Este capítulo aborda la conectividad en la Amazonia desde la perspectiva de los Pueblos Indígenas (PI), los Pueblos Afrodescendientes (PA) y las Comunidades Locales (CL). Destaca la profunda interconexión entre sus formas de vida, sus sistemas de conocimiento y sus vínculos con el territorio. La metodología adoptada es un ejercicio reflexivo que pone en el centro las voces de diversos PI, Pueblos Originarios y Comunidades Locales, en diálogo con el conocimiento científico y académico. La territorialidad se presenta como un pilar fundamental que interconecta a los pueblos y comunidades con sus territorios de manera física, espiritual, sociocultural, simbólica y política. Se propone, de manera exploratoria, la noción de conectividad como un principio vital y una forma de vida integral, transmitida ancestralmente a través de códigos orales, memoria colectiva e interacciones con los territorios y la diversidad biocultural de la Amazonía. En términos más amplios, el proceso de coproducción de conocimiento articula tres ejes principales para reflexionar sobre la conectividad: 1) diversas interpretaciones y aproximaciones al concepto de conectividad; 2) identificación de riesgos y amenazas que ponen en peligro estas conexiones vitales; 3) énfasis en las soluciones promovidas por los propios pueblos y comunidades desde sus territorios.

Este capítulo aborda a conectividade na Amazônia a partir das perspectivas dos Povos Indígenas (PIs), dos Povos Afrodescendentes (PAs) e das Comunidades Locais (CLs). Ele destaca a profunda interconexão entre seus modos de vida, seus sistemas de conhecimento e seus vínculos com o território. A metodologia adotada é um exercício de reflexão que coloca as vozes de vários PIs, PAs e CLs no centro, em diálogo com o conhecimento científico e acadêmico. A territorialidade é apresentada como um pilar fundamental que interliga povos e comunidades com seus territórios de forma física, espiritual, sociocultural, simbólica e política. A noção de conectividade é proposta, de forma exploratória, como um princípio vital e um modo de vida abrangente, transmitido ancestralmente por meio de códigos orais, memória coletiva e interações com os territórios e a diversidade biocultural da Amazônia. Em termos mais amplos, o processo de coprodução de conhecimento articula três eixos principais de reflexão sobre a conectividade: 1) diversas interpretações e abordagens do conceito de conectividade; 2) identificação de riscos e ameaças que colocam em risco essas conexões vitais; 3) ênfase em soluções promovidas pelos próprios povos e comunidades a partir de seus territórios.

The emerging petroleum production sector has been positively impacting Guyana's economic prospects while contributing to an anticipated increase in the country's greenhouse gas emissions. This article presents a case study that adopts a convergent mixed methods approach. The methods selected for data collection consisted of in-depth interviews, document review and quantitative analysis to examine the implications of the GHG emissions from Guyana's emerging petroleum production sector for the country's net carbon sink status. The article explores measures to enable Guyana to remain a net carbon sink. The study reveals that fugitive emissions were the highest component of greenhouse gas emissions, mostly accounted for by flaring and venting from well testing and flaring from conventional petroleum production. The annual GHG emissions from petroleum production for 2025, 2027 and 2030 were 9034, 13,397 and 20,516 kilotons of CO2e, respectively. Moreover, the combination of the emissions from the oil and gas production and those from three scenarios of growth in Guyana's energy sector, the total annual GHG emissions could vary from 4445 kilotons of CO2e by 2025 to the largest amount of 24,888 kilotons of CO2e by 2030 across various scenarios and conditions. Further, the highest total GHG emissions for 2025 would be 11,015 kilotons CO2e compared to a sequestration rate of 154,060 kilotons CO2 (7%) for 2025. In 2027, the highest total GHG emissions would be 16,234 kilotons CO2e as compared to a sequestration rate of 153,860 kilotons CO2 (11%). No negative implication for Guyana's net carbon sink is projected. However, Guyana should review, update and implement policies to mitigate GHG emissions and offset unavoidable ones. This research highlights the efforts of Guyana to adopt a development path that seeks to fulfil obligations to the UNFCCC and the Paris Accord while improving the social and economic well-being of its citizens.

Este capítulo propone una visión enfocada en la vida que apoye una Amazonía sostenible, en la que el uso de sus recursos y la biodiversidad en el presente no comprometa la existencia de futuras generaciones de seres humanos y no humanos. La Visión Amazonía Viva es el resultado de consultas con científicos y autores del Panel Científico para la Amazonía, y sus múltiples interacciones con los actores de la región, así como un diálogo entre el conocimiento Indígena y la ciencia.

Os ecossistemas aquáticos da Amazônia estão sendo destruídos e a expectativa é que as ameaças à sua integridade continuem a crescer em número e intensidade. Apresentamos neste estudo, alguns dos principais impactos sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos provocados por projetos de infraestrutura e práticas predatórias e ilegais.

