高质量的国际创业已经成为中资企业参与全球价值链分工,抢占价值链有利位置的战略举措.然而,国际创业活动面临着"外来者劣势"与"新进入者劣势"的双重威胁,影响创业成功率与成长性.通过文献梳理与理论演绎研究发现,东道国社会网络嵌入有助于突破"外来者劣势"约束,产业网络嵌入有利于降低"新进入者劣势"威胁,可见,不断深化东道国双重网络嵌入程度是国际新创企业成功的关键.因此,国际新创企业应当主动熟悉东道国当地社会环境,积极嵌入东道国当地产业链分工,消除东道国社会网络偏离与东道国产业网络偏离所带来的不利影响.政府主管部门应对照已经实施的国际创业支持政策,为国际新创企业提供更具针对性、更具微观基础的扶持措施.

使用129个国际新创企业的调查数据,基于"战略—能力—绩效"的逻辑主线,结合战略创业理论与组织即兴理论,探讨创业导向、即兴能力、国际创业绩效之间的内在关系.结果表明:第一,创业导向的三个维度均有助于提升国际创业绩效;第二,即兴能力在创新性与国际创业绩效之间发挥部分中介效应,在预见性与国际创业绩效之间起完全中介作用,但未发现其在风险承担性与国际创业绩效之间的中介效应.

Purpose - Along with the growing awareness of environmental sustainability, international green entrepreneurship is expected to realize international sustainable development (ISD) by introducing ecological innovation results, using fewer resources consumption, and reducing negative environmental impacts. Building upon contingency theory and social network theory, this paper attempts to explore the role of home country-based networks (technology ties and business ties) as contingent factors that might impact the effectiveness of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in promoting ISD among green ventures. Design/methodology - Original data were collected from 127 green ventures in China based on the random sampling technique. These green ventures mainly focus on the lower use of energy or materials, lower CO2 emissions, and higher ecological benefits located in the Fujian province, which highlights green economic growth and economic cooperation with international markets. Moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to test our hypotheses concerning the main relationship between EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking) and ISD as well as the moderating effects of home country-based networks (technology ties and business ties) on the main relationship. Findings - Empirical results indicate that: first, both innovativeness and proactiveness positively affect ISD; second, both technology ties and business ties at home might significantly strengthen the positive relationship between innovativeness (or proactiveness) and ISD. However, this study did not find significant moderating effects of technology ties or business ties at home on the relationship between risk-taking and ISD. Originality/value - Since previous literature often gives more focus on the host country context of social networks, this study shifts to a home country-based network context. Therefore, our research might enrich the international green entrepreneurship literature by empirically investigating the contingent value of home country-based networks in the relationship between EO and ISD in the context of an emerging economy such as China.

As a result of the rapid development and diffusion of information and communication technologies, enterprises are consistently improving their ability to respond to environmental changes. With regard to green entrepreneurship, an increasing number of green-tech ventures have been launched in response to various environmental challenges such as carbon emissions, environmental pollution, and climate change. This study examined the relationship among strategic orientations (i.e., technological orientation and marketing orientation), network positions (i.e., network centrality and bridging position), and innovation performance of green-tech ventures. With original data from 116 green-tech ventures of the Yixing Environmental and Cleaner Technology Park, the results identified both technological orientation and marketing orientation as important antecedents of innovation performance. However, unlike previous literature, this study did not find direct effects of network centrality and bridging position on innovation performance. Identified as a moderating effect, bridging position might enhance the innovation performance of strategic orientations, but no significant moderating role of network centrality was found. Overall, these findings enable a better understanding of the network positions of green-tech ventures that represent an asset for the creation of superior innovation performance. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Based on the diffusion of innovation theory (DOI), this paper aims to explore the potential factors that influence user satisfaction with new energy vehicles (NEVs). Furthermore, we introduce the term "personal environmental awareness" (PEA) and attempt to examine its contingent effects. A moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis (MHLRA) method is conducted to analyze the data collected from a field survey of 335 early-drivers of NEVs. Empirical results show that experiences related to usefulness, experience of ease-of-use, total cost, driving range, and infrastructure readiness are important factors that influence user satisfaction with NEVs. In the case of moderating effects, we found that PEA might strengthen the positive effects of experienced usefulness, experienced ease-of-use, driving range, and infrastructure readiness in terms of user satisfaction with NEVs. However, the moderating role of PEA in the relationship between total cost and user satisfaction is not statistically significant. Our research findings might provide some useful insights for market managers, academic researchers and policy makers.

