This study was undertaken to improve the treatment of deep seated fungal skin infection by formulation of setraconazole loaded invasome gels and films. Setraconazole invasomes were prepared by thin-film hydration method and optimized by factorial design. The entrapment efficiency of the invasomes were determined. Invasomes with highest entrapment efficiency were further evaluated for size, zeta potential and converted to gels and films. Films and gels were evaluated for antifungal activity, skin irritation and in vitro skin permeation. Additionally gels were evaluated for pH, viscosity and spreadability. The invasomes showed high entrapment of setraconazole up to 83.4

Introduction: Studies investigating the alterations of serum irisin and its change with metformin therapy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are conflicting. Our aim is to study serum irisin in PCOS patients and the change of irisin levels with metformin therapy over 6 months. Methods: This is a randomized control study conducted in 187 PCOS cases and 94 age-matched controls aged 18–40 years. Detailed evaluation of anthropometric, biochemical, and hormonal parameters was performed. A subset of 99 overweight/obese patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥23 kg/m2 were stratified into a metformin group (n = 67) receiving 500 mg thrice daily and a lifestyle intervention-only group (n = 32). The effect of metformin therapy on serum irisin levels was measured at the end of 6 months. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 26.0 Software. Results: Serum irisin was higher in PCOS patients than in controls [12.47 (8.1–17.7) vs 8.3 (7.0–9.6) ng/ml, P < 0.001], independent of BMI. Serum irisin showed a significant positive association with BMI (β =0.168), waist-to-hip ratio (β =0.166), leutinizing hormone (β =0.225), TG (β =0.305), FAI (β =0.151), and testosterone (β =0.135). Serum irisin showed a significant positive association with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β =0.14, P = 0.04) in overweight/obese PCOS patients only (n = 146) but not in the whole PCOS cohort (n = 187). Metformin reduced the median serum irisin levels significantly (13.9 to 12.1 ng/ml, P < 0.001), and the delta change in irisin levels was associated with HOMA-IR in the metformin group. Conclusion: Serum irisin is increased in PCOS patients independent of BMI. Metformin therapy reduced serum irisin levels in overweight/obese PCOS patients by improving insulin resistance.

Background:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents a complex diagnostic challenge due to its heterogeneous nature.Aim:This study aimed to examine the diagnostic utility of various hormones across different PCOS phenotypes.Settings and Design:This cross-sectional study was carried out in 187 newly diagnosed PCOS women (18-40 years) attending the outdoor clinics of the department of endocrinology and obstetrics and gynaecology of a tertiary care centre in India.Materials and Methods:One hundred and eighty-seven PCOS women based on revised Rotterdam 2003 criteria were recruited. Ninety-four age-matched healthy females were taken as controls. All PCOS women were categorised into four phenotypes (A, B, C and D) based on the National Institute of Health (2012) criteria. Detailed clinical examination and hormonal investigations including testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and anti-M & uuml;llerian hormone (AMH) were performed.Statistical Analysis Used:The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was generated to find the diagnostic utility of various hormones by using SPSS version 26.0 software.Results:The largest PCOS group was phenotype A (33.15%, n = 61) followed by phenotype B (28.6%, n = 52), phenotype D (23.9%, n = 44) and phenotype C (16.3%, n = 30). In ROC analysis, AMH and testosterone (except phenotype D) were good diagnostic parameters for PCOS. AMH cutoffs varied from 4.4 to 5.6 ng/mL with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 86% to 97% and 85% to 100%, respectively, across all PCOS phenotypes. In the entire PCOS cohort, AMH at an optimal cutoff of 5.28 ng/mL had sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 97%, respectively, for the diagnosis of PCOS. Optimal testosterone cutoffs were 29.3, 25.1 and 23.1 ng/dL for phenotypes A, B and C, respectively, with reasonable sensitivities and specificities but not in phenotype D. Luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH ratio, androstenedione and DHEAS had low-to-moderate sensitivity across all phenotypes.Conclusion:AMH is a useful hormonal diagnostic marker for PCOS across all phenotypes.