Este capítulo discute a importância e as limitações das cinco dimensões dos ODS (Pessoas, Planeta, Prosperidade, Paz e Parcerias) no contexto da Amazônia. Também discute o desempenho e as tendências dos países amazônicos no alcance dos ODS.

Este capítulo discute as principais causas do desmatamento e da degradação florestal na Amazônia, especialmente a expansão agrícola, construção de estradas, exploração mineral e de petróleo e gás, queimadas, efeitos de borda, extração de madeira e caça. Também examina os impactos dessas atividades e das sinergias entre elas.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change needs to do more to include the expertise and voices of women, even as numbers and policies improve. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change needs to do more to include the expertise and voices of women, even as numbers and policies improve.

This chapter discusses the importance and limitations of the five SDG dimensions (People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership) in the Amazonian context. It also discusses the performance and trends of Amazonian countries in achieving the SDGs.

Amazonian aquatic ecosystems are being destroyed and threats to their integrity are projected to grow in number and intensity. Here we present some of the main impacts on aquatic ecosystems triggered by infrastructure projects and predatory and illegal practices.

This paper examines the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and discusses options to improve sub- and non-state involvement in post-2020 climate governance. A framework that stimulates sub- and non-state action is a necessary complement to national governmental action, as the latter falls short of achieving low-carbon and climate-resilient development as envisaged in the Paris Agreement. Applying design principles for an ideal-type orchestration framework, we review literature and gather expert judgements to assess whether the GCAA has been collaborative, comprehensive, evaluative and catalytic. Results show that there has been greater collaboration and coordination among orchestrators, for instance, in the organization of events. However, mobilization efforts remain event-driven and too little effort is invested in understanding the progress of sub- and non-state action. Data collection has improved, although more sophisticated indicators are needed to evaluate climate and sustainable development impacts. Finally, the GCAA has recorded more action, but relatively little by actors in developing countries. As the world seeks to recover from the COVID-19 crisis, a post-2020 GCAA could make a vital contribution to climate action in challenging times by helping governments keep climate and enhance commitments; strengthening capacity for sub- and non-state action; enabling accountability; and helping to realize sustainable development.

This chapter discusses the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the Amazon, particularly agricultural expansion, road construction, mining, oil and gas development, forest fires, edge effects, logging, and hunting. It also examines these activities’ impacts and synergies between them.

The oil and gas sector has strategic importance to the economic development of a country that is endowed with the natural resource, given that it accounts for a disproportionately large percentage of a country's foreign exchange earnings and incomes, its physical infrastructure and human capital in the form of highly skilled manpower.

Developing a clear vision is the central starting point for any action plan. This chapter reviews the main visions regarding the Amazon and proposes a Living Amazon Vision based on a set of values, principles, and knowledge systems described throughout the chapter.

Education as a process allows human beings and societies to reach their fu­llest potential, while improving their capacity to address environment and development issues (Chapter 36, Agenda 21); by reasoning therefore, higher education should be pivotal to the achievement of sustainable development of the Caribbean Re­gion. Currently, however, there are many issues that must be addressed by the Caribbean Community gover­nments and higher education institu­tions prior to the realization of such laudable goals. The purpose of this Case Study is to demystify the typo­logies of Education for Sustainable Development, examine the current sustainable development practice of the University of Guyana in respect of its academic programmes and curri­cula, institutional practice regarding resource consumption (including water, energy, and paper), research agenda, and services (including po­licy advice) to the wider society. To this end, the research strategy entai­led desk review of documents, key in­formants’ semi-structured interviews, and a survey of lecturers. The results highlight good practices can be repli­cated or scaled up, as well as gaps and opportunities for improvement.

Many cities across the world are facing many problems climate change poses to their populations, communities and infrastructure. These vary from increased exposures to floods, to discomfort due to urban heat, depending on their geographical locations and settings. However, even though some cities have a greater ability to cope with climate change challenges, many struggle to do so, particularly in cities in developing countries. In addition, there is a shortage of international studies which examine the links between climate change adaptation and cities, and which at the same time draw some successful examples of good practice, which may assist future efforts. This paper is an attempt to address this information need. The aim of this paper is to analyse the extent to which cities in a sample of developing countries are attempting to pursue climate change adaptation and the problems which hinder this process. Its goal is to showcase examples of initiatives and good practice in transformative adaptation, which may be replicable elsewhere. To this purpose, the paper describes some trends related to climate change in a set of cities in developing countries across different continents, including one of the smallest capital cities (Georgetown, Guyana) and Shanghai, one the world's most populous cities. In particular, it analyses their degree of vulnerability, how they manage to cope with climate change impacts, and the policies being implemented to aid adaptation. It also suggests the use of transformative approaches which may be adopted, in order to assist them in their efforts towards investments in low-carbon and climate-resilient infrastructure, thereby maximizing investments in urban areas and trying to address their related poverty issues. This paper addresses a gap in the international literature on the problems many cities in developing countries face, in trying to adapt to a changing climate.