To catch up with the forerunners, emerging countries such as China recently concentrate on the development of emerging green technologies. Choosing the appropriate entry timing and undertaking suitable strategies are important for the latecomers to catch up in the emerging green technologies. Using the Abernathy and Utterback model, based on the resource-based theory, this paper explores the timing choice mechanism and catch-up strategy for latecomers through the theoretical analysis and case study of China's high-speed rail industry. The main findings are as follows. First, firms in emerging countries with forerunner advantages should implement technology breakthrough-oriented catch-up strategies in the fluid stages of emerging green technologies to achieve technology monopoly and market lead. Second, latecomers with relatively weak resources should enter emerging green technology in the transitional stages and seize the "window of opportunity" around the arising dominant technology design. The appropriate catch-up strategy is market expansion, which can be executed by focusing on process and business model innovation to capture green market segments. Third, given that latecomers accumulate abundant catch-up resources, earlier entries into emerging green industries result in high likelihood of catching up with the forerunners.

随着“大众创业、万众创新”战略部署的推进,我国国民的创业热情被点燃.但是,我国的创业政策和生态环境仍不够完善,使得很多创业者处于“临渊羡鱼”的观望状态.因此,迫切需要探讨创业期望和风险恐惧对新生企业家创业行为的影响机制.本文基于调节聚焦理论,解析了创业期望对新生企业家创业行为的影响机制,并探究了风险恐惧对新生企业家创业行为的影响机制.研究结果表明:新生企业家的创业期望越高,其创业积极性也就越高,并且会采取积极的创业投资行为.风险恐惧会降低新生企业家的创业倾向,但是个体一旦选择了创业行为后,风险恐惧对新生企业家创业投资行为的影响取决于其创业期望水平.当新生企业家创业期望水平较高时,风险恐惧的增加会驱动新生企业家萌发促进聚焦的调节机制,此时积极投资将处于主导地位,因此新生企业家会实施积极的投资行为.但是如果创业期望水平较低时,风险恐惧的增加会催生新生企业家产生预防聚焦的调节机制,此时害怕失败将处于主导地位,因此新生企业家会减少创业投资.

Various economic growth patterns differ in sustainability. Taking China and India as examples, this study parses the connotation of leading-industrialisation and crossing-industrialisation economic growth patterns. In addition, a theoretical framework of sustainable development, including economic, social, environmental and demographic sustainability, is constructed. Furthermore, the comparative analysis and case study method are used to compare the sustainability of the two patterns. Results demonstrate that the leading-industrialisation pattern relies on abundant and skilled human resources to promote the manufacturing industry, thereby achieving rapid and high-quality economic growth at the expense of the environment. Although it is superior in social sustainability, such as poverty proportion, employment rate, price stability and health condition, the pattern can lead to a gap in wealth and an imbalance in urbanisation. By contrast, we reveal that the crossing-industrialisation pattern depends on the elite talents and technological progress to promote the service industry with high economic potential, which is resource-efficient and environment-friendly. Meanwhile, it is characterised by a small gap between the rich and the poor, relatively balanced urbanisation and future demographic dividends. However, it cannot guarantee adequate employment, public health and stable prices with serious poverty. This study enriches the multidimensional framework of sustainable development and proposes several practical implications for the sustainable development of the two economic growth patterns.

This study aims to explore the technical characteristics that affect user satisfaction with air-source heat pump technology which is recognized as one typical cleaner residential heating system and being promoted in China in response to the national “coal to electricity” policy. Moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze data from a questionnaire survey of 256 residents in suburban Beijing. Empirical results indicated that product convenience, product design, product reliability, product knowledge, and total cost, respectively, affect user satisfaction, but product safety has no significant effect on user satisfaction. Meanwhile, total cost is an important contingent factor that might weaken the positive effects of product convenience (or product design) on user satisfaction. Our research provides empirical evidence for identifying factors that influence user satisfaction with cleaner residential heating system in response to new energy policy and further provides useful managerial implications for market practice.