Introduction:This study aimed to distinguish isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) from constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) by various hormonal tests in both sexes. Methods:Boys with testicular volume (TV) <4 ml (14-18 years) and girls with breast B1 stage (13-18 years) were enrolled in this study. A detailed history, clinical examination and hormonal analysis including basal luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), inhibin B, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), testosterone (boys), oestradiol (girls), triptorelin stimulation test and 3-day human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation test (boys) were performed. All patients were followed for 1.5 years or till 18 years of age. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal cut-offs with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for various hormones to distinguish IHH from CDGP. Results:Of 34 children (male: 22 and female: 12), CDGP and IHH were diagnosed in 21 and 13 children, respectively. 4 hours post-triptorelin LH had the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) for identifying IHH in both sexes. Basal inhibin B had good sensitivity (male: 85.7% and female: 83.8%) and specificity (male: 93.3% and female: 100%) for diagnosing IHH. 24 hours post-triptorelin testosterone (<34.5 ng/dl), day 4 post-HCG testosterone (<99.7 ng/dl) and 24 hours post-triptorelin oestradiol (<31.63 pg/ml) had reasonable sensitivity and specificity for identifying IHH. Basal LH, FSH and AMH were poor discriminators for IHH in both sexes. Conclusion:The best indicator was post-triptorelin 4-hour LH followed by inhibin B, which had a reasonable diagnostic utility to distinguish IHH from CDGP in both boys and girls.

A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the cultivars of onion for bulb yield and reactions to pests and diseases during kharif season at AINRP on Onion & Garlic, College of Horticulture (OUAT), Sambalpur, and Odisha, India.Twenty two cultivars of onion including five national check varieties supplied by Directorate of Onion & Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune were evaluated by adopting RBD with three replications.Results revealed significantly better leaves plant -1 (8.87), collar thickness (1.44 cm), average bulb weight (70.44 g), polar diameter (6.44 cm), equatorial diameter (4.53 cm) having better TSS (10.76%), tolerance to thrips infestation (2.36 thripsplant -1 ), marketable bulb yield ( 223.65 q ha -1 ) and total bulb yield (276.96 q ha -1 ) were recorded for NRCWO-3, closely followed by Bhima Super, NRCRO-1, NRCWO-4 and the check, Bhima Red than rest of the entries tested.However, significantly heaviest bulb weight of 78.68g was recorded in entry, VG-18.Similarly during kharif season more than 200 q ha -1 marketable bulb yield was recorded in the entries like NRCWO-3 (223.65 q ha -1 ), Bhima Red (215.04 q ha -1 ), NRCWO-1 (212.58 q ha -1 ), NRCWO-4 (208.60 q ha -1 ) and NRCWO-2 (205.54 q ha -1 ).On the other hand, total bulb yield of more than 200 q ha -1 was recorded in entry, NRCWO-3 (276.94 q ha -1 ), Bhima Red (268.09q ha -1 ), NRCWO-4 (259.66 q ha -1 ), NRCWO-2 (249.63 q ha -1 ), Bhima Super (249.35 q ha -1 ), NRCWO-1 (248.61 q ha -1 ) and NRCRO-3 (242.96q ha -1 ).Thus, the varieties like NRCWO-1, NRCWO-3.NRCWO-4, Bhima Super, Bhima Red and NRCRO-3 may be recommended for karif season cultivation to obtain maximum bulb yield.Similarly cultivars like Bhima Kiran, Bhima Super, NRCRO-2 and Col-652 may be recommended for better tolerance to both Purple Blotch and Thrips infestation.

A BSTRACT Objective: To study the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association of with microvascular complications and ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 T2DM patients were screened randomly for detection of fatty liver in ultrasonography. Patients with fatty liver (NAFLD group, n = 36) were compared with subjects without fatty liver (non-NAFLD group, n = 64). Detailed clinical, biochemical, and imaging parameters like lipid profile, LFT, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose, HbA1C, fasting insulin, spot urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and 2-D ECHO (M-mode) were performed. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was found to be 36%. NAFLD group had significantly higher BMI, WHR, blood pressure, glycemic profile, and lipid parameters compared to non-NAFLD group. HOMA IR was elevated significantly in NAFLD group (3.16 ± 1.96) compared to non-NAFLD group (1.73 ± 1.59). There was significantly higher prevalence of all the diabetes-related microvascular complications and LV diastolic dysfunction in NAFLD patients with higher odds for the occurrence of neuropathy (OR = 4.74; P = 0.001), nephropathy (OR = 3.92; P = 0.003), retinopathy (OR = 5.95; P = 0.002), and LV diastolic dysfunction (OR = 1.84; P = 0.043). Conclusions: NAFLD is significantly associated with various diabetes-related microvascular complications as well as LV diastolic dysfunction in T2DM patients.

