditional social structures that allow of little social change and have limitations for handling wider-scale issues that arise with increased resource use.

Journal Article The Politics of Harmony: Land dispute strategies in Swaziland Get access The Politics of Harmony: Land dispute strategies in Swaziland, by Laurel L. Rose. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992. xviii + 234 pp. £35.00 hardback. ISBN 0 521 39296 9. D. C. FUNNELL D. C. FUNNELL University of Sussex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 92, Issue 367, April 1993, Pages 309–311, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098625 Published: 01 April 1993

This paper examines the status of traditional agriculture in two areas of Azilal province in the Atlas Mountains, seeking to identify what is needed to counter any breakdown in livelihood strategies and improve the quality of life enjoyed by the farmers. Irrigated terrace agriculture is an important part of livelihood strategies in the areas studied and has the potential to be more productive and sustainable. In some areas it is reported to be endangered by socioeconomic changes and highland land degradation caused by excessive shifting cultivation, sheep and goat grazing, and charcoal production. Field visits made during summer 1998 to establish the condition of irrigated terrace and runoff agriculture and the factors affecting it showed that in at least one of the villages supportive social capital has ensured that challenges are being met and beneficial innovations are being made. Considerable variation in success was evident from community to community, with some farmers maintaining adequate lifestyles and innovating, while in other communities prospects are less promising. The effects of structural adjustment have clearly been felt and may also have triggered some of the highland degradation and difficulties, which clearly threaten some irrigated terrace agriculture and other livelihood practices.

The geographical analysis of urban-rural relationships has been reinvigorated following the debate about urban bias. There remain however significant problems associated with the nature of linkages...

In Africa, the development of water resources for irrigation is seen as crucial for the recovery from current crises. This paper examines two issues generated by the geography of river systems which pose political as well as technical and economic questions. First is the problem of inter-state cooperation, where river systems cross political boundaries. Second is the domestic debate that arises from the differential access to water supply through the pattern of water rights. These issues are illustrated with material from Swaziland, a small landlocked state in southern Africa. Here, regional political tensions exacerbate the problems of long-term water development.

Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale GeografieVolume 77, Issue 2 p. 113-122 SELECTIVE SPATIAL CLOSURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION IN SWAZILAND D. C. FUNNELL, D. C. FUNNELL Brighton, U.K. *School of African and Asian Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QN, ukSearch for more papers by this author D. C. FUNNELL, D. C. FUNNELL Brighton, U.K. *School of African and Asian Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QN, ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1986.tb01303.xCitations: 2 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume77, Issue2April 1986Pages 113-122 RelatedInformation

During the 1970's, many development projects in the rural areas of Third World countries were labelled ‘Integrated Rural Development’ (IRD) and the lending policies of organisations such as the Wor...

The Rural Development Area program has been the centerpiece of plans to raise the incomes of the majority of the population in Swaziland. The current scheme has been running for nearly nine years, although implementation was initially very slow. It is an integrated scheme based upon selected geographical areas and involving the simultaneous improvement of crop husbandry, livestock management, and soil conservation.' Well over onethird of the planned investment in agriculture in the period 1973-77 was directed to the Rural Development Area (RDA) program, and between 1976-77 and 1980-81 the capital expenditure alone was planned to exceed US$14.4 million.2 This paper concentrates upon the likely magnitude of farm incomes resulting from the implementation of this program. A brief description of the economy serves as a background for a review of previous attempts at rural change; an examination of farm incomes arising out of the successful implementation of the scheme provides a guide to the potential value of the overall program; and a commentary discusses some factors that might limit the success of crop production strategies and hence the income potential of the program. The Rural Economy The economy of Swaziland is heavily dependent upon the production of the rural sector. In 1976-77 it was estimated that 35 percent of GDP (factor cost) was directly derived from agriculture; as table I shows, this sector provides the bulk of export earnings. Maina points out that the contribution of the Swazi sector to export earnings declined from 1960 to 1970, although there has been a revival since that date reflecting the deliberate encouragement of cash crop production.3 Still, some commodities must be imported.