Part-time entrepreneurship-the process of starting a business while retaining a 'day job' in an existing organization-can be considered an entry strategy into full-time entrepreneurship rather than a form of entrepreneurship in itself. With the goal of examining how the entrepreneurial ability relates to the transition from part-time to full-time entrepreneur, we integrate insights from utility maximization theory with logic from the resource capability theory, then test hypotheses through simulation analysis of mathematical models and the empirical analysis of questionnaire data. The key findings of the study emphasize that part-time entrepreneurs with higher Resource allocation ability are more likely to turn into full-time entrepreneurs, and the opportunity-recognition ability is not verified by this assumption. Besides, Entrepreneurial resource positively regulates the relationship between two types of entrepreneurial ability and the transformation intention.

To reduce pollutant emissions and improve air quality, the Chinese government has enacted new energy policies (e.g., “coal to gas” and “coal to electricity”) concerning the residential heating sector to introduce cleaner residential heating technologies (RHTs). In practice, stimulating the diffusion and adoption of cleaner RHTs among homeowners might be crucial for the successful implementation of such energy policies. This study employed diffusion of innovation theory to explore the individual (rational and emotional) motivations behind homeowners’ adoption of cleaner RHTs. We conducted a field survey of Nanjing households that intended to decorate their newly built homes in the period from December 2017 to December 2018. The empirical results showed that the total cost, technical attributes, and influence of peers were important factors underlying the adoption intention of cleaner RHTs. However, this study failed to find any statistically significant effects of the relative advantage or personal environmental awareness on the adoption intention of cleaner RHTs. Our findings might provide some useful implications for market managers and policy makers.

Although innovation orientations are effective strategic postures in order to compete in marketplace, simply deploying high levels of innovation orientations does not always yield economic returns to new ventures. Drawing on the resource-based view and social network theory, this study aims at examining the relationships between innovation orientations (technological innovation and marketing innovation), external partnerships (technology partnership and market partnership) and start-ups’ performance. Using a sample of 132 low-carbon ventures located in Liaoning province, China, empirical results revealed that high levels of technological innovation and marketing innovation were positively related to start-ups’ performance. Meanwhile, there was no direct link between external partnerships and start-ups' performance. However, we found that external partnerships play moderating role that may alter the performance implications of innovation orientations. Our research findings provide several managerial implications for market practice and policy-makers.

The construct of guanxi has become an interesting topic for analyzing how to do business more effectively and successfully in China’s economic transition period. Drawing on the guanxi strategy theory, this study examines when government guanxi (guanxi with the government and its officials) and business guanxi (guanxi with the business sectors) matter to new venture performance under two typical turbulent environments (institutional turbulence and market turbulence). According to empirical results using original data from 146 new ventures in clusters driven by China’s local governments, both government guanxi and business guanxi were positively related to new venture performance, and market turbulence was an important contextual factor influencing performance benefits of guanxi. However, the results reveal no moderating effects of institutional turbulence on direct relationships. Furthermore, the study provides a better conceptual and empirical understanding of why market turbulence is a double-edged sword for performance implications of guanxi in the rapidly changing business environment.

A turbulent environment is a double-edged sword for new ventures to translate entrepreneurial orientation (EO) into sustainable growth. However, most of previous literature in strategic management and entrepreneurship mainly focused on overall effects of the turbulent environment and ignored the different moderating effects across environmental conditions. This study provides an important framework for exploring the relationships among EO, two potentially critical turbulent environment conditions (market turbulence and technological turbulence), and sustainable growth. Data were collected from 146 high-tech ventures in China. These firms ranged in size from 5 to 200 employees and averaged 46.8 employees. Moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis (MHLRA) was conducted to test the hypotheses about the direct effects of EO on sustainable growth as well as the moderating effects of two potentially critical environmental conditions (market turbulence and technological turbulence) on the EO-sustainable growth relationship.Consistent with previous findings, the results suggest that EO is universally beneficial for new ventures in achieving better sustainable growth. In the context of the moderating effects, this study shows no weakness in the relationship between EO and sustainable growth as a result of an increase in the level of market turbulence. On the other hand, our research shows the strengthening of the relationship as a result of an increase in the level of technological turbulence. The empirical results suggest that deploying a high level of EO should take into account the moderating effect of environmental turbulence. That is because a turbulent environment is a double-edged sword for new ventures to translate EO into sustainable growth.