The aim of this study was to assess demographic, clinical, biochemical, radiological profile and treatment response in diabetic patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN). This was a prospective study for screening of CN in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending tertiary care centre over a period of 1 year. Acute CN (ACN) was diagnosed based on clinical features of local inflammation and temperature difference of > 2 °C from the normal foot after exclusion of other inflammatory causes. Chronic CN (CCN) was diagnosed when no inflammatory signs were present in a deformed foot with radiological findings supportive of diagnosis. In all these patients, demographic data, clinical features, biochemical investigations, X-ray, and MRI foot were done. The effect of offloading and customized foot wear in ACN, CCN were, respectively, studied over 1 year. Out of 5049 DM patients screened for CN over 1 year, 25 patients (0.49

Background: Since May 2022, that has been largest-ever spread of monkeypox in countries where it is not normally found. Since India is home to about 36% of the world’s population, an MPXV outbreak there might have far-reaching consequences. A fuller understanding of the monkeypox virus and the epidemiology of the disease is urgently needed to help clinicians, public health professionals, and politicians be prepared for any eventuality, especially given the speed with which it has spread to non-endemic nations. Aim: Review provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatments, vaccinations, and herbal resources used in the management of infection for the monkeypox disease. Immune-compromised host & group require to be given additional notice as the illness is known to have significant effects on pregnant women; we have also highlighted relevant information about such pathophysiological situations in this work. Result and conclusion: The spread of monkeypox virus (2022) in non-endemic nations could provide India with an opportunity to investigate the Krimighna medications mentioned in Brihatrayee, i.e.Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya with antiviral activity and to develop novel and useful antiviral agents to combat the monkeypox menace effectively.

Nowadays, plant-based chemicals have drawn the attention of pharmacy researchers due to their potent biological activity against various ailments. In this series, terpenes and terpenoids are gaining popularity among drug researchers gradually. Terpenes are naturally occurring large and varied class of hydrocarbons substances produced by a wide variety of plants including fruits, vegetables, flowers and some animals. Their concentration is generally high in plants. A broad range of the biological properties of terpenoids includes cancer chemo-preventive effects, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic activities and memory enhancers. Terpenoids are usually cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, with the altered number of oxygen moieties in the constituent groups attached to the basic isoprene skeleton. Terpenoids are a group of substances that occur in nearly every natural food. Terpenoids display a wide range of biological activities against cancer, malaria, inflammation, tuberculosis and a variety of infectious diseases including viral as well as bacterial. In this chapter, we have emphasized the proven and expected medicinal value of both terpenes and terpenoids.

The aim of this study is to assess for the change in progression of inflammatory, adiposity, and atherosclerotic markers in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Normal glucose tolerant (NGT) individuals (20–40 years) who had positive family history of T2DM (FHP) were enrolled in this prospective study based on ADA 2015 criteria. Age, sex, and BMI matched controls without any history of diabetes in their parents referred as family history negative (FHN) were taken for comparison. At baseline, detailed clinical assessment and requisite blood/imaging investigations were done. All the available subjects from the original cohort (FHN-32 and FHP-46) were studied after 2 years with recording of the clinical, biochemical and imaging parameters. A total of 64 cases (FHP) and 42 controls (FHN) were enrolled at baseline. FHP group had significantly higher hsCRP (p = 0.039) and cIMT (p = 0.003) than that of FHN group. No significant difference in the rate of conversion of NGT to prediabetes (using multiple criteria) was found after 2 years between the two groups. cIMT was increased significantly from baseline in FHP group than FHN group at the end of the study(0.02 ± 0.03 vs. 0.01 ± 0.02 mm, p = 0.002). But there was no significant difference for changes in glycemic status, lipid parameters, HOMA IR, hsCRP, and adiposity markers between the two groups at the end of the study. Despite no significant differences in change in glycemic parameters or rates of conversion from NGT to pre diabetes, cIMT increased significantly in the normoglycemic offspring of T2DM subjects than those without history of T2DM in their parents.