This study aims to identify the chronological trajectory of university science parks (USPs) in China and to discuss the roles of government-driven science and technology (S&T) policies in the development of USPs and the future directions of these entities. Our study shows that USPs in China have undergone two development waves: The first from the late 1980s to the late 1990s, when research universities expected to directly participate in economic activities, and the second from 2000 when the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Ministry of Education (MOE) jointly enacted the Proposed Regulation of State-level USPs Management to guide and regulate the development of USPs. The development trajectory highlights that USPs are effective platforms that link scientific research, knowledge spillovers and industrial system. However, Chinese USPs still need to confront some conundrums which may influence the processes and outcomes of UILs. Finally, we also summarize the major issues inherent in the development of USPs to guide policymakers to enact more effective policies.

与成功经验相比,失败经验更具有学习价值,但是其价值并没有得到足够的重视.基于社会交换理论和经验学习理论,将心理弹性和组织创新支持感引入失败学习与创新行为的关系分析框架中,构建了“失败学习——心理弹性/组织创新支持感——创新行为”的理论模型.通过对9家高新技术企业中的903名研发人员进行结构性调查,检验了理论模型及相应的研究假设.结果表明:(1)研发人员的失败学习对其创新行为有显著正向影响;(2)心理弹性和组织创新支持感分别正向调节研发人员的失败学习与其创新行为之间的关系;(3)心理弹性和组织创新支持感同时加入调节模型后,三重交互效应显著.

供给侧改革意味着中国经济发展理念的重大转变，对提升供给体系的质量和效率以及促进产业结构升级具有重要意义。供给侧改革不排斥需求管理，相反需要需求管理的协同。钻石理论的主要思想有助于应对困扰中国经济的一些突出问题，在供给侧改革中值得借鉴，但不能照搬，应注意与国情相结合。供给侧改革应围绕构建微观动力机制、转变政府职能建设新型“强”政府、化解产能过剩尤其是“隐性”过剩等方面展开，同时要做好需求端的协同，适当扩大总需求，优化需求结构尤其是“三驾马车”自身内部的结构。供给侧改革符合产业结构升级的内在机理，将从根本上内生地促进产业结构升级。

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze and summarize the development of science and technology (S & T) policies in China from a government-driven perspective in chronological order. To develop knowledge-based economy, China enacts a range of S & T policies since “Reform and Open Policy” started in 1978. Furthermore, it investigates the overall effects of these S & T policies on university-industry linkages (UILs). Design/methodology/approach – This paper conducts an analysis framework of S & T policies in historical sequence to explain how government drives UILs to stimulate technological progress and economic growth in China. Findings – More than a site for high-quality workforce education and knowledge spread, universities as an important part of national innovation are required to participate in economic activities. Considering that most Chinese universities are national, S & T policies with particular regard to university technology transfer would be more important and essential. This research finds that S & T policies enacted by government have made critical contributions to UILs in economic transition period, such as improving academic faculty, enhancing university–industry collaborations and supporting university spin-off formation. The experiences of China suggest that government should enact more effective S & T policies in the knowledge-based economy era. Practical implications – First, universities need to educate high-level human resources that are important for economic growth and social development. Second, universities need to engage in R & D activities and enhance their collaboration with industries, such as consulting services, research contracts with industry, patent licensing and other general knowledge commercial mechanisms. Third, universities also can directly transfer commercial knowledge to start up new businesses by itself or in partnership with industrial sectors. Without doubt, a series of S & T policies or programs enacted by China’s government to drive entrepreneurship continuously played critical role in the UILs over the past 26 years. Originality/value – This paper is a pioneering work on how S & T policies enacted by government drive UILs to stimulate technological progress in transitional China.

作为一门具有很强现实性、操作性与理论性的课程，《跨国公司管理》应该重视案例教学。目前，案例教学方法虽然已经得到了许多高校《跨国公司管理》课程组的重视，然而其教学的效果并不是很明显。因此，应该从四个方面强化案例教学的互动性：教师与学生的互动；学生之间的互动；理论与实践的互动；案例教学法与其它教学方法的互动。