Over these previous years, clinicians dealing with patients with COVID infection 2019 have discovered that the abundant inflammatory response induced by the virus serves as a significant cause of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction, which happen in majority of the lethal cases. Presently, there is not a single drug available as an approved and genuine medication for corona infection, in this sphere of time immunomodulatory agents has exhibited encouraging response against coronavirus infection. The initial finding that interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are raised in serious COVID-19 and independently foresee the risk of developing ARDS and finally death, such results had centered the clinical investigations on this pro-incendiary and pleiotropic cytokine. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is humanized anti-interleukin 6 receptor monoclonal immunizer and has been endorsed for different rheumatological ailments. Currently, many steroids as they act as an immunomodulatory agent have shown fantastic therapeutic effects while used in COVID infected peoples, such clinical data advocated the application of tocilizumab to combat corona infection. Patients who were in life threatening condition because of COVID-19 initiated pneumonia developed hyper aggravation. This medication lessens the further decay of the patient caused because of agglomeration of lymphocytic cells and diminishes the degree of high CRP (C-responsive protein). Nevertheless, several clinical investigations have been in progress to ascertain the drug profile. So that TCZ may be used in COVID patients with optimal effectiveness associated with minimum risk of adverse events. In this article, we have tried to encompass all relevant information about the pharmacology of TCZ, which will surely help to understand clinical behaviour of the drug.

Aim: Present study aimed to assess the efficacy of paclobutrazol on vegetative growth, root traits, antomical modifications and nutrient uptake in mango. Methodology: Pot experiment was conducted in young grafted plants of Amrapali variety treated with four concentrations of paclobutrazol viz., 100 mg l-1, 200 mg l-1, 500 mg l-1 and 1000 mg l-1. The design was completely randomized with four replications and each replicate comprised of fifteen plants. Data on different parameters were recorded in randomly selected plants and mean values were presented. Results: Plant height, leaf area, internodal length, plant biomass and shoot biomass reduced by 30.8%, 32.4%, 38.2%, 38.7% and 40.4%, respectively, at higher concentration of paclobutrazol (1000 mg l-1). However, there was an increase in leaf chlorophyll content with high PBZ concentrations (1000 mg l-1). Root traits like root biomass, growth rate and primary root reduced significantly at higher PBZ concentrations, whereas tertiary roots tended to increase. The size of xylem and phloem reduced substantially at higher PBZ concentration. First principal component (PC 1) explained more than 92% of the variance signifying most of the growth attributing traits. Interpretation: The results unveiled that growth attributing traits, vascular characteristics of root and stem, and leaf nutrient status were significantly influenced by higher concentration of PBZ.

Herbal medications have a wide range of phytochemical ingredients, the majority of which are flavonoids and terpenoids, which have a vivid range of applications. The use of polar phyto-constituents is restricted due to their poor absorption and bioavailability. Poor bioavailability can be overcome by developing a suitable drug delivery system, such as the herbosome (Phospholipids) based drug delivery system, which has been found to be promising for better and more effective drug delivery and can increase the rate and extent of drug absorption across the lipoidal bio-film. Herbosome is one of the phospholipid-based herbal drug delivery systems with a higher absorption and stability profile than the others. The herbosome has the potential to play a critical role in the value delivery of Phyto-constituents like flavonoids, and vitamin E. Herbosomes have a wide range of applications aside from homegrown diets and beauty care products. As a result of their medicinal use, several locations of herbosomes will be discovered in the future.

An experiment was conducted during 2018-2020 to study the genetic diversity in 24 morphological traits using D2 statistics in mango genotypes of eastern tropical region of India. Present study reveals that the clustering pattern based on D2 statistics grouped 40 genotypes of mango into 7 clusters, out of which cluster VI (7397.45) shows the highest intracluster value followed by cluster III (5346.99) and cluster V (4130.4), indicating considerable genetic divergence among the accessions of this cluster. While maximum inter- cluster distance was observed between the cluster VI and VII (300180) followed by cluster II and VI (289267.7) and cluster I and VI (214380.5) indicated that the accessions belonging to these groups were genetically most diverse and can be used as a parent in hybridization programme. Wide range of genetic diversity observed among cluster VI and cluster VII, can either be utilized for breeding programmes for genetic improvement in mango or directly adopted as a variety. Fruit yield exhibited significant contribution towards the genetic divergence (60.77%) followed by fruit weight (26.79%), stone percentage (4.74%), peel percentage (2.31%) and pulp percentage (2.05%).

Hypertension has arisen as a significant general medical issue around the world. Hypertension is the main danger factor for chronic disease trouble in India. Survey studies from different parts of India have announced a high predominance of hypertension. Former studies have suggested that metropolitan- rural intermingling of hypertension in India is because of the quick urbanization of country populaces with ensuing changes in lifestyles (inactivity, high dietary salt, sugar, and excess fat in diet regimen) and an expansion in overweight and stoutness. Here, we documented a survey report on the prevalence of hypertension. We used gender and pre-existing body ailment as an indicator for this observational study. The study was carried out for 1 month (1st to 31st of January 2021) with a sample size of n= 450. Data were collected by reviewing the patient’s medical records. Depending on gender and co-morbidity, patients were categorized into two groups. We found a greater prevalence of hypertension in men (67%) than women (33%). We recorded an increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension associated with preexisting disease in males (83%) and females (73%). Good quality long-term studies will help to understand hypertension in all aspects; furthermore, it would help in its avoidance, screening, and control. Lastly, we would state that effective prevention and management programs should be broadly executed in India, particularly in developing urban cities.

Studies were conducted at Central Horticulture Experiment Station (ICAR-IIHR), Bhubaneswar during 2018 to 2020. Forty mango germplasm were studied for their genetic variability, heritability, and character association between yield and quality traits to estimate the contribution of traits towards yield. High genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were recorded for yield, fruit weight, stone weight, pulp to stone ratio, peel weight, titratable acidity, total carotenoid, total flavonoid, total phenol which provide wide scope of improvement through selection. Moreover, high heritability and genetic advance were also observed in all characters. Peel weight, total carotenoid, total phenol and total flavonoid exhibited significant positive correlation with yield. Path analysis revealed that total flavonoid, peel weight, pulp to stone ratio, total carotenoid, total phenol, titratable acidity, stone weight, sex ratio, and total soluble solids had maximum direct effect on yield.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum extract, homobrassinolide, and triacontanol for improving fruit retention, yield, and quality in mango. Methodology: The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 10 treatments, comprising Ascophyllum nodosum extract (1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm), homobrassinolide (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ppm), triacontanol (1, 3, and 5 ppm), and water as control. Treatments were foliar sprayed at panicle initiation, pea, and marble stages of fruit growth. Observations were recorded on flowering, fruiting, yield, and fruit quality parameters. Results: All the treatments of Ascophyllum nodosum extract and triacontanol exhibited significant improvement in fruit retention, fruit weight, yield, and fruit quality parameters over control. However, 3000 and 5000 ppm Ascophyllum nodosum extract treatments outperformed all the treatments of triacontanol. Plants sprayed with 5000 ppm Ascophyllum nodosum extract recorded the maximum value for fruit retention (48.15, 36.74, 29.48, and 25.76% at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after pea stage, respectively), number of fruits (133.25 per tree), fruit weight (188.84 g per fruit), and yield (25.16 kg per tree), whereas the lowest values were recorded under control. With respect to fruit quality, 3000 ppm ANE produced the fruits with the highest TSS (19.62 °B), whereas the highest TSS/acid ratio was recorded with 5000 ppm ANE (62.29) treatment. Interpretation: In mango, foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (3000-5000 ppm) thrice at panicle initiation, pea, and marble stages of fruit growth is effective for reducing fruit drop and enhancing quantum and quality of produce.

Repurposed application of doxycycline in COVID 19 treatment - IJPCA- Print ISSN No: - 2394-2789 Online ISSN No:- 2394-2797 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijpca.2020.024, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis-Int J Pharm Chem Anal

Biofertilizers are best defined as biologically active products which add, conserve, and mobilize crop nutrients in the soil. In other words, they are substances containing living microorganisms, which when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil colonizes in the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the availability of nutrients and PGRs to the host plant. Rhizospheres consist of thousands of microorganisms, but one specific organism for a particular crop and for a specific purpose are essential for improving crop growth and productivity. Our discussion sufficiently provides essential scientific facts and figures regarding the various plant microbes used as biofertilizers, and their interactions in various agroecosystems, which enhance crop production. The role of biofertilizers in the fixation or mobilization of nutrients, crop growth, overcoming various biotic and abiotic stress, needs special attention for enhancing production through a sustainable agricultural system approach.